This thesis consists of three self-contained essays about immigrants’ experiences in Sweden. They all focus on the interaction between institutional settings and effects on immigrants’ economic conditions. Essay I examines the effects of changed eligibility rules for disability pension in the 1979 Swedish pension reform on immigrant retirement behavior. The reform made disability pension in the form of basic pension available to a wider group of immigrants. Before the pension reform, the eligibility for a basic pension for foreign citizens living in Sweden was dependent on bilateral and multilateral agreements on social security between Sweden and other countries. Thus, immigrants who were not covered by any of these agreements had no access to a basic pension before the reform. Through the reform, all foreign citizens residing in Sweden were made eligible for a basic pension after a short qualification period. The results indicate a substantial impact on the retirement rate with disability pension on the immigrant group that was made eligible for a basic pension by the reform. These findings confirm previous research showing that the size of the benefit levels in the pension system affects early retirement behavior. Essay II analyzes the impact of the Swedish taxi and bus deregulations on the differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers in these sectors. The changes in the gap in labor earnings that are due to the deregulation are estimated. The results show that there was no significant decrease in the differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers in the bus sector as a result of the 1989 deregulation. As regards the taxi sector, the results show that, before the deregulation, there were only small differences in labor earnings between Swedish born and foreign born workers. After the deregulation, the real labor earnings of foreign born workers decreased substantially more than those of Swedish born workers. However, there was a larger increase in the inflow of foreign born workers than of Swedish born workers into the taxi sector after the deregulation, which may have changed the composition of immigrant workers in this sector. Essay III investigates the impact of becoming a Swedish citizen on annual labor earnings. The study finds a positive impact of naturalization on labor earnings, in particular for immigrants originating from Africa and Asia, an effect than cannot only be attributed to selection into citizenship. A clear trend of increasing labor earnings during the years before becoming a Swedish citizen is found. This trend also continued during the years after citizenship acquisition. The study also suggests that the effects of naturalization on labor earnings are larger for men than for women, and larger for individuals with very low income.

This dissertation examines the rhetorical strategy by which groups unite against common enemies as it appears in a series of judicial cases between 1878 and 1952 deciding whether petitioners for naturalization in the United States were "free white persons" as required by the United States naturalization act at the time. Beginning in 1870, the naturalization act limited racial eligibility for naturalization to "free white persons" and "aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent." Based on the conclusion that Asians were neither "white" nor African, many courts interpreted these provisions to reflect a policy of Asian exclusion. As the distinction between "white" and Asian became increasingly disputed, however, the racial eligibility requirements of the act raised difficult questions about the boundaries of whiteness. I examine the rhetorical strategies adopted in a series of these cases between World War I and the early cold war involving Asian Indian, Armenian, Kalmyk, and Tatar petitioners who were represented as political or religious refugees at risk of becoming stateless if they were denied racial eligibility for naturalization in the United States. I argue that by representing the petitioners in the cases as victims of persecution by the nation's adversaries, the cases reflect a rhetorical strategy of uniting against common enemies which is also prevalent in the legislative, executive, and judicial discourse surrounding the act. I argue that the prevalence of this rhetorical strategy in racial prerequisite discourse suggests that a martial ideal of citizenship often influenced racial classifications under the act and that by recognizing the ways in which this discourse adapted to the rapidly changing enmities of the early twentieth century, a rhetorical interpretation of the cases offers advantages over other interpretive approaches and highlights the value of a rhetoric of law. / text

Issues of regulated streams naturalization were analyzed in the dissertation. Subject of the research was the streams regulated for drainage purposes in a hilly relief region of the Southeast Lithuania. Self-naturalization was researched only in plain relief. Since naturalization processes are running differently, it was decided to evaluate them in a hilly relief in the region of the Southern Lithuania. Researches of regulated streams are important due to the fact, that naturalization of regulated streams with growing woody vegetation on the slopes of a stream bed almost does not decrease its hydraulic conductivity but helps to restore regime of natural flows and restore damaged aqueous ecosystems at the same times. The main target of the research is to determine regularities of self-overgrowth of regulated streams with woody vegetation and assess influence of its distribution on bed’s hydraulic conductivity and flood dynamics. Following tasks are solved in the work: regularities of woody vegetation specie composition, frequency, density distribution, influence of woody and grass vegetation on regulated stream’s hydraulic conductivity. The dissertation is composed of introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, recommendations. Introduction describes relevance of the problem, aim of the work, tasks are introduced, scientific novelty of the work is described, presentations on scientific conferences and publications are introduced. Chapter one is dedicated for analysis of... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjami reguliuotų upelių natūralizacijos klausimai. Tyrimo objektas yra Pietryčių Lietuvos sausinimo reikmėms reguliuoti upeliai, esantys kalvoto reljefo regione. Savaiminė natūralizacija tirta tik lyguminiame reljefe. Kadangi natūralizacijos procesai vyksta skirtingai, nuspręsta įvertinti juos kalvotame Pietryčių Lietuvos regione. Reguliuotų upelių tyrimai svarbūs tuo, kad reguliuotų upelių natūralizacija, sumedėjusiai augalijai augant ant upelio vagos šlaitų, beveik nemažina jų hidraulinio laidumo, tačiau padeda atkurti natūralių tėkmių režimą ir tuo pačiu atstatyti pažeistas vandens ekosistemas. Pagrindinis tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti reguliuotų upelių savaiminio apaugimo sumedėjusia augalija dėsningumus ir įvertinti jos pasiskirstymo įtaką vagos hidrauliniam laidumui bei potvynių dinamikai. Darbe sprendžiami šie uždaviniai: sumedėjusios augalijos rūšinės sudėties, dažnio, tankio pasiskirstymo dėsningumai, sumedėjusios ir žolinės augalijos poveikis reguliuotų upelių hidrauliniam laidumui. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, penki skyriai, bendrosios išvados, rekomendacijos. Įvadiniame skyriuje nagrinėjamas problemos aktualumas, pateiktas darbo tikslas, uždaviniai, aprašomas mokslinis darbo naujumas, pristatomi mokslinių konferencijų pranešimai ir publikacijos. Pirmasis skyrius skirtas natūralių upelių reguliavimo tendencijoms analizuoti. Apibūdintas augalijos plitimas reguliuotuose upeliuose, jų įtaka hidrauliniam vagos laidumui. Antrajame skyriuje pateikta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijoje nagrinėjami reguliuotų upelių natūralizacijos klausimai. Tyrimo objektas yra Pietryčių Lietuvos sausinimo reikmėms reguliuoti upeliai, esantys kalvoto reljefo regione. Savaiminė natūralizacija tirta tik lyguminiame reljefe. Kadangi natūralizacijos procesai vyksta skirtingai, nuspręsta įvertinti juos kalvotame Pietryčių Lietuvos regione. Reguliuotų upelių tyrimai svarbūs tuo, kad reguliuotų upelių natūralizacija, sumedėjusiai augalijai augant ant upelio vagos šlaitų, beveik nemažina jų hidraulinio laidumo, tačiau padeda atkurti natūralių tėkmių režimą ir tuo pačiu atstatyti pažeistas vandens ekosistemas. Pagrindinis tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti reguliuotų upelių savaiminio apaugimo sumedėjusia augalija dėsningumus ir įvertinti jos pasiskirstymo įtaką vagos hidrauliniam laidumui bei potvynių dinamikai. Darbe sprendžiami šie uždaviniai: sumedėjusios augalijos rūšinės sudėties, dažnio, tankio pasiskirstymo dėsningumai, sumedėjusios ir žolinės augalijos poveikis reguliuotų upelių hidrauliniam laidumui. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, penki skyriai, bendrosios išvados, rekomendacijos. Įvadiniame skyriuje nagrinėjamas problemos aktualumas, pateiktas darbo tikslas, uždaviniai, aprašomas mokslinis darbo naujumas, pristatomi mokslinių konferencijų pranešimai ir publikacijos. Pirmasis skyrius skirtas natūralių upelių reguliavimo tendencijoms analizuoti. Apibūdintas augalijos plitimas reguliuotuose upeliuose, jų įtaka hidrauliniam vagos laidumui. Antrajame skyriuje pateikta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Issues of regulated streams naturalization were analyzed in the dissertation. Subject of the research was the streams regulated for drainage purposes in a hilly relief region of the Southeast Lithuania. Self-naturalization was researched only in plain relief. Since naturalization processes are running differently, it was decided to evaluate them in a hilly relief in the region of the Southern Lithuania. Researches of regulated streams are important due to the fact, that naturalization of regulated streams with growing woody vegetation on the slopes of a stream bed almost does not decrease its hydraulic conductivity but helps to restore regime of natural flows and restore damaged aqueous ecosystems at the same times. The main target of the research is to determine regularities of self-overgrowth of regulated streams with woody vegetation and assess influence of its distribution on bed’s hydraulic conductivity and flood dynamics. Following tasks are solved in the work: regularities of woody vegetation specie composition, frequency, density distribution, influence of woody and grass vegetation on regulated stream’s hydraulic conductivity. The dissertation is composed of introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, recommendations. Introduction describes relevance of the problem, aim of the work, tasks are introduced, scientific novelty of the work is described, presentations on scientific conferences and publications are introduced. Chapter one is dedicated for analysis of... [to full text]

Visando contribuir para o debate sobre a naturalização e autonomização dos processos sociais, esta dissertação tenta problematizar a reciclagem de materiais, principalmente, de latinhas de alumínio sob a perspectiva da crise de reprodução do capital. A crítica à consciência naturalizante, socialmente necessária à reposição dos pressupostos da produção mercantil, é uma carência que esta pesquisa tenta evidenciar. Nesse sentido, o intuito do texto é tentar revelar como a consciência moderna, portanto, fetichista, se relaciona com teorias e práticas que envolvem a reciclagem, consubstanciada pela assim chamada consciência ambiental e, fundamentalmente, pela afirmação positiva da categoria trabalho, escondendo sua crise e, por isso, repondo-o em níveis cada vez mais profundos da vida cotidiana. Assim, a análise da reciclagem nos ajudaria refletir sobre como uma atividade desempenhada por quase todos os níveis da sociedade, que muitas vezes é reconhecida como uma prática incriticável e que é capaz de repor, de forma intensivamente crítica, as categorias do capital. Para tanto, tentou-se analisar os elementos críticos da realização do capital financeiro no âmbito de uma grande empresa de reciclagem de alumínio e nas relações internas em uma cooperativa de catadores, ambos em Pindamonhangaba-SP, mas não só. Os dados levantados e as análises tentam contribuir, por fim, para o questionamento de uma dada razão que se apresenta como alternativa para a crise do trabalho: o empreendedorismo. Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou, também, analisar a institucionalização da forma social empreendedora, que esconde a lógica de ficcionalização das relações sociais, ficção esta que põe em prática uma suposta reciclagem do capital produtivo. / In the intent of contributing to the discussion regarding naturalization and autonomization of social processes, this dissertation attempts to analyze recycling, especially recycling of aluminum cans, from the perspective of the capital reproduction crisis. The criticism of the naturalization consciousness socially necessary to allow the replenishment of the mercantile production, is an insufficiency this research aims to emphasize. In this sense, the goal of this paper is to attempt disclosing how modern consciousness, therefore fetishist, relates to theories and practices involving recycling, consolidated by the so called environmental awareness, and ultimately for the positive affirmation of the work category, hiding its crisis, and as a result, replacing it, in ever deeper levels of quotidian life. This way, the analysis of the recycling would help us to reflect on how an activity performed by almost every level of society, and that many times is viewed as a practice above criticism, and that is able to replenish, in an important way, categories of Capital. To do so, we tried to analyze the critical elements of attaining financial capital within a large recycler of aluminum and the internal relations in a cooperative of waste pickers, both in Pindamonhangaba-SP, but not only. The data collected and analyzes try to contribute, ultimately, to the questioning of a given reason that presents itself as an alternative to the crisis of work: entrepreneurship. This way, this research also attempted to analyze the institutionalization of the social entrepreneurship form, that masks the logic of the fictionalization of social relations, fiction that enables an alleged recycling of the productive capital.

[pt] Nos últimos anos foi possível observar um processo de mudança no conceito de mobilidade urbana. Existe hoje uma maior valorização dos percursos feitos a pé ou de bicicleta, e também maior consciência da necessidade de investimentos na melhoria do transporte público. Essa é uma das razões pelas quais algumas cidades do mundo estão repensando o espaço público e tentando devolver à população áreas que antes se encontravam degradadas e abandonadas pelo poder público, chegando a demolir alguns viadutos. Desta forma, pode-se dizer que a demolição do Elevado da Perimetral, na zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro, foi um marco divisor na história do urbanismo nacional. Por isso, é possível supor que, em função dos resultados obtidos no porto do Rio, outras regiões da cidade que apresentem características semelhantes e que sejam impactadas com a construção de um viaduto, também entrem no rol de discussões e, consequentemente, sejam alvo de estudos e intervenções urbanísticas. Por esta razão, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo investigar o que torna um bairro de boa ou má qualidade para os seus moradores, ou, mais especificamente, verificar se a presença ou não de um viaduto é determinante para a mensuração da qualidade do espaço urbano por parte de sua vizinhança imediata. Como estudo de caso, optou-se pelo Elevado Paulo de Frontin, localizado no bairro do Rio Comprido, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa tem partes de cunho teórico, onde se buscou analisar a origem do caos urbano e a história do bairro em questão, e uma parte que tem como principal foco o resultado das entrevistas realizadas com moradores e ex-moradores do Rio Comprido. A conclusão a que chegamos é que a presença ou não de um viaduto é menos relevante para a qualidade do espaço do que se supõe o senso comum: ele não é determinante, por si só, para a depreciação ou degradação de um bairro, mas pode ser um agravante. Essa constatação reforça ainda mais a importância da participação popular nas decisões da cidade. / [en] In recent decades it has been observed the demolition of viaducts in areas that have suffered large depreciation of the urban space because of these buildings. This process, in addition to providing areas with better quality of life, brings up questions about the use of the car, so fashionable in recent times. For years, urban mobility has developed in road mode. In other words, much of the transportation planning was - and still is - linked to passenger cars. Consequently, viaducts have become the best solution, from the road point of view, to connect quickly and safely two areas of a city. This kind of planning is due to the concepts of modern urbanism, which allows even now to deploy large structures in consolidated residential areas, cutting the urban fabric and definitely impacting entire families that find themselves forced to leave their homes in favor of progress. So viaducts have been built around the world, including in Rio de Janeiro, in an imposing way and with the allegation that these works were for the well-being of the city, and thinking otherwise would oppose progress, history and modernity itself (BERMAN, 2007, p. 345). As time passed and, because of the growing number of cars and frequent traffic jams, urban planners and experts in the transportation field began a questioning process on how to solve the problem of urban mobility. One of the trends of today is to treat all in a sustainable way, and this also includes investments in public transport and non-motorized, valuing walking, hiking and cycling routes at the expense of passenger car. It was at the center of this discussion – the city that we have and the city that we want - that this work emerged. The above expression originates in the Statute of City, created by a Brazilian federal law in 2001 (Law No. 10,257), which determines that the management of cities must be democratic. From this concept, then, debates, hearings and public consultations are proposed, that is, it is understood that there should be popular participation in decisions. Thus, it follows that the participation of society in the definition of public spaces is closely related to quality of life. Imbued with this idea and considering that Rio de Janeiro City is going through a historic urban landmark with the demolition of the Perimetral viaduct which aims to revitalize and modernize the port area of the city, two questions arise: what does the main by impacted population say about this type of structure? Is it possible to measure the impacts caused by a viaduct on a daily basis? The method of this study was, therefore, the development of direct questions to the residents, the true users of these spaces. To do this analysis we had to choose one of these structures to be used as a case study. At this point, the Paulo de Frontin viaduct in the neighborhood of Rio Comprido proved to be an ideal model. The demolition of the Paulo de Frontin viaduct it would then be the best solution for the region? Or architectural and landscape solutions would be enough to improve the quality of space? What do the residents think in this regard? It is in seeking answers to these questions that this research is justified, ie, the reading of reality implies knowing how to listen to people, as postulated by the Statute of City.

This research investigates why people acquire dual citizenship. It focuses on the acquisition of dual citizenship through residency, with a processual lens and under conditions of “ordinariness” to tackle aspects that are usually overlooked. It builds on the differentiated access to dual citizenship granted to Peruvian migrants by the Italian and Spanish citizenship regimes. The 79 Peruvian migrants included in the study are either prospective dual citizens or actual dual citizens. The research builds on qualitative methods ranging from participant observation to in-depth semi-structured interviews. It investigates the motivations, expectations and contingences that bring migrants to the status acquisition. The analysis distinguishes between early and postponed acquisitions to highlight how practices of convenience and everyday forms of substantive commitment can coexist under the same national umbrella. Moreover it suggests that the availability and accessibility of the dual status cannot be conflated with a supposed desirability. Although nation-states design their citizenship and immigration regimes according to normative stances that should shape their ideal citizenry, individuals qua migrants manage to forge their own way into the host community while formally abiding the law. Thus, migrants’ pathways across statuses are the result of structural constraints as much as personal preferences and deliberate positioning vis-à-vis nation-states. The study shows how people navigate the laws through both legal and semi-legal means; how they cultivate constellations of belonging that do not necessarily match formal memberships; and how they invest citizenship with multiple meanings that can converge, collide, or simply bypass the state-led rhetoric on national membership.

The subject of this thesis is a detailed mapping transformation Baltic States after 1991, and their coexistence with the Russian minority in Latvia. The work seeks to analyze and describe the specific case situation that took place after 1991. The work deals with the development of Latvia, the Russian minority status and the introduction of controversial laws on citizenship. Tries to find answers to questions about what led Latvia to the strict laws on citizenship. The work shows, that the main reason is the big Russian minority in these countries, which is considered like a threat to the political independence of the Baltic states. The first part is focused on the characteristics of minorities, showing different perspectives on the history and mapping of the Baltic States. The second part details the progress, that affect a very strained relationship between Latvians and the Russian minority, which led to the introduction of strict rules for obtaining citizenship in Latvia.

[pt] A dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as representações imagéticas voltadas ao público infantil utilizando o conceito de naturalização. Tendo como eixo norteador a análise da representação visual, este trabalho tem como foco os aspectos estéticos, mas também aponta ligações com desdobramentos no âmbito ético, social e político. Para a imersão no contexto imagético, o conceito de naturalização (e desnaturalização) de Pier Paolo Pasolini é a principal base teórica, que o aprofundamos no diálogo com outros autores, tais como Walter Benjamin, E. H, Gombrich, Lyotard, Bourdieu, W. J. T. Mitchel. Para a discussão do tema infância e as produções culturais correlatas, trazemos Philippe Ariès, Nelly Novaes Coelho, Daniel Harris e Neil Postman. Após a fundamentação teórica e o resgate histórico da noção de infância analisamos, como estudo de caso, o desenho animado Hora de Aventura. Este programa é um núcleo irradiador que possibilita traçar paralelismos com outras mídias, gêneros e períodos históricos. Aproximando desenhos animados, brinquedos, livros, quadrinhos, filmes, propagandas entre si, percebemos tensões e contradições na compreensão do que é ou não determinado como uma representação do gênero infantil. A partir da classificação indicativa (que determina que conteúdos são apropriados a cada faixa etária), destacamos a temática da violência, que apresenta diversas questões em sua expressão imagética observando que tipos de recursos visuais são permitidos ou não na representação deste tema para a criança. / [en] The dissertation aims to analyze the imagery representations intended for children using the concept of naturalization. With the analysis of visual representation as its basic line, this paper presents as focus the aesthetics aspects, although it also indicates the connections with developments in ethical, social and political spheres. To enable the immersion into such imagery context, the concept of naturalization (and disnaturalization) from Pier Paolo Pasolini is the main theoretical base, in addition to the strengthening of dialogue with other authors like Walter Benjamin, E. H Gombrich, Lyotard, Bourdieu, W. J. T. Mitchel. Within the discussion of the childhood theme and its related cultural productions, we bring Philippe Ariès, Nelly Novaes Coelho, Daniel Harris and Neil Postman. After the theoretical foundation and historical review of the childhood concept we analyze, as a case study, the animated cartoon Adventure Time. This program is a radiating center that makes possible to trace parallels with other media, genres and historical periods. Approaching cartoons, toys, books, comics, movies, advertisements among themselves, we perceive tensions and contradictions in understanding what is and is not determined as a representation of child genre. From the indicative classification (which establishes what contents are suitable for each age group), we highlight the theme of violence and we observe what types of visuals resource are allowed or not in the representation of this topic for a child.

Este trabalho analisa como a ideia de exclusão e inclusão é apresentada em programas de televisão. Por meio uma observação sistemática de certas práticas constituintes do modo de fazer televisivo, incluindo os relatos jornalísticos, o presente estudo atenta para as abordagens em que o tema da inclusão/exclusão surge em meio a discurso e práticas naturalizadores. Por meio da aproximação dos campos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, da Psicologia Social e da Sociologia, discute-se a construção de visibilidades de sujeitos inscritos sob a rubrica da exclusão. Assim, a partir da hipótese de que os chamados excluídos já estão incluídos de uma maneira instrumental na arena pública de uma sociedade espetacular, este estudo apresenta como os efeitos discursivos incluindo as cenas de enunciação de alguns produtos audiovisuais provocam assujeitamentos e reforçam estigmas e desigualdades por meio de posições-de-sujeito já naturalizadas no campo social. / This work analyses how the idea of social exclusion/inclusion has been showed in different television programmes. By looking systematically at its ordinary practices that include the ways the media and journalism are produced, we attempt to verify the approach of the theme through a kind of naturalizing discourse as well as the way these discourses reinforce stigmas. The approach of some fields such as French Discourse Analysis, Social Psychology and Sociology, allows discussing the construction of the identity and the social belongings of people under the exclusion rubric. Therefore, considering the hypothesis that the underclass are already instrumentally included in the public arena of a spectacular society, this research comprehends the manner the discourses effects including the scenes of enunciation - of some audiovisual products provoke subjections and highlight social differences as a natural issue through the positions already naturalized in the social field.