Den psykiska ohälsan ökar stadigt i omvärlden, därav genomgår fler människor psykologiska behandlingar för att öka sitt välmående. Den tidigare forskningen har uppvisat att negativa effekter i samband med en psykologisk behandling existerar. Syftet med genomförandet av studien var att undersöka om det fanns negativa eller oönskade effekter hos personer som genomgått någon evidensbaserad psykologisk behandling samt att undersöka vilka de mest förekommande oönskade effekter var hos den rekryterade gruppen. Studien genomfördes genom en enkätstudie med totalt 63 deltagare (M = 33 år, SD = 8.4, åldersspann 20 - 57 år,67% kvinnor). Instrumentet som användes var The Negative Effects Questionnaire med 32 påståenden, vilka utgör en sex faktorsmodell (symptom, kvalitet, beroende, stigma, hopplöshet och misslyckande). Instrumentet mäter huruvida deltagarna upplevt att behandlingen lett till några negativa eller oönskade effekter. Resultatet på frågeställning A ”Vilka är de mestförekommande biverkningarna hos den rekryterade gruppen?” visar att den mest rapporterade negativa effekten var “känner du dig sorgsen”. Resultatet från frågeställningen B ”Finns det könsskillnader i medelvärden av faktorerna hos NEQ?” visar att kvinnor generellt rapporterat fler biverkningar jämfört med männen. Studien går i linje med tidigare forskning och svarar på samtliga frågeställningar. Studiens låga antal deltagare (N = 63), och dess bekvämlighetsurval gör att studien inte kan generalisera sitt resultat. Spridningen blir inte lika omfattande och representativ som den hade varit med en större urvalsgrupp. / Mental illness is steadily increasing in the world, because of which more people are undergoing psychological treatments to increase their well-being. Previous research has shown that negative effects in connection with a psychological treatment exist. The purpose of conducting the study was to investigate whether there were negative or unwanted effects inpeople who had undergone any evidence-based psychological treatment and to investigate what the most common unwanted effects were in the recruited group. The study was conducted through a questionnaire study with a total of 63 participants (M = 33 years, SD =8.4, age range 20 - 57 years, 67% women). The instrument used was The Negative Effects Questionnaire with 32 statements, which constitute a six-factor model (symptom, quality, dependence, stigma, hopelessness and failure). The instrument measures whether the participants experienced that the treatment led to some negative or unwanted effects. The result of question A shows that the most reported negative effect was "do you feel sad". The results from question B show that women generally reported more side effects compared to men. The study is in line with previous research and answers all questions. The study's low number of participants (N = 63), and its convenience selection means that the study can notgeneralize its results, the spread will not be as extensive and representative as it would have been with a larger sample group.

Web mediated communications revolutionized traditional social interactions. It is designed tofacilitate information exchange between individuals and to enable people to connect with friends,family, classmates etc. virtually. By the formation of virtual communities, “web mediatedcommunication” is defined as a wider concept known as “social media”. Social media enhancesthe volume of communications and interpersonal interactions based on the power of web 2.0technology. People join to the virtual communities of online social networks to procureinformation from everywhere, share ideas, experiences, photos, videos and memorable momentswhile extending friendships beyond the geographical and cultural borders. The emergence and fastgrowth of social media among people added value to the web activities and convinced web mastersto integrate web services such as e-mail, chat, discussion rooms, forums and third partyapplications to the social media web sites. Many of social media web sites are hosting millions ofmembers, equipping their web sites with communication tools, sharing options, dynamic contentcreation and collaborative authoring facilities which never experienced before. Facebook, Twitterand GooglePlus are examples of most known social media web sites which gained popularityamong people so fast.Social media helps people to make new friends, find lost friends and old classmates whileproviding an opportunity to build new friendships. This new communication technology empowerspeople to collaborate in authoring of the web content and causes the information sharing synergy.Such positive aspects are enough for people to ignore the consequences of joining social media.Despite the rise of friendships in number, the physical encounters are substituted by virtual oneswhich causes weak friendship ties. In addition, social media platforms promise the security andprivacy of users, but issues such as identity theft and worm attacks threaten users' privacy andsecurity. Social media is in its infancy, adopted among people for less than a decade whereas a lackof research in this field is evident. The author of this thesis aimed at filling this gap byinvestigating the positive and negative effects of using social media through collecting the users'experiences and professionals' viewpoints. Theoretical study primarily illuminated the mainpositive and negative aspects while the findings of empirical research verified by theoretical studyidentified other practical effects and aspects of social media. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

This study analyzed the beliefs about the effects of children witnessing domestic violence among Title IV-E students at California State University San Bernardino. The study sample consists of eight Title IV-E students with at least one year of experience working in child welfare. Utilizing knowledge gained from various studies an instrument was developed to interview participants. In analyzing the responses, six core themes emerged as dominant beliefs about the effects of children witnessing domestic violence. Respondents indicated that mental illness, parental attachment, improving treatment, negative effects, external behaviors, and coping mechanisms are issues to consider when discussing the effects of children exposed to domestic violence.

This paper examines and evaluates one of the entry barriers in the Swedish upper secondary school market,the governmental imposed restriction which states that the establishment of an independent school can notresult in substantial negative eects for municipal schools. Identication of what variables are consideredwhen ruling the establishment of an independent school inappropriate due to the risk of causing substantialnegative eects is carried out through quantitative analysis by gathering data from a stratied sample ofapplications sent in to the Swedish School Inspectorate 2011 and 2012 to start or expand independentschools. The probability of getting an application to start or expand independent school is regressed on thepredicted number of remaining students at municipal schools, on the predicted student population changeand on the municipality recommendation. The models developed show that the predicted number ofstudents left in municipal schools has a big impact on the probability of getting an application approvedwith distinct kinks in the explanatory power. The result also show that the predicted student populationschange is taken into account but that the municipal recommendation is not.

Title: Negative effects of sponsorship – A quantitative study of negative effects of image transfer through sponsorship in the U.K Course: European Business, Undergraduate thesis at C-level, 15 Hp. Authors: Alexander Runsbech & Daniel Sjölin   Objective: The objective with this thesis is to identify and describe how a sponsoring company’s image and reputation is affected by negative behaviour by the sponsored resource and its effects on consumer attitude and buyer behaviour. Methodology: An abductive approach, with an extensive procedure, which has been conducted through a quantitative study.  Theoretical frame of reference: In order to gain a better understanding and greater knowledge of sponsorship and its surrounding concepts, three models has been used in the thesis; The Sponsorship Portfolio Model, A-ERIC Model and The Image Creation and Image Transfer Model. In the basis to these three, a new model has been developed to explain the linkage between negative exposure and negative consumer attitude changes – The Negative Sponsorship Effects Model (N-SEM). Results: A quantitative study has been preformed with the help of a questionnaire, based on 26 questions regarding sponsorship knowledge, attitude changes and buyer behaviour changes. 12 of the questions have been based on actual case studies regarding sponsorship incidents. Analysis: The analysis has been based on the results provided by the quantitative survey and has been divided into two parts, according to the structure of the survey – a section analysing the general questions and a section analysing the case study questions. Both parts have then been linked the newly developed N-SEM to provide a deeper analysis and understanding of the subject. Conclusion: The effects of negative exposure, due to an incident involving the sponsored could result in a transfer of image, which can affect the consumer’s attitude negatively towards the sponsoring company. However, the negative attitude does not necessarily imply an alteration in buyer behaviour. The intensity of media exposure will influence the extent of transferral of associations between sponsored and sponsor, and subsequently the degree of which attitude could change.

Background: Nowadays, the usage of social media starts at a very young age because of the availability of tools where social media platforms become available. Even though social media can be very usable in many cases, it can also be harmful. It can be seen that it is between the ages of 12-17 that teenage girls suffer the most from social media use as senders and receivers, and with this, there are negative effects that can harm these teenage girls. It is therefore important to understand the consequences that come when using social media as a teenage girl. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore how teenage girls, as senders and receivers, experience the negative effects of social media use. Method: This research undertook a qualitative research approach with an exploratory nature. In order for the researchers to collect data for the study a pilot test was first conducted in order to make sure that the actual semistructured interviews could be conducted. The semi-structured interviews were conducted by gathering data from participants of eight teenage girls between the ages of 12-17 from a local high school in Växjö, Sweden. Findings: This research found that the negative effects for a sender on social media were found to be sleep quality and the need to interact with others. Furthermore, the negative effects for a receiver were found to be sleep quality, the creation of bad habits, influencers, and undesired content. Conclusion: The findings show that there were more negative effects of using social media as a receiver than as a sender from the teenage girls perspective. Sleep quality was affecting both senders and receivers but in different aspects. The need to interact with others was the major impact on a sender on social media. Furthermore, the result showed that creation of bad habits, influencers, and undesired content were negatively affecting the teenage girls as receivers from their social media use.

Sammanfattning Inom de flesta företag finns möjligheter att påverka rörelsekapitalet genom Working Capital Management. Detta kan även förkortas WCM, vilket enligt Deloof (2003) kan definieras som arbetet med att styra företagets rörelsekapital. De flesta företag har dessutom avsevärda summor uppbundna i rörelsekapitalet, vilket medför att WCM har en betydande roll på företagets lönsamhet. I strävan efter att nå ett optimalt rörelsekapital finns det dock risk att företagen drabbas av negativa effekter. Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka effekterna av WCM och hur dessa effekter påverkas utifrån hanteringen av WCM. Metod: Studien består av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning riktad till svenska tillverkande företag. Analys: Att frigöra kapital beskrivs som det främsta motivet för att genomföra WCM. Det framgår också att initiativ till beslut om en minskning av rörelsekapitalet är centraliserade och det är sällsynt att initiativ startar i den operativa verksamheten. Det sker däremot en nära samverkan i processen av en minskning av rörelsekapitalet mellan de som initierar WCM och den operativa verksamheten. Studien visar att de flesta företag inte upplever några negativa effekter av WCM. De negativa effekter som uppmärksammas inträffar främst i produktionen och gentemot kunder. Slutsats: Svenska tillverkande företag anser att WCM är en högt prioriterad fråga. De beslut som fattas inom WCM medför att ju längre bort från verksamheten besluten tas desto fler negativa effekter medför detta. I arbetet med WCM förekommer en hög grad av samverkan. Det har även framkommit att ökad samverkan mellan ledning och den operativa verksamheten minskar negativa effekter i samband med WCM. Nyckelord: WCM, Working Capital Management, rörelsekapital, rörelsekapitalbindning, samverkan, beslut, negativa effekter / Abstract Most companies are able to influence the working capital through use of Working Capital Management (WCM). According to Deloof (2003), WCM can be defined as the process of controlling a company’s working capital. Since many companies have substantial sums tied up in the working capital, WCM can have a significant role in the company’s profitability. In the pursuit of finding an optimal working capital, there is a risk that companies will experience negative effects.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of WCM and how these effects are influenced by how the WCM is managed within the company. Methodology: The study consists of a quantitative survey directed to Swedish manufacturing companies. Analysis: Releasing capital is put forward as the main motive for WCM. It also appears that the initiative for decisions regarding reduction of working capital tend to be centralized, since these initiatives rarely start in the business operations. There is however a close interaction in the process of a reduction in working capital between those who initiate WCM and the operations. The majority of companies within this study do not experience any negative effects of WCM, but when it occurs it is mainly within the production processes or in customer relations. Conclusion: Swedish manufacturing companies believe that WCM is of high priority. This study indicates that negative effects will occur increasingly if decision-making is centralized. Working with WCM requires a high degree of collaboration as the results of this study also points out that through increased interaction between management and operations, negative effects associated with WCM can be reduced. Keywords: WCM, Working Capital Management, working capital, collaboration, decisions and negative effects

The theme of the thesis is scrapping scheme, which was in the Czech Republic during years 2009 and 2010 very discussed and that was despite government meetings stretching over a year finally unloaded. The work collect a large amount of information about scrapping schemes, a state contribution on the disposal of car wrecks, mainly about its implementation in several countries, the subsequent tract and analysis of resulting impacts. Based on experience from other countries with an already undertaken scrapping programs are identified potential impacts that could have a scrapping scheme in the case of implementation in the Czech Republic in the future. The work is also examining the effectiveness of Czech government finance earmarked for scrapping scheme. The main goal of the thesis is to answer the question whether the implementation of scrapping scheme in the Czech Republic would be an appropriate anti-crisis tool.

Mankind has developed a lot in the field of Information Technology (IT), Computer Science and Media entertainment. Video games are also the most popular form of media entertainment and gaming environment. It has been popular long before the new generation video games idea was ever thought by the video game designers. Through our research we tried to investigate the positive and negative effects of video games on youth and children. This form of entertainment is more designed attracted among the people, due to the high sophisticated music and environment, which catches every eye. We not only analyzed the previous attempts in this area, but also tried to add some contribution to it. The excessive use of video games makes it more damaging effects on a young mind. Parents and teachers should keep a check on youngsters, and also the companies who design such violent games should keep in account that, what they show through these video games must have some logical or educational value. Many children and youngsters we found through our survey like to play video games because they do not have any other entertaining options. Violent video games are the most appreciated one among children and young people because of the detailed high quality graphics, more realistic images, use of artificial intelligence, complex game strategies, intelligent game inference engines and human-machine interaction. Parents should keep check on their children and select such video games for them which teach their children some useful things and beneficial for them in studies and near future. The teachers in school should also talk more about the advantages of educative games or physical games to develop the young minds more professional and realistic, rather than creating fantasy and fake imaginations. Our survey and research showed us that due to the high attraction of the video games, positive and negative effects are going side by side. Many youth and children do not take the video games seriously and just play them as any another game, while some video game players have disturbed their studies and health by playing the video games for many hours. Many children and young generation denied calling it as an addiction or bad habit. If violence and killing a life is entertainment then human beings will consider it, as a fun and modern society cannot be defined as civilized. This is what we found from our research and survey. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

<p>Electronic mail has become the medium of choice in most organizations because of some of its special features. E-mail, like all computer-mediated communication, changes the way we interact and has therefore an impact on working conditions, sometimes in a negative direction. Research findings so far show divergent opinions about how e-mail has influenced work. </p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to understand and explain if and why there are possible negative outcomes of e-mail usage in organizations, and to use the findings to develop a guiding model for organizational e-mail use. In order to meet the goals set, earlier research in the area Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) that focus on the effects on the social system was used. This research is mainly based on theories of media choice and communication theories, which offer a valuable contribution for understanding why e-mail might be used in improper ways in organizations. Empirical data was collected in several steps using different techniques. The target group was managers in different kinds of organizations, but also administrative staff and teachers. The result shows that there are several reasons why e-mail usage might be a problem in organizations like expectations of fast feedback and being constantly updated, post absence backlog, too much information in e-mail, too many incoming e-mails, irrelevant information, decreased personal contact, a more sedentary work environment and e-mail splitting the respondents' time.</p><p>The contribution of this thesis is that possible negative aspects of e-mail use in organizations are due to a combination of factors. To overcome any organizational disadvantages of e-mail it is vital to consider the e-mail users' behaviors, feelings and attitudes in a specific organizational context in combination with e-mail's special features. A number of guidelines are presented to help organizations and individuals make e-mail use more efficient and satisfying.</p>