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<p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong> Approximating the kinetic energy as a functional of the electron density is a daunting, but important, task. For molecules in equilibrium geometries, the kinetic energy is equal in magnitude to the total electronic energy, so achieving the exquisite accuracy in the total energy that is needed for chemical applications requires similar accuracy for the kinetic energy functional. For this reason, most density functional theory (DFT) calculations use the Kohn-Sham method, which provides a good estimate for the kinetic energy. But the computational cost of Kohn-Sham DFT calculations has a direct dependence on the total number of electrons because the Kohn-Sham method is based on the orbital picture, with one orbital per electron. Explicit density functionals, where the kinetic energy is written explicitly in terms of the density, and not in terms of orbitals, are much faster to compute. Unfortunately, the explicit density functionals in the literature had disappointing accuracy. This dissertation introduces several new approaches for orbital-free density functional methods. One can try to include information about the Pauli principle using the exchange hole. In the weighted density approximation (WDA), a model for the exchange hole is used to approximate the one-electron density matrix, which is then used to compute the kinetic energy. This thesis introduces a symmetric, normalized, weighted density approximation using the exchange hole of the uniform electron gas. Though the key results on kinetic energy are not accurate enough, an efficient algorithm is introduced which, with a more sophisticated hole model, might give better results. The effects of electron correlation on the kinetic energy can be modeled by moving beyond the one-electron distribution function (the electron density) to higherorder electron distributions (k-electron DFT). For example, one can model electron correlation directly using the pair electron density. In this thesis, we investigated two different functionals of the pair density, the Weizsäcker functional and the March-Santamaria functional. The Weizsäcker functional badly fails to describe the accurate kinetic energy due to the N-representability problem. The March-Santamaria functional is exact for a single Slater determinant, but fails to adequately model the effects of electron correlation on the kinetic energy. Finally, we established a relation between Fisher information and Weizsäcker kinetic energy functional. This allowed us to propose generalisations of the Weizsäcker kinetic energy density functional. It is hoped that the link between information theory and kinetic energy might provide a new approach to deriving improved kinetic energy functionals. <strong> Keywords: </strong><em>Kinetic energy functional, Density functional theory (DFT), von-Weizsäcker</em> <em> functional, March-Santamaria functional, Thomas-Fermi model, density matrix, Twopoint normalization, Pair-density functional theory (PDFT). </em></p> / Doctor of Science (PhD)

Syftet är att med hjälp av en litteraturöversikt öka kunskapen kring hur våldsutsatta kvinnors hälsa och livssituation påverkas av mäns våld. Metoden som använts till uppsatsen är en litteraturöversikt där 20 vetenskapliga artiklar valts ut efter relevans sett till uppsatsens syfte. Materialet har sedan noggrant kategoriserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. De teman som återfinns i uppsatsen är begränsningar i kvinnors livssituation, social hälsa, psykisk hälsa, fysisk hälsa samt vårdbesök relaterat till hälsa och livssituation. Resultatet indikerar att mäns våld mot kvinnor medför förödande konsekvenser på kvinnors hälsa. Konsekvenser på den psykiska hälsan som redovisas i resultatet är bland annat, posttraumatiskt stressyndrom, ångest, depression samt ett flertal andra återkommande känslor. Vidare påverkas den sociala hälsan negativt då kvinnor som utsätts för partnervåld ofta isoleras på grund av männens kontroll, vilket leder till ett minskat socialt nätverk. Direkta skador och nedsättningar på kroppen är fysiska effekter av våld som visat sig vara vanligt förekommande. Det finns för våldsutsatta kvinnor ett stort behov av vård men det kan också vara en svår process för många att gå igenom. Normaliseringsprocessen är en teori som förklarar kvinnors förändrade verklighetsbilder. Vi har nått ökad kunskap kring kvinnors våldsutsatthet med hjälp av normaliseringsprocessen och den insamlade empirin. I analysen tydliggörs hur kvinnor går från att erhålla egen kontroll över sina liv, till att förlora den på grund av männens makt. / The aim is to use a literature review to increase knowledge about how the health and life situation of women exposed to violence are affected by men's violence. The method used for the essay is a literature review where 20 scientific articles have been selected according to relevance in terms of the purpose of the essay, the material has then been carefully categorized by using a thematic analysis. The themes found in the essay are limitations in women’s life situation, social health, mental health, physical health and care visits related to health and life situation. The results indicate that men’s violence against women has devastating consequences for women’s health. Consequences on the mental health that are shown in the results are for instance post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and several other recurring emotions. Furthermore, social health is negatively affected as women who are exposed to partner violence are often isolated due to men’s control, which leads to a reduced social network. Direct injuries and impairments to the body are physical effects of violence that have been shown to be common. There is a great need of care for abused women, but it can also be a difficult process for many to go through. The normalization process is a theory that explains women’s changing images of reality. We have achieved increased knowledge about women’s exposure to violence with help of the normalization process and the collected empirical evidence. The analysis clarifies how women go from having their own control over their lives, to losing it due to men’s power.