Submitted by Daniela Ferreira Ribeiro null (danifebeiro@gmail.com) on 2017-06-12T14:19:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 132240823 bytes, checksum: 795a421f499ffbc710453daf2ff67f0e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-13T16:43:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_df_me_rcla.pdf: 132240823 bytes, checksum: 795a421f499ffbc710453daf2ff67f0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T16:43:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_df_me_rcla.pdf: 132240823 bytes, checksum: 795a421f499ffbc710453daf2ff67f0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa propõe um índice de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para os parâmetros físicos adjacentes a um trecho da rodovia Washington Luís (SP 310) a fim de colaborar com o desenvolvimento de Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Óleo (Cartas SAO) para ambientes adjacentes a rodovias. As Cartas SAO constituem-se em ferramentas interessantes para o auxílio na tomada de decisões em caso de acidentes envolvendo derrames de óleo, visto que apresentam as áreas com maior e menor sensibilidade, colaborando assim nas operações de emergência e com a escolha dos procedimentos adequados de limpeza e remoção. O índice de sensibilidade ambiental para a rodovia (IST) baseou-se em metodologias propostas pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e em trabalhos realizados em ambientes terrestres sujeitos a esse tipo de acidente. Os estudos envolvendo as Cartas SAO possuem ampla aplicação nos ambientes litorâneos e fluviais, mas ainda apresentam-se incipientes em ambientes terrestres, entretanto estes devem ser priorizados, pois são frequentes acidentes com derrames de óleo e derivados de petróleo, principalmente próximos a rodovias, visto que o modal rodoviário é um dos mais utilizados atualmente para o transporte desses produtos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada baseou-se na técnica de compartimentação fisiográfica, pois o IST deve apresentar as características homogêneas de segmentos de interesse e ser representado de forma linear, seguindo as bases propostas pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). A compartimentação foi realizada por meio da interpretação de imagens orbitais da área de estudo, apoiada por mapas básicos e trabalhos de campo, a fim de determinar zonas homólogas e classifica-las quanto à sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo. Foram delimitados 17 compartimentos, que foram classificados quanto à declividade, textura e espessura do solo, profundidade do nível d’água e permeabilidade. Para cada variável foi determinado um grau parcial de sensibilidade ambiental classificado entre baixo, médio e alto. Foram atribuídos pesos, baseados na importância relativa das diferentes classes, que foram então combinadas de forma ponderada pela ferramenta Weighted Sum, do software ArcGIs, o que possibilitou uma análise integrada dos fatores envolvidos. Os valores finais de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo foram atribuídos com base no sistema de índices proposto pela NOAA, que utiliza índices de sensibilidade de 1 a 10, sendo este último o mais sensível. No geral, o trecho da rodovia estudado apresentou valores altos e intermediários de sensibilidade, não apresentando os índices de 1 a 4. As áreas mais sensíveis foram classificadas como índices 8 e 9. Esses valores relacionaram-se principalmente à alta ou média sensibilidade das variáveis declividade, espessura do solo e profundidade do nível d’água em grande parte da área de estudo. Conclui-se que a metodologia de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo para áreas terrestres, especificamente para o modal rodoviário, mostrou-se adequada ao determinar os ambientes com maior e menor sensibilidade, entretanto os parâmetros de análise devem ser ajustados de acordo com a realidade local dos ambientes. Além disso, o uso de ferramentas geotecnológicas mostrou-se eficaz, tornando essa metodologia acessível para estudos futuros. / The present study proposes an environmental sensitivity index to oil for the physical parameters adjacent to a section of the Washington Luís Highway (SP 310), in order to collaborate with the development of Environmental Sensitivity Map for Oil Spills for areas adjacent to highways. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills are interesting tools to assist in decision-making in the occurrence of accidents involving oil spills, seeing that they present the areas with greater and lesser sensitivity, thus collaborating in the emergency operations, aiding the choice of the appropriate procedures of cleaning and removal. The Environmental Sensitivity Index for Highways (STI) based on the methodologies proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Ministry of the Environment and studies performed in terrestrial environments subject to this type of accident. The studies involving Environmental Sensitivity Maps have wide application in the coastal and fluvial environments, but are still incipient in terrestrial environments, however these should be prioritized, since accidents with oil spills and petroleum derivatives are frequent, especially near roads, seen that the road modal is one of the most used currently for the transportation of these products in Brazil. The applied methodology was based on the technique of physiographic subdivision, on this account the IST have to present the homogeneous characteristics of segments of interest and be represented in a linear way, based on the proposed by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA). The compartmentalization was performed through the interpretation of orbital images of the study area, supported by basic maps and field work, in order to determine homologous zones and classify them as to the environmental sensitivity to oil. Seventeen compartments were delimited, which were classified as slope, soil texture and thickness, water depth and permeability. For each variable a partial degree of environmental sensitivity classified as low, medium and high was determined. Weights were assigned based on the relative importance of the different classes, which were then combined in a weighted way by the “Weighted Sum” tool of the ArcGIs software, which made possible an integrated analysis of the factors involved. The final values of environmental sensitivity to oil were attributed based on the index system proposed by NOAA, which uses sensitivity indexes from 1 to 10, the latter being the most sensitive. In general, the section of the highway studied presented high values and intermediate sensitivity, and did not present indexes from 1 to 4. The most sensitive areas were classified as indexes 8 and 9. These values were mainly related to the high or medium sensitivity of the variables slope, soil thickness and depth of water level in much of the study area. It is concluded that the methodology of environmental sensitivity to oil for terrestrial areas, specifically for the road modal, was adequate when determining the environments with greater and lesser sensitivity, however the parameters of analysis should be adjusted according to the local reality of the environments. In addition, the use of geotechnical tools proved effective, making this methodology accessible for future studies.

Orientador: Solange Terezinha de Lima Guimarães / Banca: Susana Mara Miranda Pacheco / Banca: Gabriel Henrique da Silva / Banca: Afonso Rodrigues de Aquino / Banca: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro Oliveira / Resumo: O gerenciamento costeiro tem sido um tema largamente debatido tanto no âmbito acadêmico quanto na esfera do poder público, no momento em que é possível verificar um claro estímulo para políticas de gestão participativa de locais estratégicos para a sociedade em sua totalidade. Dentre os chamados locais estratégicos, destacamos o ecossistema costeiro como um dos seus principais representantes, uma vez que é alvo de interesses dos mais diversos atores sociais, que buscam usufruir/explorar/administrar seus recursos naturais. Com tantos olhares, decisões e práticas, que envolvem o ambiente costeiro a todo o instante, transmutando-o em um verdadeiro caleidoscópio de interesses conflitantes, tornam-se necessárias, cada vez mais, pesquisas que demonstrem claramente tais interesses. A lógica representada por interesses empresariais não necessariamente é a mesma representada pelos interesses do poder público, muito menos da comunidade local. Nossa pesquisa apresenta uma proposta metodológica que busca revelar a lógica existente na visão dos habitantes da zona costeira, a partir da percepção, interpretação e valoração destes em relação ao ambiente em que vivem. Com essa proposta, procuraremos demonstrar de forma mais explícita os diferentes valores que os próprios habitantes atribuem a diversas partes do ambiente costeiro, muitas vezes utilizado como principal fonte de sustento e sobrevivência. Como estudo de caso, elegemos a comunidade da Ilha de Paquetá, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), uma comunidade centrada nos valores de conservação de uma zona costeira rica de valores paisagísticos e simbólicos, porém historicamente impactada pelos interesses altamente exploratórios de grandes corporações e pelo descaso do poder público / Abstract: Coastal management has been a broadly discussed topic, both in academic and public power domains, in a time when a strong stimulus for participative management policies within strategic locations for society as a whole is clearly verifiable. Among these strategic locations, the coastal environment is one of its main representatives, since it is a target for many social actors seeking to utilize/explore/manage its natural resources. Having so many people, decisions and practices related to the coastal environment at all times transforms it in a kaleidoscope of conflicting interests and that is why there is a increasing need for research that can demonstrate such interests. Commercial interests are not the same as the ones of public institutions and even less similar to the ones of local communities. This research presents a methodological approach that seeks to reveal the existing logic from the coastal zones inhabitants' perspective, based on their perception, interpretation and valuation of the environment in which they live in. This proposal will try to explicitly demonstrate the different values that the inhabitants give to several parts of the coastal environment, which is frequently utilized as their means of survival. As a case study, we chose the Paqueta Island community, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), which is a community that values preservation of a coastal zone enriched with scenic and symbolic features. It is however impacted by highly exploratory interests of big corporations and by the lack of interest from the public power / Doutor

This study was conducted to measure the reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in oil sludge by co-composting the sludge with pig, cow, horse and poultry manures under laboratory conditions. Four kilograms of soil spiked with 800g of oil sludge was co-composted differently with each manure in a ratio of 2:1 (w/w) spiked soil: manure and wood-chips in a ratio of 2:1 (w/v) spiked soil: wood-chips. Control was set up similar as the one above but without manure. Mixtures were incubated for 10 months at room temperature. Compost piles were turned weekly and moisture level was maintained at between 50% and 70%. Moisture level, pH, temperature, CO2 evolution and oxygen consumption were measured monthly and the ash content at the end of experimentation. Bacteria capable of utilizing PAHs were isolated, purified and characterized by molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), amplification of the 16S rDNA gene using the specific primers (16S-P1 PCR and 16S-P2 PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced. Extent of reduction of PAHs was measured using automated soxhlet extractor with Dichloromethane as the extraction solvent coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Temperature did not exceed 27.5OC in all compost heaps, pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and CO2 evolution was highest in poultry manure at 18.78μg/dwt/day. Microbial growth and activities were enhanced. Bacteria identified were Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus species. Results from PAH measurements showed reduction between 77 and 99%. The results from the control experiments may be because it was invaded by fungi. Co-composting of spiked soils with animal manures enhanced the reduction in PAHs. Interestingly, all bacteria isolated and identified in this study were present in all treatments, including the control. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perinotto_rrc_me_rcla.pdf: 7856943 bytes, checksum: 17e8581630be4a2e1add4cefd13abc6f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Derrames de óleo causam recorrentes e graves prejuízos aos ecossistemas costeiros em todo o mundo. O mapeamento de sensibilidade ambiental é componente essencial e fonte de informação primária para o planejamento de contingência, que estabelece diretrizes de ações de resposta aos derrames. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir áreas prioritárias de proteção e zonas de sacrifício por meio do mapeamento, em escala operacional, da sensibilidade a derrames de óleo dos ambientes costeiros dos municípios de São Vicente, Santos e Guarujá (SP), baseando-se na proposta elaborada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente, com utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica. A região apresenta elevada complexidade e relevância econômica com alto risco de ocorrência de derrames pela presença do Porto de Santos. Possui grande variedade de ecossistemas costeiros e estuarinos sensíveis que abrigam comunidades de elevada diversidade biológica. Como resultados são apresentados 3 Cartas Táticas, 21 Cartas Operacionais e Quadros Descritivos com informações de cada segmento mapeado; além do mapa e das indicações das Áreas Prioritárias e Zonas de Sacrifício, sugeridas de acordo com critérios relevantes, baseados nas características de cada segmento, e considerados a partir do conhecimento detalhado adquirido no desenvolvimento deste trabalho, que constitui importante contribuição à gestão ambiental da zona costeira estudada / Oil spills have caused recurrent and severe damages in coastal ecosystems all around the world. The environmental sensitivity mapping is an essential component and prime information source for the contingency planning, which establishes emergency response actions to oil spills. This study aimed to define high priority areas for protection and sacrifice zones by mapping, in detailed scales, the environmental sensitivity to oil spills of coastal habitats in São Vicente, Santos and Guarujá municipalities (São Paulo State). This mapping was done using a Geographic Information System and was based on the methodology and standards suggested by the Brazilian Environmental Ministry. The study area has high economic importance and complexity, with many risks of oil spills because of the presence of the “Porto de Santos”. The region shows a wide variety of sensitive estuarine and coastal ecosystems that shelter high biodiversity. As result are presented 3 ESI maps in tactical scales; 21 ESI maps in detailed scales; Descriptive Tables with information from each coastal segment mapped; and the map with indicated areas for high priority protection and sacrifice zones. These areas were suggested according to relevant criteria, based on characteristics of each segment, and considered from the detailed knowledge acquired in the development of this work that represents an important contribution to the coastal environmental management in the study area

The Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Following the spill, British Petroleum, leaser of the rig, set up a funding institution known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) to support research and understanding of the spill on the environments and peoples of the gulf. This outreach project was created alongside research of the RECOVER consortium, funded by GoMRI, to communicate what is happening within research labs around the country to understand the effect that the spill had on fish in pelagic and coastal regions of the gulf. The outreach project is composed of a short film (Deepwaters: The Science of a Spill, 18 min) and related outreach materials posted to Instagram (@FishandOilSpills).

Within two months of its emergence, the BP Gulf Oil spill had become the worst environmental disaster in United States history. However, for those studying public relations the oil spill brought more than ecological disaster, by providing a case study of crisis communication. Although there were a number of crisis responses from BP throughout the course of the oil spill, the primary crisis response crafted by BP was an image restoration campaign which premiered in early June 2010. This campaign, though it exhibits qualities of a standard crisis response, was wildly unpopular with the United States Government and citizenry. This rhetorical analysis attempts to uncover the reasons behind the campaign's failure through an application of the genre model of criticism. By defining the crisis communication genre and applying it to the artifact, the current study uncovers the reasons behind the failure of the campaign. Through this discussion, this analysis identifies that BP did not address all necessary exigencies, nor did it consider the influence a rhetor can have on a message. An explanation for the failure of BP' s campaign provided a plethora of implications to the fields of public . relations and rhetorical criticism, while beginning a discussion to help define the crisis communication genre.

The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform on April 20, 2010 resulted in the second largest oil spill in history. In this study, the distribution and chemical composition of hydrocarbons within a 45 km radius of the blowout was investigated. A complete set of hydrocarbon data were acquired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and from BP, including data from 16 research missions collected over eight weeks. The distribution of hydrocarbons was found to be more dispersed over a wider area in subsurface waters than previously predicted or reported. Several hydrocarbon plumes were identified including a near-surface plume (0.5 to 50 m), two small mid-depth plume (240 to 290 m and 850 to 880 m), and a large deepwater plume approximately 1,050 to 1,300 m below surface. Water soluble compounds were preferentially extracted from the rising oil in deepwater, and were found at potentially toxic levels both in and outside of areas previously reported to contain the majority of hydrocarbons. Data collected from different research missions were measured for a wide variety of chemical compounds, but not every sample was analyzed for the same chemical compounds. To overcome the challenge of variability in sample data, a non-parametric method of evaluating the percentage of detectable results, was used for all data analysis in addition to evaluation of total sample concentrations. The two analysis techniques yielded similar results. This approach may be useful in other studies in which samples are measured for varying number of compounds and have varying detection limits. The distribution and toxicity of hydrocarbons in sediments between August and October, 2010 was also investigated and was found to be fairly localized.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released millions of barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, impacting economically and ecologically important fishes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the oil have been shown to cause developmental impairments in early life stage fishes, such as morphological and behavioral changes related to eye formation and visual processing following PAH exposure. Prior research reported reduced eye growth in open water, pelagic species, as well as reduced photoreceptor-specific transcription factors associated with eye development following exposure to crude oil. Though changes in transcriptomic-level pathways associated with vision and visual processing have been reported, it has yet to be determined how these changes relate to physiological or behavioral-level effects in fish. Therefore, the present studies evaluated the effect of weathered crude oil on eye development and visual function in mahi-mahi, red drum, sheepshead minnow, and zebrafish larvae. Fish were assessed through several visually-mediated behavioral assays, analyzed histologically and immunohistologically, along with subsequent transcriptomic analyses and associated gene expression changes. Larvae exposed to crude oil experienced significantly reduced abilities to exhibit optomotor or optokinetic responses relative to controls, with associated reductions in retinal development. Furthermore, genes associated with eye development and phototransduction were downregulated, with subsequent decreases in the immunofluorescence of neurological connections within the retina and a choroid-specific increase in apoptotic activity. We related oil-induced transcriptomic-level effects to morphological, physiological, and behavioral-level impairments in larval teleost fishes.

The development of analytical methods for emerging contaminants creates many unique challenges for analytical chemists. By their nature, emerging contaminants have inherent data gaps related to their environmental occurrence, fate, and impact. This dissertation is a compilation of three studies related to method development for the structural identification of emerging contaminants, the detection and quantification of chemicals used in unprecedented quantities and applications, and the extraction of compounds from complex matrices where the solvent-solute-matrix interactions are not completely understood. The three studies present analytical methods developed for emerging contaminants in complex matrices, including: fluorochemical surfactants in aqueous film-forming foams, oil dispersant surfactants in seawater, and fullerene nanomaterials in carbonaceous solids. Aqueous film-forming foams, used in military and commercial firefighting, represent environmentally-relevant commercial mixtures that contain a variety of fluorochemical surfactants. Combining the surfactant-selective ionization of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry with high resolution mass spectrometry, chemical formulas for 11 different fluorochemical classes were identified. Then AFFF-related patents were used to determine the structures. Of the eleven classes of fluorochemicals, ten have little, if any, data on their environmental occurrence, fate, and potential impacts in the peer-reviewed literature. In addition, nine of the identified classes had either cationic or zwitterionic functionalities and are likely to have different transport properties compared to the well-studied anionic fluorochemicals, such as perfluorooctanoate. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the summer of 2010, one of the emergency response methods for the mitigation of the oil's environmental impact was the use of unprecedented amounts of oil dispersant to break down the oil slick and encourage biodegradation. This event illustrated the need for rapid analytical method development in order to respond to the potential environmental disaster in a timely manner. Using large volume injection liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, an analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of the multiple dispersant surfactant classes and the potential degradation products of the primary surfactant. Limits of detection ranged from 49 ��� 3,000 ng/L. The method provided excellent recovery (86 ��� 119%) and precision (10 ��� 23% RSD), while also accommodating for the high salinity of seawater samples and analyte contamination. Despite the fact that fullerene nanomaterials have been studied for almost three decades, research is still being conducted to fully understand the environmental properties of these materials. Previous studies to extract fullerenes from environmental matrices have resulted in low efficiency, high variability, or the extraction efficiencies have gone unreported. Extraction by ultrasonication with toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene increased the recovery 5-fold of a spiked, isotopically-labeled C������ surrogate from carbon lampblack as compared to that of the conventional approach of extracting with 100% toluene. The study revealed the importance of evaluating experimental variables such as extraction solvent composition and volume, and sample mass, as they have a significant impact on the quantitative extraction of fullerenes from environmental matrices. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Aug. 15, 2012 - Aug. 15, 2013