Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Omega-3 fatty acids and supplementation is very topical, attracting both public and interest from the industry. Findings from various research studies led a number of authorities to encourage the general population to consume more omega-3. This is the first study of its kind to be conducted in this population. Objective: To determine the current knowledge and trends of omega-3 (n-3) supplementation in parents of children at public primary schools in the City of Cape Town. Design: An observational and analytical and descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Methods: Purposive sampling was used to select a minimum of 150 parents from the six (6) randomly selected public primary schools. The schools were then divided into three different living standard measure (LSM) groups. The research questionnaire was made available at the Parent Teachers meetings where all parents had the option to complete the questionnaire anonymously at the meeting. Results: Six hundred and fifty seven (n=657) parents, mostly mothers, with a mean age of 37 years, completed and returned the questionnaires. The mean monthly income (p=0.00, SD=2.63) and the education level (p=0.00, SD=1.37) differed significantly between each of the three LSM groups. Prior to the study, 80.1% of parents (n=526) had heard of omega-3 supplements and overall knowledge of omega-3 was significantly better in this group (p=0.00) when compared to the group that had not heard of omega-3 previously. The overall mean omega-3 knowledge score for the three LSM groups (n=657) was 71%. The high and low LSM groups differed significantly in terms of omega-3 knowledge (p=0.02), but not statistically significantly once adjusted for income and education level (p=0.75). The main sources of information, where all parents (n=526) indicated having heard of omega-3 supplements, was from television (n = 230, 35%), books (n= 220, 33.5%) and the health worker (n=199, 30.3%). A total of 38.5% (n=253) of parents indicated that they gave their children omega-3 supplements. The overall omega-3 knowledge was significantly better (p=0.00) in parents who gave their children omega-3 supplements than the group that did not give supplements to their children. Income and the education level differed between all three LSM groups for those giving their children omega-3 supplements, but these variables did not influence the choice to give omega-3 supplements. Doctors (n=58, 22.9%) and the parents’ own decision (n=60, 23.7%) to supplement were the most favoured sources of recommendation indicated overall. Most parents indicated that the omega-3 supplement they administered was from a marine source (n=105, 41.5%). Only 35.2% (n=89) of parents giving omega-3 supplements indicated they knew the dose they were administering. Most of the children (n=90) were taking 500 mg omega-3 supplements daily. Conclusions and Recommendations: Statistically significant differences existed between the three LSM groups regarding various aspects of omega-3 knowledge and the sources from which parents had been informed and those who gave their children omega-3 supplements. Recommendations include education and public health programs supplying information to parents on omega-3 supplementation, as well as on omega-3 in the children’s diets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Omega-3 vetsure en supplementasie is ‘n baie aktuele onderwerp, wat beide die belangstelling van die publiek en industrie betrek. Bevindinge van verskeie navorsingstudies het daartoe gelei dat verskeie instansies die algemene publiek aanmoedig om meer omega-3 in te neem. Dit is die eerste studie van sy soort wat in dié populasie groep gedoen is. Doelwit: Om die huidige kennis en tendensies/neigings in omega-3(n-3) supplementasie in ouers van kinders by publieke laerskole in die stad Kaapstad te bepaal. Ontwerp:’n Waarnemende- en en analitiese en beskrywende- dwarsdeursnitstudie is gedoen. Metode: Daar is gebruik gemaak van ‘n doelgerigte steekproefneming om ‘n minimum van 150 ouers uit ses (6) ewekansig geseleteerde publieke laerskole van uit te kies. Die skole is in drie verskillende lewenstandaardgroepe (LSM) verdeel. Die navorsingsvraelys is by ‘n Ouer-Onderwyservergadering beskikbaar gestel en alle ouers het ‘n geleentheid gehad om die vraelys anoniem by die vergadering te voltooi. Resultate: Seshonderd sewe-en-vyftig (n=657) ouers, meestel moeders, met ‘n gemiddelde ouderdom van 37 jaar, het die vraelyste voltooi en teruggegee. Die gemiddelde maandlikse inkomste (p=0.00, SD=2.63) en vlak van opvoeding (p=0.00, SD=1.37) het noemensvaardig tussen elk van die drie LSM groepe verskil. Voor die studie het 80.1% van die ouers (n=526) al van omega-3 supplemente gehoor en die algehele kennis van die groep was beduidend beter (p=0.00) as die groep wat voorheen nie van omega-3 gehoor het nie. Die gemiddelde algehele omega-3 kennistelling vir die drie LSM groepe was 71%. Die hoë en lae LSM groepe het beduidend ten opsigte van omega-3 kennis (p=0.02) verskil, maar nie statisties- beduidend wanneer dit vir inkomste en opvoedingsvlak (p=0.75) aangepas is nie. Die hoofbronne van inligting waar al die ouers (n=526) wat aangedui het dat hulle van omega-3 supplementasie gehoor het, was deur televisie (n=230, 35%), boeke (n=220, 33.5%) en die gesondheidswerker (n=199, 30.3%). ‘n Totaal van 38.5% (n=253) ouers het aangedui dat hulle hul kinders omega-3 supplemente gee. Die algehele omega-3 kennis van ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente gee was statisties beduidend beter (p=0.00) in vergelyking met die groep wat nie supplemente vir hulle kinders gee nie. Die inkomste en opvoedingsvlak het verskil tussen all drie LSM groepe wat hulle kinders omega-3 supplementasie gegee het, maar hierdie veranderlikes het nie die keuse om omega-3 supplemente te gee beïnvloed nie. Mediese dokters (n=58, 22.9%) en die ouer se eie besluit (n=60 23.7%) om te supplementeer, was die gunsteling bronne van aanbeveling in die algemeen. Die meeste ouers het aangedui dat die omega-3 supplement wat hulle gegee het van ‘n visbron afkomstig (n=105, 41.5%) is. Net 35.2% (n=89) van die ouers wat omega-3 supplemente gee het aangedui dat hulle die dosis kenwat hulle gee. Meeste van die kinders (n=90) het 500mg omega-3 supplemente daagliks gekry. Gevolgtrekking en aanbevelings: Statistiese beduidende verskille is tussen die drie LSM groepe ten opsigte van verskeie aspekte van omega-3 kennis en bronne waaruit ouers ingelig is, sowel as die ouers wie hulle kinders omega-3 supplemente gegee het, gevind. Aanbevelings sluit opvoeding en publieke gesondheidsprogramme in, wat inligting aan ouers sal verskaf oor omega-3 supplementasie sowel as omega-3 in die kinders se diëte.

No description available.

Well functioning circadian system is crucial component of healthy organism and its disruption can result in impairment of metabolic functions with consequential development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is in general caused by enhanced migration of pro- inflammatory polarized macrophages (M1) into adipose tissue. We have shown, that interaction of this type of macrophages with adipose tissue had significant effect on rhythmic expression of clock genes in adipocytes. We further investigated effect of high fat diet and diet enriched by omega-3 fatty acids on circadian oscillations in WAT and differently polarized macrophages. This diet affected oscillations in adipose tissue and in M0 and M2 polarized macrophages. These results support previous findings of effect of omega-3 fatty acids on metabolism and suggest their effect on circadian system as well. Key words: circadian rhythms, adipose tissue, macrophages, omega-3 fatty acids, high fat diet

The thesis deals with beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and their beneficial effects on health. Characteristics, properties and appearance of omega-3 fatty acids may explain some of the mechanisms of their effects on human health manifested not only in the treatment and mitigation of some non-infectious diseases of mass occurrence, but especially in the area of preventive action. Theoretic information used in the first part of this work was obtained from scientific and professional publications and periodicals searched in domestic and international databases of scientific and specialist literature. The part of data collection and analysis compares the intake of omega-3 acids in the form of fish dishes prepared for children in the first half of elementary school, aged 7 to 10 years, in randomly selected school canteens or contracted catering in the European Union with the recommendations of Decree 107/2005 Sb. Ministry of Education.

Introdução: Epilepsia é uma desordem cerebral caracterizada predominantemente pela interrupção paroxística do funcionamento normal do cérebro causada por crises epilépticas que ocorrem de maneira recorrente e imprevisível. Aproximadamente 50% dos adultos com epilepsia têm ao menos uma comorbidade médica associada, e algumas condições apresentam uma prevalência maior quando comparados à população em geral. Entre elas podemos citar as comorbidades psiquiátricas e as alterações nutricionais. Objetivos: O presente estudo avaliou o consumo alimentar de pacientes portadores de epilepsia, e de forma mais específica, o consumo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAS), e a sua relação com a presença de transtornos neuropsiquiátricos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde o consumo alimentar de paciente com epilepsia do lobo temporal foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado para a população de Porto Alegre –RS. Também foi avaliado a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos e sintomas de ansiedade através dos questionários estruturados, SCID, BAI e Escala de Hamilton. Resultados: Pacientes com diagnóstico de transtornos psiquiátricos avaliado por SCID apresentaram menor consumo de ácidos graxos omega-3, (0,53 ± 0,34g vs 0,84 ± 0,58g; p=0,047) e (0,21g ± 0,13g/1000kcal vs 0,32±0,21g/1000kcal; p=0,049). Pacientes com maiores níveis de ansiedade avaliados pelo BAI também apresentaram menor ingestão de PUFAS n-3 (9,14 ± 3,65g vs 12,82 ± 4,84g; p=0,011 e 3,41 ± 1,21% vs 4,14 ± 1,05% do VET; p=0,04). A Escala de Hamilton apresentou correlação inversa ao consumo de PUFAS n-3 (-0,306; p=0,041). Conclusão: Foi identificada uma associação entre o consumo de PUFAS n-3 e a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos e níveis mais altos de ansiedade em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal. Ainda que o nosso estudo não pode determinar uma relação de cause efeito entre alterações neuropsiquiátricas e consumo de PUFAS é possível que um consumo de alimentos ricos em Omega-3 possa ser uma estratégica terapêutica a fim de melhorar anormalidades neuropsiquiátricas nesses pacientes. Essa é uma interessante questão que necessita ser melhor avaliada no futuro. / Background: Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable interruptions of normal brain function. About 50% of the adults patients with epilepsy have one or more coexisting medical conditions. Among the comorbidities, we highlight nutritional problems as well psychiatric disorders, which have a significant impact in the life quality of this patient. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional intake of lobe temporal epilepsy patients and investigate its relation with psychiatric disorders diagnosis. Patients and Methods: we performed a cross-sectional study with 45 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and applied a food frequency questionary (FFQ), comparing the results with psychiatric diagnosis assessed by SCID to any disorders and depression by BAI and Hamilton Scale for anxiety. Results: All patients had a higher consumption of calories (38,89 ± 15,44). than the preconized for people in general and a lower intake of PUFAS than the recommended for cardiovascular protection. Patients identified with any psychiatric disorder by SCID had a lower intake of PUFAS n-3 (0,53 ± 0,34g vs 0,84 ± 0,58g; p=0,047 and 0,21g ± 0,13g/1000kcal vs 0,32±0,21g/1000kcal; p=0,049 than those free of diagnosis. Patients with high levels of anxiety also had also had a lower consumption of PUFAS n-3 (9.14 ± 3.65g vs 12.82 ± 4,84g; p=0.011). The Hamilton Scale had a negative correlation with PUFAS n-3 intake (0,306; p=0,041). Conclusion: We found a negative relation between the diagnosis of psychitric disorders and anxiety as assessed by SCID and BAI respectively. It’s not possible to determine a cause and effect relationship in this association, but we can consider the omega-3 fat acid and PUFAS n-3 rich food might be potentially therapeutic in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. This question might deserve further studies.

Introdução: Nos últimos vinte anos, estudos clínicos e experimentais demonstraram que as variações do ambiente materno (como o estresse precoce) associado à deficiência nutricional podem influenciar na saúde do indivíduo. Objetivo clínico: Determinar o impacto da interação entre o consumo alimentar das gestantes com o crescimento intrauterino em uma coorte de nascimentos. Objetivo experimental: Avaliar se o estresse neonatal, como a separação materna, interage com a deficiência nutricional de ácidos graxos (AG) poliinsaturados ômega-3 ao longo da vida em aspectos metabólicos em ratos adultos. Metodologia clínica: Trata-se de uma coorte envolvendo o recrutamento de nascimentos ocorridos nos hospitais de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Mães de diferentes históricos clínicos (hipertensão-GHAS, diabetes-GDM, tabagismo-GTAB, crianças com restrição de crescimento intrauterino por razão idiopática-GRCIU e controles-GCON) foram convidadas a participar 24 horas após o nascimento da criança. Foram utilizadas as variáveis da entrevista do pós-parto (sociodemográficas e antropométricas das mães e dos recém-nascidos-RNs) e domiciliar aos 7 dias de vida da criança (questionário de frequência alimentar). A coorte está em andamento para outros acompanhamentos (15 dias e 1, 3 e 6 meses de vida da criança). O tamanho da amostra final constitui-se de, no mínimo, 20 pares mãe-RNs por grupo e 150 indivíduos no total. Metodologia experimental: Os filhotes de ratos foram randomizados em: Grupo Separação Materna (GSM) e Grupo Não-Manipulado (GNM), sendo filhotes separados removidos de suas mães durante 3 horas diárias do dia 1º ao 10º pós-natal (DPN) e colocados em incubadora a 32ºC. No DPN 35, os machos foram subdivididos em dois grupos de acordo com dieta adequada ou deficiente em AG poliinsaturados ômega-3, nas subsequentes 15 semanas de vida. O peso corporal e o consumo alimentar dos ratos eram mensurados semanalmente e ao final do tratamento as amostras de tecidos foram coletadas. Resultados clínicos: Entre Setembro de 2011 a Julho de 2013, 255 puérperas foram elegíveis para o estudo, sendo que 218 (14,5%) aceitaram participar e 182 (16,5%) apresentavam dados completos para análise. Ao comparar-se as puérperas elegíveis com as recusas (n=37) não houve diferenças significativas entre qualquer variável, entretanto, as puérperas do seguimento apresentaram média de idade superior em relação às perdas (p=0,010). O GHAS apresentou média de idade superior em relação ao GTAB e GRCIU (p=0,007), já o GRCIU apresentou peso pré-gestacional inferior em comparação ao GDM (p=0,022) e GHAS (p=0,003). Apenas o GHAS apresentou peso pré-gestacional e ganho de peso gestacional superior ao GCON (p=0,002; p=0,018). Os valores de peso ao nascer do GRCIU foram inferiores em comparação aos demais grupos e o peso ao nascer do GDM foi superior ao GTAB (p<0,001). O comprimento ao nascer do GRCIU foi diferente de todos os outros (p<0,001), exceto o GHAS. A média do perímetro cefálico do GRCIU foi significativamente diferente dos demais grupos (p<0,001). Não houve diferença entre o consumo de macronutrientes e o perfil de AG entre as mães dos diferentes grupos. Todavia, o consumo do AG 20:4 n-6 foi maior no GHAS e a razão n-6/n-3 menor no GDM em relação ao GCON. Observou-se que não houve associação entre o consumo alimentar das gestantes e o peso ao nascer. Resultados experimental: Ratos do GSM apresentaram consumo alimentar maior (p=0,047) e ganharam mais peso (p=0,012), porém, o conteúdo de neuropeptídeo Y não variou entre os grupos. Ratos do GSM também apresentaram maior deposição de gordura abdominal (p<0,001) e triglicerídeos plasmáticos (p=0,018), quando comparados ao GNM. Interação entre estresse neonatal e deficiência de AG poliinsaturados ômega-3 foi encontrada com insulina plasmática (p=0,033), índice de HOMA (p=0,049), leptina (p=0,01) e expressão de PEPCK hepática (p=0,05), no qual a vulnerabilidade metabólica no GSM foi agravada com a dieta inadequada em AG poliinsaturados ômega-3. Houve associações entre alterações específicas no perfil de AG periféricos (p<0,05). Conclusões: Assim, os achados clínicos sugerem que, a curto prazo, o consumo de AG das gestantes não influenciou o peso ao nascer dos RNs entre os diferentes ambientes intrauterinos, porém o GHAS possuiu maior consumo de AA e o GDM menor relação n-6/n-3. Os achados experimentais sugerem que as variações no ambiente neonatal interagem, a longo prazo, com a deficiência dietética de n-3 PUFAs, alterando a vulnerabilidade metabólica de ratos adultos. / Introduction: In the last twenty years, clinical and experimental studies have shown that perinatal events (how early stress) associated with nutritional deficiency may influence in the individual health. Clinical objective: To assess the impact of interaction between the food consumption with the infant intrauterine growth in the birth cohort. Experimental objective: To assess whether an early stressful event such as maternal separation interacts with the nutritional availability of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during the life course on metabolic aspects. Clinical methods: This is a cohort involving the recruitment of births in hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mothers from different clinical backgrounds (hypertensive-GHAS, diabetics-GDM, smokers-GTAB, having an intrauterine growth restriction for idiopathic reasons-GIUGR, and controls-GCON) were be invited twentyfour hours after the child birth. It was used data in postpartum interview (economic, social and anthropometric measures) and in home visit interview at 7 days of life (food frequency questionnaire). The cohort is ongoing and there are still the interviews: 15 days and 1, 3 and 6 month of life. The sample size consists in 20 mother-child pairs per group and 150 pairs in total. Experimental methods: Litters rats were randomized into: maternal separated group (GMS) and non-handled group (GNH). The GMS was removed from their dam for 3 hours per day on days 1º to 10º postnatal (PND) and put in an incubator at 32ºC. On PND 35, males were subdivided into two groups diets that were adequate or deficient in n-3 PUFAs, and this intervention was applied during the subsequent 15 weeks. Animal’s body weight and food consumption were measured weekly, and at the end of the treatment samples of tissues were collected. Clinical results: From September 2011 to July 2013, 255 postpartum women were eligible, 218 (14.5%) agreed to participate and 182 (16.5%) had complete data for analysis. Comparing with the women eligible, refusals (n=37) have no significant differences between the variables, however, these mothers showed more average age (p=0.010) than lost. The GHAS had a mean age higher than the GTAB and GIUGR (p=0,007). The GRCIU presented prepregnancy weight lower compared to GDM (p=0,022) and GHAS (p=0.003). Only GHAS presented prepregnancy weigh and gestational weight gain above the GCON (p=0.002; p=0.018). The values of GRCIU birth weight were lower compared to the other groups and the birth weight of GDM was higher than GTAB (p<0.001). The birth length of GRCIU was different from all others (p<0.001), except in GHAS. The average of GIUGR head circumference was significantly different from the other groups (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between macronutrient intake and fatty acid profile (AG) among mothers of different groups. However, consumption AG 20:4 n-6 was higher in GHAS and the ratio of n-6/n-3 is lower in GDM compared GCON. We observed no association between dietary intake of pregnant women and birth weight. Experimental results: MS was associated with increased food intake (p=0.047) and weight gain (p=0.012), but no differences were found in the NPY hypothalamic content between the groups. MS rats had also increased deposition of abdominal fat (p<0.001) and plasma triglycerides (p=0.018) when compared to the GNH. Interactions between early life stress and n-3 PUFAs deficiency were found in plasma insulin (p=0.033), HOMA index (p=0.049), leptin (p=0.010) and liver PEPCK expression (p=0.05), in which the metabolic vulnerability in the GMS was aggravated by the n-3 PUFAs deficient diet exposure. This was associated with specific alterations in the peripheral fatty acid profile (p<0.05). Conclusions: Thus, the clinical findings suggest that in the short term, AG consumption pregnant women did not influence intrauterine growth of children from different intrauterine environments, but the GHAS have more consumption of AA and GDM lower ratio n-6/n-3. Experimental findings suggest interacts variations in neonatal environment in the long term, with n-3 PUFAs deficient diet exposure, increasing the metabolic vulnerability in adult rats.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / In this work, 150 fungal strains isolated in the Pampa biome were evaluated for. The microbial oil was produced by submerged fermentation in shaken flasks at 120 rpm, 28 °C for 7 days. The lipids were extracted from cells by Soxhlet (AOAC) method and the fatty acids profile determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Seven strains presented the best results in terms of lipids production, which were selected to evaluate the influence of temperature on microbial oil production and PUFA profiles. The fermentations were conducted under the same conditions previously defined at 15 and 28 °C. The fungus SPII65, identified as belonging to the genus Nigrospora sp., produced the highest level of lipids, yielding 11.28% and 6.02% with PUFAs production of 51.94% and 42.39% at 28 °C and 15 °C, respectively. From the results obtained, it was conceived a Plackett-Burmann design to investigate the main effects of temperature (15-25 °C), pH (4.0-6.0), agitation (120-200 rpm), corn steep liquor concentration (5-15% (v/v)) and sucrose (60-180 g/L). The largest production of PUFAs (55.75%) was observed in the smallest evaluated temperatures (15 °C), whereas the maximum lipid production was 5.54% at 25 °C. Lower lipid contents were produced using industrial medium compared to the results obtained with synthetic medium. PUFAs profiles were similar in the culture media evaluated. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar micro-organismos do Bioma Pampa com potencial para a produção de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs). Foi avaliada a capacidade de produção de lipídeos de 150 cepas fúngicas, isoladas de plantas daninhas de áreas de cultivo de arroz irrigado e pastagens do Bioma Pampa. Os fungos foram cultivados em meio de cultura Batata Dextrose Ágar (BDA) a 28 °C durante 7 dias. Após esse período, foram repicados sucessivamente, em meio BDA, até a obtenção de colônias isoladas. A produção de óleo microbiano foi realizada através de cultivo submersa das 150 cepas isoladas, utilizando frascos mantidos sob agitação orbital a 120 rpm, 28 °C durante 7 dias. A determinação de lipídeos foi realizada através do método de Soxhlet e o perfil de ácidos graxos através de cromatografia gasosa (GC-FID). Dentre as cepas avaliadas, sete apresentaram maior produção de lipídeos, sendo, portanto, realizada nova fermentação onde foi avaliada a influência da temperatura na produção e perfil do óleo microbiano. A fermentação foi conduzida nas mesmas condições definidas anteriormente e as temperaturas avaliadas foram 15 e 28 oC. O fungo codificado SPII65, identificado como pertencente ao gênero Nigrospora sp., produziu o maior teor de lipídeos tanto a 28 oC quanto a 15 oC, produzindo 11,28% e 6,02%, respectivamente. Em relação aos PUFAs a produção foi de 51,94% a 28 ºC e 42,39% a 15 ºC. Através dos resultados obtidos, foi delineado um planejamento experimental do tipo Plackett-Burman, onde as variáveis estudadas foram: temperatura (15-25 ºC), pH (4,0-6,0), agitação (120-200 rpm), concentração da água de maceração de milho (5-15% (v/v)) e sacarose (60-180 g/L) durante 14 dias. A maior produção de PUFAs (55,75%) foi verificada nas menores temperaturas avaliadas (15 oC). Já a maior produção de lipídeos (5,54%) foi observada na temperatura de 25 oC. Foram produzidos menores teores de lipídeos utilizando meio industrial comparado aos resultados obtidos com meio sintético. Os perfis de PUFAs obtidos foram semelhantes nos meios de cultura avaliados.

Foram utilizadas 144 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White por um período de quatro semanas, com o intuito de verificar o efeito da adição de 3% dos óleos de soja, milho, canola, linhaça, salmão ou da mistura de sardinha e atum na dieta das aves, sobre a composição dos ácidos graxos na gema dos ovos e no plasma sanguíneo das aves, bem como o tempo de incorporação total de cada ácido graxo na gema dos ovos durante o período experimental. Paralelamente foram avaliados, o desempenho das aves e a qualidade externa dos ovos. Para análise estatística dos resultados empregou- se modelo fatorial 6X6 em blocos casualizados sendo as aves distribuídas em 72 gaiolas. A adição de 3% de óleo de salmão ou de milho à ração determinou redução significativa no consumo alimentar. O tratamento que recebeu 3% de óleo de salmão promoveu menor peso da casca dos ovos (g) bem como menor espessura da casca (mm). A inclusão dos óleos de linhaça, soja ou milho à dieta, determinou aumento dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados na gema e no plasma das galinhas. A adição de óleo de sardinha e atum proporcionou maiores concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados na gema. Os teores de PUFAs n-3 foram maiores nas gemas do tratamento a base de óleo de sardinha, enquanto que no plasma a maior concentração foi observada no tratamento com óleo de linhaça. O óleo de linhaça proporcionou o maior teor de ácido &alpha;-linolênico incorporado à gema e no plasma sanguíneo. As quantidades de EPA na gema e no plasma mostraram-se maiores no grupo que recebeu 3% de óleo de sardinha e atum que, por sua vez, também foram responsáveis pelos mais elevados teores de DHA na gema dos ovos. Já com relação ao plasma, as maiores concentrações de DHA foram observadas nos grupos alimentados com óleos de salmão e sardinha/atum. Os PUFAs diminuíram na gema até o oitavo dia experimental, enquanto que os PUFAs n-3 aumentaram até este dia. Os teores de ácido &alpha;-linolênico foram crescentes até o décimo dia de experimento, enquanto que as concentrações de EPA e DHA aumentaram até o oitavo dia de experimento. / Hundred forty-four Shaver White laying hens were used over a 4 week experimental period to investigate the effect of 3% of soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, salmon oil or tuna and sardine oil added to the diets, upon the fatty acid egg yolk composition, blood plasma levels and incorporation time of each fatty acid into the egg yolk. Reproductive performance of hens and external egg quality were evaluated. Hens were allocated into 72 cages and the experimental design was a 6X6 randomized factorial model. Hens fed 3% salmon or corn oil diet showed a significant reduction of food consumption, eggshell weight (g) and eggshell thickness (mm). The addition of flaxseed, soybean or corn oil into the diet increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids levels into the egg yolk and in the blood plasma. Adding tuna and sardine oil into the diet increased the concentration of yolk saturated fatty acids. The levels of PUFAs n-3 were increased in the tuna and sardine oil treatment, while the flaxseed oil increased the plasma fatty acids. The deposition of &alpha;-linolenic fatty acids was higher in the group fed flaxseed oil The percentage of EPA into the yolk and plasma was higher for the hens fed 3% tuna and sardine oil diet, as well as the levels of yolk DHA. The concentration of DHA into the plasma was higher for the salmon and tuna/sardine oil treatments. The PUFAs yolk decreased during the first eight days of experiment, while the PUFAs n-3 increased during the same period. The concentration of &alpha;-linolenic acid increased until ten days of experiment, while the percentage of EPA and DHA increased up to the eighth experimental day.

Ratos foram tratados com salina, óleos de peixe (OP) ou soja (OS) por via intragástrica durante 20 dias antes da indução do IAM. A área de infarto e atividades da creatina quinase no plasma e da caspase 3 no ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foram menores no grupo OP comparado a salina ou OS. Os conteúdos de IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, CINC 2&alpha;/&beta;, IL-6 e VEGF-&alpha; no VE e de IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, MIP-3, IL-6 e VEGF-&alpha; no fígado foram elevados pelo OS. O OP aumentou os conteúdos de ATP e lactato e diminuiu o de glicogênio no VE. A redução do fluxo coronariano no VE dos animais infartados foi abolida pelo OP. A expressão gênica de iNOS, eNOS, HIF-1&alpha;, GLUT-1, VEGF-&alpha;, p53 e Bax2 no VE aumentou pelo OP. A fração de ejeção, fração de encurtamento e velocidade de encurtamento das fibras cardíacas foram mais elevadas pelo OP. Portanto, o tratamento com OP induziu um estado de pré-condicionamento que conferiu proteção do miocárdio à injúria isquêmica. / Rats were treated with saline, fish (FO) or soybean (SO) oils by gavage for 20 days before myocardial infarction (MI). Infarct size, activities of plasma CK and caspase 3 in the left ventricle (LV) were decreased by FO as compared with saline or SO. The contents of IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, CINC 2&alpha;/&beta;, IL-6, VEGF-&alpha; in the LV and of IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, MIP-3, IL-6, VEGF-&alpha; in the liver were increased by SO. Contents of ATP and lactate in the LV were increased and of glycogen decreased by FO. FO prevented the decrease in the coronary blood flow in the LV of infarcted rats. The mRNA contents of iNOS, eNOS, HIF-1&alpha;, GLUT 1, VEGF-&alpha;, p53 and Bax2 in the VE were increased by FO. Ejection fraction, fractional shortening and velocity of circumferential fiber-shortening were also increased by FO. So, treatment with FO leads to a preconditioning state that protected the heart from MI injury.

Introdução: Nos últimos vinte anos, estudos clínicos e experimentais demonstraram que as variações do ambiente materno (como o estresse precoce) associado à deficiência nutricional podem influenciar na saúde do indivíduo. Objetivo clínico: Determinar o impacto da interação entre o consumo alimentar das gestantes com o crescimento intrauterino em uma coorte de nascimentos. Objetivo experimental: Avaliar se o estresse neonatal, como a separação materna, interage com a deficiência nutricional de ácidos graxos (AG) poliinsaturados ômega-3 ao longo da vida em aspectos metabólicos em ratos adultos. Metodologia clínica: Trata-se de uma coorte envolvendo o recrutamento de nascimentos ocorridos nos hospitais de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Mães de diferentes históricos clínicos (hipertensão-GHAS, diabetes-GDM, tabagismo-GTAB, crianças com restrição de crescimento intrauterino por razão idiopática-GRCIU e controles-GCON) foram convidadas a participar 24 horas após o nascimento da criança. Foram utilizadas as variáveis da entrevista do pós-parto (sociodemográficas e antropométricas das mães e dos recém-nascidos-RNs) e domiciliar aos 7 dias de vida da criança (questionário de frequência alimentar). A coorte está em andamento para outros acompanhamentos (15 dias e 1, 3 e 6 meses de vida da criança). O tamanho da amostra final constitui-se de, no mínimo, 20 pares mãe-RNs por grupo e 150 indivíduos no total. Metodologia experimental: Os filhotes de ratos foram randomizados em: Grupo Separação Materna (GSM) e Grupo Não-Manipulado (GNM), sendo filhotes separados removidos de suas mães durante 3 horas diárias do dia 1º ao 10º pós-natal (DPN) e colocados em incubadora a 32ºC. No DPN 35, os machos foram subdivididos em dois grupos de acordo com dieta adequada ou deficiente em AG poliinsaturados ômega-3, nas subsequentes 15 semanas de vida. O peso corporal e o consumo alimentar dos ratos eram mensurados semanalmente e ao final do tratamento as amostras de tecidos foram coletadas. Resultados clínicos: Entre Setembro de 2011 a Julho de 2013, 255 puérperas foram elegíveis para o estudo, sendo que 218 (14,5%) aceitaram participar e 182 (16,5%) apresentavam dados completos para análise. Ao comparar-se as puérperas elegíveis com as recusas (n=37) não houve diferenças significativas entre qualquer variável, entretanto, as puérperas do seguimento apresentaram média de idade superior em relação às perdas (p=0,010). O GHAS apresentou média de idade superior em relação ao GTAB e GRCIU (p=0,007), já o GRCIU apresentou peso pré-gestacional inferior em comparação ao GDM (p=0,022) e GHAS (p=0,003). Apenas o GHAS apresentou peso pré-gestacional e ganho de peso gestacional superior ao GCON (p=0,002; p=0,018). Os valores de peso ao nascer do GRCIU foram inferiores em comparação aos demais grupos e o peso ao nascer do GDM foi superior ao GTAB (p<0,001). O comprimento ao nascer do GRCIU foi diferente de todos os outros (p<0,001), exceto o GHAS. A média do perímetro cefálico do GRCIU foi significativamente diferente dos demais grupos (p<0,001). Não houve diferença entre o consumo de macronutrientes e o perfil de AG entre as mães dos diferentes grupos. Todavia, o consumo do AG 20:4 n-6 foi maior no GHAS e a razão n-6/n-3 menor no GDM em relação ao GCON. Observou-se que não houve associação entre o consumo alimentar das gestantes e o peso ao nascer. Resultados experimental: Ratos do GSM apresentaram consumo alimentar maior (p=0,047) e ganharam mais peso (p=0,012), porém, o conteúdo de neuropeptídeo Y não variou entre os grupos. Ratos do GSM também apresentaram maior deposição de gordura abdominal (p<0,001) e triglicerídeos plasmáticos (p=0,018), quando comparados ao GNM. Interação entre estresse neonatal e deficiência de AG poliinsaturados ômega-3 foi encontrada com insulina plasmática (p=0,033), índice de HOMA (p=0,049), leptina (p=0,01) e expressão de PEPCK hepática (p=0,05), no qual a vulnerabilidade metabólica no GSM foi agravada com a dieta inadequada em AG poliinsaturados ômega-3. Houve associações entre alterações específicas no perfil de AG periféricos (p<0,05). Conclusões: Assim, os achados clínicos sugerem que, a curto prazo, o consumo de AG das gestantes não influenciou o peso ao nascer dos RNs entre os diferentes ambientes intrauterinos, porém o GHAS possuiu maior consumo de AA e o GDM menor relação n-6/n-3. Os achados experimentais sugerem que as variações no ambiente neonatal interagem, a longo prazo, com a deficiência dietética de n-3 PUFAs, alterando a vulnerabilidade metabólica de ratos adultos. / Introduction: In the last twenty years, clinical and experimental studies have shown that perinatal events (how early stress) associated with nutritional deficiency may influence in the individual health. Clinical objective: To assess the impact of interaction between the food consumption with the infant intrauterine growth in the birth cohort. Experimental objective: To assess whether an early stressful event such as maternal separation interacts with the nutritional availability of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during the life course on metabolic aspects. Clinical methods: This is a cohort involving the recruitment of births in hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mothers from different clinical backgrounds (hypertensive-GHAS, diabetics-GDM, smokers-GTAB, having an intrauterine growth restriction for idiopathic reasons-GIUGR, and controls-GCON) were be invited twentyfour hours after the child birth. It was used data in postpartum interview (economic, social and anthropometric measures) and in home visit interview at 7 days of life (food frequency questionnaire). The cohort is ongoing and there are still the interviews: 15 days and 1, 3 and 6 month of life. The sample size consists in 20 mother-child pairs per group and 150 pairs in total. Experimental methods: Litters rats were randomized into: maternal separated group (GMS) and non-handled group (GNH). The GMS was removed from their dam for 3 hours per day on days 1º to 10º postnatal (PND) and put in an incubator at 32ºC. On PND 35, males were subdivided into two groups diets that were adequate or deficient in n-3 PUFAs, and this intervention was applied during the subsequent 15 weeks. Animal’s body weight and food consumption were measured weekly, and at the end of the treatment samples of tissues were collected. Clinical results: From September 2011 to July 2013, 255 postpartum women were eligible, 218 (14.5%) agreed to participate and 182 (16.5%) had complete data for analysis. Comparing with the women eligible, refusals (n=37) have no significant differences between the variables, however, these mothers showed more average age (p=0.010) than lost. The GHAS had a mean age higher than the GTAB and GIUGR (p=0,007). The GRCIU presented prepregnancy weight lower compared to GDM (p=0,022) and GHAS (p=0.003). Only GHAS presented prepregnancy weigh and gestational weight gain above the GCON (p=0.002; p=0.018). The values of GRCIU birth weight were lower compared to the other groups and the birth weight of GDM was higher than GTAB (p<0.001). The birth length of GRCIU was different from all others (p<0.001), except in GHAS. The average of GIUGR head circumference was significantly different from the other groups (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between macronutrient intake and fatty acid profile (AG) among mothers of different groups. However, consumption AG 20:4 n-6 was higher in GHAS and the ratio of n-6/n-3 is lower in GDM compared GCON. We observed no association between dietary intake of pregnant women and birth weight. Experimental results: MS was associated with increased food intake (p=0.047) and weight gain (p=0.012), but no differences were found in the NPY hypothalamic content between the groups. MS rats had also increased deposition of abdominal fat (p<0.001) and plasma triglycerides (p=0.018) when compared to the GNH. Interactions between early life stress and n-3 PUFAs deficiency were found in plasma insulin (p=0.033), HOMA index (p=0.049), leptin (p=0.010) and liver PEPCK expression (p=0.05), in which the metabolic vulnerability in the GMS was aggravated by the n-3 PUFAs deficient diet exposure. This was associated with specific alterations in the peripheral fatty acid profile (p<0.05). Conclusions: Thus, the clinical findings suggest that in the short term, AG consumption pregnant women did not influence intrauterine growth of children from different intrauterine environments, but the GHAS have more consumption of AA and GDM lower ratio n-6/n-3. Experimental findings suggest interacts variations in neonatal environment in the long term, with n-3 PUFAs deficient diet exposure, increasing the metabolic vulnerability in adult rats.