A Constituição Federal de 1988 instaurou um novo pacto federativo no Brasil, redefinindo competências e declarando também os municípios como membros efetivos da Federação. A Carta e normatizações posteriores redesenharam políticas públicas de forma que sua implementação passasse a ser realizada de modo descentralizado. Esta tese objetiva contribuir para o debate sobre a importância relativa de estados e municípios para a descentralização da política de trânsito, a partir da promulgação do Código de Trânsito Brasileiro, em 1997. Os resultados indicam que, dada a prevalência do que denominamos de paradigma fiscalizatório e na ausência de políticas federais de indução à descentralização, os municípios adotaram diferentes estratégias para responder à diretiva da integração municipal ao Sistema Nacional de Trânsito. O tamanho da frota veicular local e as políticas dos governos estaduais orientadas a estimular a municipalização são fatores decisivos no cálculo dos governos municipais para integrar-se ao Sistema Nacional de Trânsito. Dada a ausência do governo federal e o controle sobre recursos-chave para o exercício da fiscalização, cabe aos estados papel preponderante na implementação da municipalização da política de trânsito no Brasil. / The Federal Constitution of 1988 established a new confederated pact in Brazil, redefining public competences and declaring also municipalities as full members of the Federation. The Constitution and the later specific legislation redesigned public policies, which caused the implementation happened to be performed in a decentralized way.This thesis aims to contribute to the debate about the relative importance of states and municipalities in Brazil for thepolicy of traffic decentralization, from the promulgation of the Brazilian Traffic Code, in 1997. The results indicate that, given the prevalence of what we call surveillance paradigm and the absence of federal policies towards decentralization, municipalities have adopted different strategies to respond to the policy of local integrating to the National Traffic System. The size of their local vehicle fleet and the state public policies aimed at stimulating the decentralization at the municipality level are decisive factors in the calculation of local public administration efforts to integrate the National Traffic System. Given the absence of the federal government and control over key resources for the purposes of surveillance, it lasts to the state the leading role of implementing the municipalization of traffic policy in Brazil.

Nesta dissertação, os verbos considerados defectivos pela normatividade são o objeto de estudo em questão. O objetivo consiste em averiguar se verbos, como banir, explodir, demolir, precaver, reaver, dentre outros são usados defectivamente pelos falantes. Para isso, nós analisamos e estudamos o conceito de defectividade em autores da tradição brasileira, como Cunha & Cintra (2008), Bechara (2009) e em autores que estudaram a defectividade no português brasileiro por meio de teorias linguísticas, como Nevins, Damulakis e Freitas (2014) e Maiden & ONeil (2010). Vimos que esses autores apontam causas da defectividade por questões fonológicas, morfológicas, semânticas e pragmáticas. Outros trabalhos que não tinham paradigmas verbais no português brasileiro foram fundamentais para o andamento desta pesquisa, como Baerman (2010) e Sims (2006). Dentre esses estudos analisados, procuramos abordar quais as causas identificadas pelos autores citados, dentre elas, encontramos a homofonia como um senso comum. Tratamos nossos dados dentro da teoria da gramática gerativa, como a teoria da otimalidade. Durante a nossa pesquisa, vimos que o fenômeno da defectividade ocorre de maneira desigual, pois, em alguns paradigmas verbais, falta apenas a primeira pessoa do singular do presente, enquanto em outras o paradigma apresenta apenas as formas arrizotônicas. Reanalisamos dados de pesquisas anteriores do ponto de vista fonológico, morfológico e semântico para mostrar alguns problemas nelas. Nosso estudo foi motivado porque encontramos dados os quais mostram que verbos ditos defectivos pela gramática tradicional são conjugados plenamente pelos falantes nativos. Logo, a fim de averiguar se o falante usa os mesmos verbos defectivamente como a gramática, fizemos alguns experimentos para isso. Os nossos resultados mostraram indícios de que a defectividade é vista de uma forma diferente pelo falante, pois há uma incompatibilidade parcial entre o que a gramática diz e entre o que o falante usa. / The verbs considered defective by normativity are the object of study in this thesis. The goal is to verify if verbs such as: ban, explode, demolish, preclude, retrieve, amongst others are used by the speakers defectively. To do so, we analyzed and studied the defectiveness concept in authors from the Brazilian tradition, such as Cunha & Cintra (2008), Bechara (2009), and in authors that have studied defectiveness in Brazilian Portuguese through other linguistic theories, such as Nevins, Damulakis and Freitas (2014) and Maiden & ONeil (2010). We have perceived that these authors point out reasons for defectiveness for phonologic, morphologic, semantic and pragmatic reasons. Other works that did not have Brazilian Portuguese verbal paradigms were fundamental for the development of this research, such as Baerman (2010) and Sims (2006). Amid the analyzed studies, we sought to approach the identified causes mentioned by the quoted authors, among them, we found the homophony as a common ground. We approached our data within the generative grammar theory, as well as the optimality theory. During our research, we saw that the defectiveness phenomenon happens in an uneven way because, in some verbal paradigms, there is only the present first-person singular missing, while in others, the paradigm presents only the forms with no stressed root. We reanalyzed the data from previous researches from the phonologic, morphologic and semantic point of view to present some of their problems. Our study was motivated by finding data that showed us that some verbs considered defective by the traditional grammar are fully conjugated by native speakers. Therefore, with the intent to verify if the speaker uses the same verbs defectively as the grammar, we made some experiments. Our results showed indications that the defectiveness is seen in a different way by the speaker, because there is a partial incompatibility between what is said by the grammar and what is used by the speaker.

Diante da intensificação do processo de encarceramento feminino verificada na última década e das nefastas consequências que decorrem da prisionalização, a presente pesquisa voltar-se-á para a análise da criminalidade feminina a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, a fim de identificar as especificidades do comportamento feminino e revelar como o gênero e as relações de poder dele decorrentes estão essencialmente entrelaçados na construção da realidade criminal. Para tanto, será adotada uma abordagem histórica sobre o conceito de gênero e da sua introdução analítica nas ciências jurídicas, a fim de compreender de que forma o paradigma de gênero colabora para a transformação do discurso jurídico. Em seguida, será exposta a trajetória das teorias criminológicas, passando pelos caminhos das teorias demonológicas até as feministas, com a finalidade de investigar as diversas abordagens da criminalidade feminina. Por fim, a partir da análise de processos criminais que tramitaram perante o Superior Tribunal de Justiça e abordaram o crime de tráfico de drogas para dentro dos presídios, serão investigados concretamente os diferentes aspectos que as questões de gênero podem relacionar-se com o fenômeno criminal. / In view of the intensification of female incarceration verified on the past decade and the nefarious consequences that follows the imprisonment, the following research will focus on the analysis of the female criminality from a gender perspective, willing to identify the female behavior specificities and reveal how the gender and the following power relations are essentially associated in the framing of the criminal reality. For this purpose, will be taken a historical approach about the concept of gender and its analytical introduction on the legal sciences, in order to understand how the gender paradigm collaborates for the legal discourse transformation. Afterwards, it will be established the criminological theories path, through the demonological theories up to the feminist theories, to investigate the various approaches about feminine criminality. Finally, from the analysis of processes that were processed before the Superior Tribunal de Justiça and addressed drug dealing into prisons, will be investigated truly the different aspects in with gender issues can relate with the criminal phenomenon.

Vitamin A and its derivatives, known as retinoids, are involved in a number of functions in the developing and adult brain (Lane et al., 2005). Roaccutane (13-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-RA) is a synthetic retinoid used for the treatment of severe cystic acne, although its use has been controversially associated with adverse psychiatric events including depression. In this thesis, the presence of retinoid receptors in the rat hippocampus was verified and a similar profile of expression was observed in the rat raphe nuclei for the first time. The expression of retinoid receptors in brain regions that are implicitly associated with depression pathology provides proof of concept for retinoids to influence depressive behaviour. The ability of 13-cis-RA treatment to induce a pro-depressive profile in animal models of depression-related behaviour was tested. In the resident-intruder paradigm, adult rats treated for 7 or 14 days with 13-cis-RA (1mg/kg, i.p.) showed reduced aggressive behaviour, with a concomitant increase in flight submit and flight escape behaviours, compared with vehicle-treated controls. These findings are indicative of increased depression-related behaviour. However, chronic treatment did not alter depression-related behaviour in the forced swim test and sucrose consumption anhedonia paradigms The molecular mechanisms mediating 13-cis-RA-induced depression were investigated by examining monoaminergic gene expression, protein levels and neurotransmitter levels in rat brain tissue and plasma and an in vitro model. The majority of serotonergic components (SERT, 5-HT1AR, 5-HT1BR and MAOA) were not altered by chronic 13-cis-RA treatment, with the possible exception of TPH2 gene/protein expression and increased 5-HT levels in platelets. In fact, the expression of D2 dopamine receptor was significantly elevated in the RN46A-B14 cell line (10μM 13-cis-RA, 48 h) and was similarly elevated at the protein level in the juvenile rat hippocampus (1mg/kg/day, i.p., 6 weeks), suggesting dopaminergic pathways may be of importance. There was also a trend in the data to suggest that 13-cis-RA-treated juvenile rats may be more susceptible the molecular alterations than corresponding adult rats. xii

Stochastic models, in particular Continuous Time Markov Chains, are a commonly employed mathematical abstraction for describing natural or engineered dynamical systems. While the theory behind them is well-studied, their specification can be problematic in a number of ways. Firstly, the size and complexity of the model can make its description difficult without using a high-level language. Secondly, knowledge of the system is usually incomplete, leaving one or more parameters with unknown values, thus impeding further analysis. Sophisticated machine learning algorithms have been proposed for the statistically rigorous estimation and handling of this uncertainty; however, their applicability is often limited to systems with finite state-space, and there has not been any consideration for their use on high-level descriptions. Similarly, high-level formal languages have been long used for describing and reasoning about stochastic systems, but require a full specification; efforts to estimate parameters for such formal models have been limited to simple inference algorithms. This thesis explores how these two approaches can be brought together, drawing ideas from the probabilistic programming paradigm. We introduce ProPPA, a process algebra for the specification of stochastic systems with uncertain parameters. The language is equipped with a semantics, allowing a formal interpretation of models written in it. This is the first time that uncertainty has been incorporated into the syntax and semantics of a formal language, and we describe a new mathematical object capable of capturing this information. We provide a series of algorithms for inference which can be automatically applied to ProPPA models without the need to write extra code. As part of these, we develop a novel inference scheme for infinite-state systems, based on random truncations of the state-space. The expressive power and inference capabilities of the framework are demonstrated in a series of small examples as well as a larger-scale case study. We also present a review of the state-of-the-art in both machine learning and formal modelling with respect to stochastic systems. We close with a discussion of potential extensions of this work, and thoughts about different ways in which the fields of statistical machine learning and formal modelling can be further integrated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Afonso Carlos Braga.pdf: 2490707 bytes, checksum: 1bad16493bfabedde7e2927d9efb566e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation addressed the sustainability challenges, under the planet environmental limitations point of view, to meet the corporations continuous profit and revenue growth objectives as well a potential paradox that some marketing executives have been facing, considering he/she is responsible to lead the communication initiative that many times encourages 'consumerism'. The idea was to understand if this topic is relevant to these professionals, hence their companies, and raise some hypotheses on how to approach this problem in order to provoke those companies to practice conscious marketing . Moving one step further, the type of organizational paradigm in which the executive s company acts influenced the way to approach this professional when conducting the personal interviews to collect data. Considering that, three organizational paradigms were considered: Funcionalism, Interpretativism and Radical Humanism. The cross analysis of existing marketing theories and how those professionals envisioned facing the challenges mentioned above revealed points and suggestions for future marketing strategiess / A presente dissertação explora qual o impacto do tema sustentabilidade, sob a perspectiva dos limites ambientais do planeta, entre executivos e executivas de marketing de grandes empresas, de modo a obter respostas confiáveis, se as estratégias de crescimento de mercado de suas respectivas companhias podem ser limitadas se houver necessidade de se reduzir o consumo ou mesmo o consumismo , algumas vezes incentivado por essas próprias companhias. A idéia é entender se esse tema é relevante para esses profissionais e organizações e levantar hipóteses de como abordar a problemática no sentido de sensibilizar essas companhias a praticar o marketing consciente . Indo um pouco além, o tipo de paradigma organizacional no qual o executivo atua influencia a maneira de se abordar o assunto com o profissional e, para tanto, nesta pesquisa foi adotado como referência para análise três paradigmas presentes na atualidade que são o Funcionalista, o Interpretativo e o Humanismo Radical. Para essa finalidade foram selecionadas empresas/executivos atuantes nestes enfoques para avaliar possíveis diferenças de percepção. Ao interpretar os resultados chega-se a algumas conclusões e sugestões a serem consideradas futuramente pelos profissionais da área

Concerns relating to the management of externalising and internalising behaviour are prevalent within UK educational policy and practice and represent a key domain for Educational Psychologist (EP) support. EP practice has been subject to change over time, following shifts in legislative approaches to managing behaviour in schools and changes to the contexts and systems within which EPs work, such as increased service trading. A systematic literature review (SLR) sought to represent EP behaviour practices within the existing literature. 12 papers, published between 2000-2017 were identified using a PRISMA framework and evaluated for methodological quality, appropriateness and relevance of focus. An empirical investigation, utilising the Research and Development in Organisations (RADIO) model within a single-case design, was also conducted within a north-west local authority educational psychology service. A focus group with 5 EPs and the Principal EP (PEP), and an interview with the PEP, were carried out and thematically analysed. The SLR identified a range of behavioural practices at individual, group and organisational levels, exemplifying the core functions of the EP role. Single and integrated psychological paradigms were applied, within relational and social constructionist approaches. The empirical investigation identified a range of behavioural practices, and underlying psychological paradigms, alongside ideas for future developments in behaviour service delivery and the possible facilitators and barriers to achieving this were considered. Reflections on the utility and experience of EP involvement in action research were also facilitated, with content analysis findings presented. Links to theory and practice, and implications for future research are considered, including empirical investigation of EP practice within local contexts. The application of psychology within local contexts and service development processes, are also considered. Finally, following an exploration of the concepts of evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence, and their implications for practitioner psychologists, a dissemination strategy for sharing findings with participants and the wider EP community is proposed.

The purpose of the presented research is to evaluate the presence of the protest paradigm on a non-violent protest during a sport event, using the national anthem and the national flag as its strategy. The study will examine the protest performed by Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf in 1996, Carlos Delgado in 2004 and Colin Kaepernick in 2016. The empirical data is collected from three major newspapers reporting about the protest and a content analysis is performed to evaluate the presence of negative framing. Drawing from previous research an analytical framework is constructed and used to evaluate the material, presenting a number of negative frames present. The study finds that the protest paradigm is present in all three cases, however with some variations. The articles often discuss the strategy of the protest over the claim being made. Characteristics like the individual’s salary or performance, the public opinion of outsiders or the response from the authorities are highlighted. The analysis state that the use of a national symbol is problematic for an activist as this tends to become the main story in articles rather than the claim of the protest.

Orientador: Juvenal Zanchetta Júnior / Banca: Dagoberto Buim Arena / Banca: Rony Farto Pereira / Resumo: Esta pesquisa investiga como se dá a construção do conhecimento histórico - o que pressupõe a apreensão do conceito de tempo histórico - por alunos do ensino fundamental e médio de uma escola pública de Marília - SP. Por meio de uma dinâmica pedagógica dialógica e que utiliza a produção de filmes de animação quadro a quadro como base para a construção de discursos históricos pelos alunos, busca aliar o estudo da História às várias linguagens presentes na atualidade. Os diálogos estabelecidos nas aulas, diante de fontes históricas primárias e secundárias, são analisados de acordo com o conceito de circularidade cultural e pelo paradigma indiciário proposto por Carlo Ginzburg, cuja fonte teórica são os estudos da linguagem de Mickail Bakhtin. / Abstract: The present research investigates how the construction of historic knowledge happens - what implies apprehending of the concept of historic time - by elementary and high school students of a public school in Marília, SP, Brazil. By means of a dialogical pedagogical dynamics, and using the production of stop motion pictures as the basis upon which the students construct historic speeches, it aims at enlacing the study of History and the numerous languages occurring at present. The dialogues established during classes, before primary and secondary historical sources, are analyzed according to the concept of cultural circularity and the sign's paradigm proposed by Carlo Ginzburg, whose theoretical sources are Mickail Bakhtin language studies. / Mestre

Ce travail a pour objet d’étude l’émergence d’effets d’affordance dans la schizophrénie. En effet, les troubles de l’action, observés chez les patients schizophrènes, pourraient être la conséquence d'un déficit de l’intégration sensorimotrice, ne permettant pas le couplage entre perception et action. En lien avec les théories de la cognition incarnée et située, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que l’enrichissement de la situation puisse permette l’émergence de ce lien dans cette population. Pour ce faire, nous avons décliné 5 expériences qui utilisent le paradigme SRC (Stimulus-Response-Compatibility). L’expérience 2 se focalise sur l’intégration visuo-spatiale, tandis que les 4 autres portent sur l’effet de potentialisation des actions lors de la perception d’objets manipulables (Tucker & Ellis, 1998), selon différentes conditions: sans amorçage (expérience 1), avec amorçage renforçant le sentiment de propriété des objets (expérience 3) ou les buts de l’action (expérience 4) et avec amorçage moteur (expérience 5). Nos résultats mettent en évidence l’émergence d’un effet de compatibilité visuo-spatiale (expérience 2) et sensorimotrice (expérience 1), dans le groupe de témoins. Toutefois, cet effet n’est pas retrouvé lorsque l’amorçage est incongruent avec les objets présentés (expériences 3 et 4) ou lorsqu’il implique un amorçage moteur (expérience 5). Dans le groupe de patients schizophrènes, bien que l’effet de compatibilité visuo-spatiale soit mis en évidence (expérience 2), l’effet de compatibilité sensorimotrice n’est retrouvé que lorsque la perception des objets est précédée d’une préparation motrice (expérience 5). Ces résultats sont discutés à la lueur des connaissances issues des théories de la cognition incarnée et située, et des travaux centrés sur les troubles de l’action retrouvés dans la schizophrénie. / This thesis studies the emergence of affordance effects in schizophrenia. Indeed, the disorders of action present in schizophrenic patients might be the consequence of deficit in sensorimotor integration, making difficult the link between perception and action. Related to the embodied cognition framework, we hypothesized that the enhancement of context would allow the emergence of this link in this population. Then, we planned 5 experiments using the SRC paradigm (Stimulus-Response-Compatibility). Experiment 2 emphasizes visuo-spatial integration. The four others focus on the effect of potentiation of actions during perception of handling objects (Tucker & Ellis, 1998), depending on different experimental conditions: without priming (experiment 1), with priming reinforcing feeling of being owner of objects (experiment 3) or reinforcing the aims of action (experiment 4) and with motor priming (experiment 5). In the control group, our results show emergence of visuo-spatial (experiment 2) and sensorimotor (experiment 1) compatibility effects. However, this effect is not present when priming is not congruent with presented objects (experiment 3 and 4) or in case of motor priming (experiment 5). In patients, despite of the presence of visuo-spatial compatibility effect (experiment 2), the sensorimotor compatibility effect is present only when perception of objects is preceded by a motor preparation (experiment 5). These results are discussed in reference to the theories of embodiment, and from studies focused on disturbances of action in schizophrenia.