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<em>El Arado</em> : Breaking Ground for Payment for Environmental Services Based on Opportunity Costs of Conservation in EcuadorMoore, Chela 28 July 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Internal stakeholder perceptions of intercollegiate athletic reform: a focus group examinationHarrison, Todd M. 18 June 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Essays on Down Payment Constraint, House Price and Young People's Homeownership BehaviorWang, Xun 01 September 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Investigating the role and scale of transactions costs of incentive-based programs for provision of environmental services in developing countriesOrtega Pacheco, Daniel Vicente January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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En studie om privatpersoners säkerhetsmedvetande gällande internetköpRydvall, Simon, Ahmed, Sakeria Kaysa January 2022 (has links)
Denna studie syftar till att utveckla kunskapen kring de hot som finns på internet, samt att förstå privatpersoners säkerhetsmedvetande vid internettransaktioner. För att uppfylla detta syfte besvarar studien följande tre frågor: hur hanteras privatpersoners kreditkort på internet? hur ser privatpersoners säkerhetsmedvetande ut? och vad gör e-handelsföretag för att skydda privatpersoners data och kreditupplysningar? Datainsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av en enkätundersökning, två telefonintervjuer samt en litteraturstudie. Enkätundersökningen genomfördes digitalt och riktade sig till studenter på Högskolan Dalarna i åldersgruppen 18–42+. Telefonintervjuerna genomfördes med två dagligvaruhandlare som även bedriver e-handel och intervjuerna var semistrukturerade till sin karaktär. Litteraturstudien genomfördes i syfte att skapa en teoretisk bakgrund till ämnet, som sedan applicerades på resultatet i analysen. Resultatet av denna studie visar att de undersökta företagen som bedriver e-handel gör sitt främsta för att upprätthålla säkerhet gällande e-handel. Studien visar även att den undersökta målgruppen har ett starkt säkerhetsmedvetande.
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Rewarding altruism: addressing the issue of payments for volunteers in public health initiativesSouth, J., Purcell, M.E., Branney, Peter, Gamsu, M., White, J. 16 December 2013 (has links)
No / Lay involvement in public health programmes occurs through formalised lay health worker (LHW) and
other volunteer roles. Whether such participation should be supported, or indeed rewarded, by payment
is a critical question. With reference to policy in England, UK, this paper argues how framing citizen
involvement in health only as time freely given does not account for the complexities of practice, nor
intrinsic motivations. The paper reports results on payment drawn from a study of approaches to support
lay people in public health roles, conducted in England, 2007e9. The first phase of the study comprised a
scoping review of 224 publications, three public hearings and a register of projects. Findings revealed the
diversity of approaches to payment, but also the contested nature of the topic. The second phase
investigated programme support matters in five case studies of public health projects, which were
selected primarily to reflect role types. All five projects involved volunteers, with two utilising forms of
payment to support engagement. Interviews were conducted with a sample of project staff, LHWs (paid
and unpaid), external partners and service users. Drawing on both lay and professional perspectives, the
paper explores how payment relates to social context as well as various motivations for giving, receiving
or declining financial support. The findings show that personal costs are not always absorbed, and that
there is a potential conflict between financial support, whether sessional payment or expenses, and
welfare benefits. In identifying some of the advantages and disadvantages of payment, the paper
highlights the complexity of an issue often addressed only superficially. It concludes that, in order to
support citizen involvement, fairness and value should be considered alongside pragmatic matters of
programme management; however policy conflicts need to be resolved to ensure that employment and
welfare rights are maintained. / National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation Programme (project number 08/1716/206).
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From Theory to Practice: Deployment-grade Tools and Methodologies for Software SecurityRahaman, Sazzadur 25 August 2020 (has links)
Following proper guidelines and recommendations are crucial in software security, which is mostly obstructed by accidental human errors. Automatic screening tools have great potentials to reduce the gap between the theory and the practice. However, the goal of scalable automated code screening is largely hindered by the practical difficulty of reducing false positives without compromising analysis quality. To enable compile-time security checking of cryptographic vulnerabilities, I developed highly precise static analysis tools (CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt) that developers can use routinely. The main technical enabler for CryptoGuard is a set of detection algorithms that refine program slices by leveraging language-specific insights, where TaintCrypt relies on symbolic execution-based path-sensitive analysis to reduce false positives. Both CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt uncovered numerous vulnerabilities in real-world software, which proves the effectiveness. Oracle has implemented our cryptographic code screening algorithms for Java in its internal code analysis platform, Parfait, and detected numerous vulnerabilities that were previously unknown. I also designed a specification language named SpanL to easily express rules for automated code screening. SpanL enables domain experts to create domain-specific security checking. Unfortunately, tools and guidelines are not sufficient to ensure baseline security in internet-wide ecosystems. I found that the lack of proper compliance checking induced a huge gap in the payment card industry (PCI) ecosystem. I showed that none of the PCI scanners (out of 6), we tested are fully compliant with the guidelines, issuing certificates to merchants that still have major vulnerabilities. Consequently, 86% (out of 1,203) of the e-commerce websites we tested, are non-compliant. To improve the testbeds in the light of our work, the PCI Security Council shared a copy of our PCI measurement paper to the dedicated companies that host, manage, and maintain the PCI certification testbeds. / Doctor of Philosophy / Automatic screening tools have great potentials to reduce the gap between the theory and the practice of software security. However, the goal of scalable automated code screening is largely hindered by the practical difficulty of reducing false positives without compromising analysis quality. To enable compile-time security checking of cryptographic vulnerabilities, I developed highly precise static analysis tools (CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt) that developers can use routinely. Both CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt uncovered numerous vulnerabilities in real-world software, which proves the effectiveness. Oracle has implemented our cryptographic code screening algorithms for Java in its internal code analysis platform, Parfait, and detected numerous vulnerabilities that were previously unknown. I also designed a specification language named SpanL to easily express rules for automated code screening. SpanL enables domain experts to create domain-specific security checking. Unfortunately, tools and guidelines are not sufficient to ensure baseline security in internet-wide ecosystems. I found that the lack of proper compliance checking induced a huge gap in the payment card industry (PCI) ecosystem. I showed that none of the PCI scanners (out of 6), we tested are fully compliant with the guidelines, issuing certificates to merchants that still have major vulnerabilities. Consequently, 86% (out of 1,203) of the e-commerce websites we tested, are non-compliant. To improve the testbeds in the light of our work, the PCI Security Council shared a copy of our PCI measurement paper to the dedicated companies that host the PCI certification testbeds.
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Trade credit terms: asymmetric information and price discrimination evidence from three continentsPike, Richard H., Lamminmäki, D., Cravens, K., Cheng, N.S. January 2005 (has links)
No / Trade credit terms offer firms contractual solutions to informational asymmetries between buyers and sellers. The credit period permits buyers to reduce uncertainty concerning product quality prior to payment, while the seller can reduce uncertainty concerning buyer payment intentions by prescribing payment before/on delivery or through two¿part payment terms and other mechanisms. Variation in trade credit terms also offers firms price discriminating opportunities. This study, drawing on the responses of 700 large firms in the US, UK and Australia, explores trade credit terms through the twin objectives of reducing information asymmetries and discriminatory pricing. Support is found for both theories.
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Critical success factors of the digital payment infrastructure for developing economiesSingh, N.K., Sahu, G.P., Rana, Nripendra P., Patil, P.P., Gupta, B. 25 September 2020 (has links)
Yes / This paper studies the Critical Success Factors’ (CSFs) for the adoption of Digital Payment System in India. There are few studies about the literature on CSFs for the adoption of the digital payment system in the Indian context. This study is an attempt to cover this gap. In this study, we reviewed the theories for adoption model at the individual level used in Information System (IS) and discussed four technology model including “Technology Acceptance Model” (TAM). Ten factors have been identified with extensive literature review and review of selected models namely; Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived functional benefits, Awareness, Availability of Resources, Government as a policy maker, Performance Expectancy, Social Influence, Price Value, Experience & Habit, and Risk-taking ability. An expert from academic industry has been taken as a reviewer or consultant of the selected variables. The CSFs may ensure that they are the predictors and the important factors for adoption of digital payments system in India. The study mainly uses the deductive approach to consider the primary and secondary sources of data. The analyses of these models take into account through Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodology and develop a model for effective adoption of Digital Payment System in India. The paper also makes future recommendations for further research studies.
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A SHARED study the benefits and costs of setting up a health research study involving lay coresearchers and how we overcame the challengesMockford, C., Murray, M., Seers, K., Oyebode, Jan, Grant, R., Boex, S., Staniszewska, S., Diment, Y., Leach, J., Sharma, U., Clarke, R., Suleman, R. 10 February 2016 (has links)
Yes / Involving patients and the public in all stages of research has been the focus of the SHARED study. Patient and public involvement (PPI) is an important strategic priority
for the Department of Health and funders such as the National Institute for Health Research. The aim of this paper is to describe the benefits, challenges and costs
involved in setting up the research study with lay members as part of the research team. The study focused on developing service user-led
recommendations for people
with memory loss and their carers, on discharge from acute hospital to the community.
Methods:
This began with a discussion of an initial research idea with a lay group of carers and people living with dementia. Once funded, approval was sought from the Research
Ethics Committee and NHS Trusts to conduct the research including the active involvement of lay co-researchers.
Finally, to recruit, train and pay lay co-researchers
in
their role.
Results:
The benefits of PPI have included developing ideas which are important to people living with memory loss; support for PPI received from the funders and research ethics
committee, high levels of interest from volunteer groups, and lasting enthusiasm from many of the co-researchers.
Organisational challenges were met in the
requirement for research passports and with payment methods for the co-researchers.
Training was beneficial but incurred extra costs for repeated training days.
Discussion:
Overall the benefits outweighed the challenges which were overcome to varying degrees. The lay co-researchers
gained membership of a study group and a beneficial
partnership developed with the third sector. The biggest challenge was in overcoming the differences in approach to lay co-researchers
between NHS Trusts.
Organisational culture has been slow to incorporate PPI and this has not yet been fully addressed. It has the potential to delay the start of projects, affect recruitment
time, incur extra research costs and disadvantage PPI.
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