The object of my diploma is focused in the pension system of The Czech Republic and the perspective of it in the future. At present there is still no problem in the financial balance of the pay-as-you-go pillar but due to the ageing of population the Czech dominant pillar will certain face to serious problems in case of no modifications. This conclusion arises from the first part of the analysis which also consists of the possible parameter modifications that could keep the system in balanced in long term. The next part is the analysis of the savings in the pension funds as the main alternative to the PAYGs. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages which are main objects of both analyses in this diploma. Beside of the ability to keep the system stabled in financial terms I examine also the equivalence of contributions to the level of pensions that is important for the motivation of people to be responsible for their financial security in their old-age. The last part deals with the experiences of the pension systems in Chile, Slovak Republic and Sweden from where we could gain the real results of the reformed systems in different way in each country. From the results of these analyses I also give some possible recommendations for the elementary modifications in Czech system in the final part.

The subject of this thesis is to assess the status of the supplementary pension scheme in the Czech Republic. The work deals with issues of return pension schemes. Examines aspects that affect profitability, in particular the taxation of pension schemes and the investment of pension funds. On the basis of the knowledge generated through analysis of the comparison is made of benefits to be paid at the end of the period -- annuities and lump sum compensation. The analysis performed provides information about which of these benefits is for the client to the pension fund more profitable option. The first part of the work deals with the characteristics of the supplementary pension scheme in the Czech Republic, describes its emergence, evolution, status in the pensions system. In the second chapter are discussed the main aspects that affect its profitability, taxation, and return on pension funds. The third chapter contains the comparsion annuities and lump sum compensation.

The aim of this thesis is to compare and evaluate pension system of the Czech Republic and Switzerland and the pension funds operating at the level of II. and III. pillar. In many aspects Switzerland is claimed to have the right and healthy pension system. This thesis tries to answer if it is true and in what way could be Switzerland inspiring for the Czech Republic. At first, the study focuses on present pension systems in both countries, characterizes them and after it describes their economic environment. Using method of quantitative analysis the paper compares pension funds in the Czech Republic and Switzerland according chosen factors. As the conclusion the paper is devoted to final comparison of pension systems of both countries and evaluates them.

This dissertation work focuses on evaluation of the performance and credibility of domestic pension funds. It includes information about pension systems in six selected countries in the world, specifically Chile, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, Sweden and Slovakia, and culminates with a proposal for pension reform in the Czech Republic. The evaluation of the performance of pension funds is based on experience with measuring performance in twenty-three countries of the world processed for the OECD and cites original basis materials for proposals for the regulation of pension funds in the Czech Republic. Setting of indicators is preceded by an analysis of measurements of performance by the Association of Pension Funds in the Czech Republic and the Research Institute of Labour and Social Affairs. The most important proposed indicators include the actual result in relation to the participants' funds, which captures the influence of changes in the market values of financial assets, and the indicator of competence covers obligations, reflecting the influence of changes in costs during subsequent periods, which include yet undistributed commission for mediators of pension insurance. For a comparison of benefits and risks, mutual funds denominated in CZK were selected, which were verified as a suitable alternative to long-term saving. The method of evaluation of pension funds itself is based on explanation, evaluation and selection of favourable indicators for determining the rating of domestic pension funds, which clients of pension funds could use as a method for evaluating the credibility and benefits of a specific domestic pension fund for the purpose of securing it in retirement age.

The main aim of the thesis is to give comprehensive overview on the issue of pension reform in order to clarify, with political-economic and socio-economic context, the position and role of the private sector in pension system of Czech Republic and evaluate whether it is sufficient form of security for old age. The thesis analyzed trends, with specific meaning and influence of the social situation in the EU. There was made the description of pension system of Chile, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, USA, France and Germany. The thesis also analyzed the pre-reform and after-reform pension system in Czech Republic. The last chapter was dedicated to a case study focusing on the simulation with respect of different age and income of various persons. The conclusion showed partial opt-out preference for younger people with long term savings, or older people with income at least above 40.000,-CZK. It also proved benefits of additional savings, especially with state aid, tax relief and employer contribution. The thesis proved the fact that private sector is able to provide the security for old age people only with sufficiently high income, sufficiently long period of savings and also only with personal responsibility of every person alone. In all other cases the savings in private sector must be comprehend as an additional saving and not as an adequate substitute for state pension.

There are ongoing discussions about a new reform of the mandatory fully funded individual accounts in the Swedish public pension system. Since the initial round in 2000, several funds have been excluded from the platform due to deceptive, and sometimes criminal, behavior towards the consumers. This paper analyzes which individuals that have invested in these funds, examines possible explanations for this, and sheds light on the current structure of the Premium Pension Scheme. By using a rich dataset on 650,000 individuals that consist of both those who have been in six particular dubious funds and a random sample of the rest of the Swedish pension savers, the variables of interest are evaluated in a logistic setting. The results show that individuals who are men, unmarried, divorced, in their older-middle age, have lower-incomes, live in rural areas, and the North of Sweden are more likely to have invested in one of the dubious funds. The results also reveal that some funds have clearer target-groups, while others have targeted more randomly. The study emphasizes the need for improving people’s financial decision-making through improved information.

[pt] Os fundos de previdência complementar fechados, também conhecidos como fundos de pensão, através da geração de poupança interna e na ampliação do investimento produtivo desempenham uma participação importante no desenvolvimento da economia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho dos fundos de pensão, no período de 2010 a 2014. No total foram analisadas as rentabilidades anuais de 60 fundos, sendo que 30 de patrocinadores privados e 30 de patrocinadores públicos. Esta pesquisa procura analisar o desempenho destes fundos e verificar se estes possuem uma rentabilidade satisfatória, avaliar se existe diferença de gestão entre fundos com patrocinadores de empresas públicas e privadas e posteriormente para determinar os fatores de risco das carteiras dos fundos seria utilizado o modelo proposto por Sharpe, conhecido como analise de estilo baseado em retorno. A avaliação dos desempenhos dos fundos foi realizada por modelos quantitativos clássicos como índice Sharpe, índice de Modigliani e índice de Treynor. A pesquisa de fundos de previdência complementar fechada se justifica, pelos poucos estudos publicados, pelo crescimento continuo das discussões sobre análise de desempenho e estilo de gestão nestes fundos. / [en] Closed pension funds, also known as pension funds, through domestic savings generation and expansion of productive investment play an important role in developing the economy. This study aimed to verify the performance of pension funds in the period 2010 to 2014. In total the annual returns of 60 funds were analyzed, of which 30 private sponsors and 30 public sponsors. This research seeks to analyze the performance of these funds and to determine whether they have a satisfactory profitability, assess whether there are differences in management between funds with sponsors of public and private companies and subsequently to determine the risk factors of the portfolios of the funds would be used the model proposed by Sharpe, known as return-based style analysis. The evaluation of the performance of the funds was performed by classical quantitative models as Sharpe ratio, Modigliani index and Treynor index. The survey closed pension funds is justified by the few published studies, the continued growth of discussions on analysis of performance and style of management in these funds.

The increased penetration of servitization is an ongoing trend within the industrial machinery space. This typically means that industrial machinery manufactures themselves retain ownership of the machinery they manufacture whilst also taking over maintenance operations. Essentially, offering customers a netresult. Servitization has several documented benefits for both customers and manufactures. Forcustomers it offers certainty in terms of operationality and costs. Whilst for manufacturers it generates stability in revenue generation and increasingly ties customers closer to their orbit. On a different note, record low interest levels coupled with developments within asset management such as the endowment model has resulted in that institutional investor such as pension funds have redirected capital towards alternative assets such as non-listed real assets. The shift has been so profound that many are struggling to find attractive real assets and thus institutional capital is looking for new types of real assets. Servitization and institutional investment has largely existed in separate silos. The study has studied an intersection of these two domains and has firstly found that servitized industrial machinery has several core attributes clearly align with infrastructure. These traits include non-cyclical and long-term revenue, long(er) lifetime, quasimonopolistic, and environmental benefits. The study indicates that as servitization becomes more widespread, industrial manufactures realize that servitization will result in more deployed capital. Therefore, companies will need to find new forms of financing for their servitization operations. From a financing point of view, companies prefer debt-based financing such as asset backed securities such that operational control can still be had. The study found that the core attributes of servitization and its closeness to infrastructure is appealing for institutional investors and see it as a possible future real asset investment class however, institutional investors feel unsure how to properly gauge the longevity of specific types of industrial machinery. Institutional investors who participated in the study have almost exclusively invested in real asset through equity. However, in regard to the financing of servitized industrial machinery, investors are also willing to invest via debt, if the expected returns justify the risk taken. The study indicates that there is a clear linkage between servitized industrial machinery and infrastructure whilst also demonstrating a substantial interest from industrial machinery manufacturers and institutional investors to engage with each other for the financing of servitized industrial machinery going forward. / Inom maskintillverkningsindustrin har tjänstefiering (servitization) blivit en allt viktigare del. Tjänstefiering innebär att maskintillverkare behåller ägandeskap av de maskiner de tillverkar samtidigt som de ansvarar för underhållet av dessa. Därmed erbjuder maskintillverkare sina kunder en tjänst dvs kapabiliteten i vad en industriell maskin kan leverera. Tjänstefieringen av industriella maskiner har ett flertal dokumenterade fördelar både för kunder och maskintillverkare. För kunder innebär tjänstefiering en ökad kännedom kring kostnader och en ökad säkerhet för att maskiner skall fungera. För maskintillverkare medför tjänstefieringen ökad stabilitet i försäljning samt ökar betydelsen av dem hos sina kunder. På ett helt annat plan, har rekordlåga räntenivåer tillsammans med utveckling inom fondförvaltning såsom endowment modellen resulterat i att institutionella investerare allokerat en allt större andel av sitt kapital i alternativa tillgångar såsom i icke-noterade reala tillgångar. Detta skifte har resulterat i att många investerare har svårt att hitta tillräckligt attraktiva tillgångar då kampen om dessa reala tillgångar hårdnat vilket har resulterat till att driva upp priset på dessa tillgångar. Tjänstefiering och institutionell investering har till stor del existerat i skilda domäner. Denna studie har undersökt en skärningspunkt mellan dessa två domäner och har bland annat funnit att tjänstefierade industriella maskiner besitter flera likheter med infrastruktur så som icke-cykliska och långsiktiga intäktströmmar, långa tekniska livslängder, kvasi-monopolistisk ställning samt positiva hållbarhetsaspekter. Industriella maskintillverkare som deltagit i studien vittnar om att nya finansieringsformer kommer behövas då tjänstefieringen med all sannolikhet kommer utgöra en väsentlig del av affären framöver och därmed binda mer kapital, allt annat lika. För att finansiera denna affär föredrar företagen skuldfinansiering då det blir enklare att hantera organisatoriskt. Studien finner att attributen av tjänstefierade industriella maskiner och dess likheter med infrastruktur är intressanta för investerare och de ser detta som en framtida realtillgångsklass. Däremot känner sig investerarna osäkra kring hur man skall beakta livslängden kring olika typer av maskiner. Investerare som deltagit i studien har tidigare allokerat ytterst lite av sina realtillgångar via skuldinstrument. Investerare är däremot öppna att investera vi både skuldtillgångar och via eget kapital, såvida den förväntade avkastningen upplevs som fördelaktig i relation till den risk som tas. Studien indikerar att den finns en koppling mellan tjänstefierade industriella maskiner och infrastruktur samt visat att det finns intresse från både investerare och maskintillverkare för att nya former av finansiering för tjänstefierade industriella maskiner i framtiden.

[pt] Em sistemas de pensão de contribuição definida (CD),o agente regulador em geral impõe restrições de alocação (mínimo e máximos por classe de ativo,como renda fixa, ações, empréstimos, etc.) como objetivo de criar fundos com diferentes perfis de risco-retorno. Neste trabalho, desafiamos essa abordagem e mostramos que tais fundos apresentam perfis de risco-retorno erráticos que desviam significativamente do design desejado. Nós propomos a substituição de todas as restrições de limites máximo se mínimos por uma medida única que controla o risco financeiro diretamente. Dessa forma,fundos com diferentes perfis de risco retorno podem ser estabelecidos imediatamente ao variarmos tal medida. Nós demonstramos a eficácia dessa abordagem com dados do sistema de pensão chileno. Mais especificamente, mostramos que nossa metodologia resulta em fundos cujos perfis de risco-retorno estão consistentemente ordenados de acordo com o design desejado e exibem performance superior em comparação com os fundos criados com o uso de restrições delimites de alocação. / [en] In defined contribution (DC) pension schemes, the regulator usually imposes asset allocation constraints (minimum and maximum limits by asset class, e.g. equities, bonds, realestate, loans, etc.) in order to create funds with different risk-return profiles. In thiswork we challenge this approach and show that such funds exhibit erratic risk-return profiles that deviate significantly from the intended design. We propose toreplace all minimum and maximum asset allocation constraints by a single risk metric (or measure) that controls risk directly. Thus, funds with different risk- return profiles can be immediately created by adjusting the risk tolerance parameter accordingly. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach with data from the Chilean DC pension system. Specifically, we show that our approach generates funds whose risk-return profiles are consistently ordered according to the intended design and out perform funds created by means of asset allocation limits.

El Sistema de Pensiones Privado (SPP) del Perú es operado por cuatro Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP): Habitat, Prima, Integra y Profuturo, quienes administran los aportes mensuales de los trabajadores afiliados. El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la eficiencia técnica de cada una de las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones del Perú, 2015 – 2021, para así establecer si la asignación de sus recursos se mantiene eficiente a pesar de los cambios dados en los últimos años al SPP. La metodología utilizada para el desarrollo de la investigación fue de tipo aplicada con nivel explicativo con análisis estadísticos descriptivos. El nivel de eficiencia fue obtenido a través del modelo de Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA), el cuál mide la eficiencia de las empresas por medio de su capacidad individual para maximizar sus recursos con un cierto nivel de entrada. Para ello, se seleccionaron como variables de entrada a los gastos de personal y a la inversión en activos fijos y como variable de salida a los ingresos operacionales, con data obtenida en la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP (SBS). Se obtuvo como resultado que las cuatro administradoras de fondos existentes son eficientes técnicamente puesto que se encuentran en el rango establecido para considerarse eficientes técnicamente [0.5-1], resaltando la fluctuación obtenida para la AFP Integra dentro de dicho rango para los años de estudio. Con ello, se concluye que las AFP en el Perú emplean adecuadamente sus recursos siendo eficientes técnicamente durante los años de estudio. / The Private Pension System (SPP) of Peru is operated by four Pension Fund Administrators (AFP): Habitat, Prima, Integra and Profuturo, who manage the monthly contributions of affiliated workers. The objective of this research work was to determine the technical efficiency of each of the Pension Fund Administrators of Peru, 2015 - 2021, in order to establish if the allocation of their resources remains efficient despite the changes in recent years. years to SPP. The methodology used for the development of the research was applied with an explanatory level with descriptive statistical analysis. The level of efficiency was obtained through the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, which measures the efficiency of companies through their individual capacity to maximize their resources with a certain input level. For this, personnel expenses and investment in fixed assets were selected as input variables and operating income as output variable, with data obtained from the Superintendency of Banking, Insurance and AFP (SBS). It was obtained as a result that the four existing fund managers are technically efficient since they are in the range established to be considered technically efficient [0.5-1], highlighting the fluctuation obtained for AFP Integra within said range for the years of study. With this, it is concluded that the AFPs in Peru adequately use their resources, being technically efficient during the years of study.