CAPES; ANP / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de estruturas de otimização para auxílio na tomada de decisão de atividades de planejamento e scheduling em dutos. Dois problemas são estudados: (i) O primeiro sistema envolve um duto que interliga uma refinaria até um parque de tancagem operando o transporte de diversos produtos. Visto que a resolução de todo o problema em um único modelo de otimização tornou-se inviável devido a complexidade computacional, uma abordagem de solução alternativa é proposta para a obtenção do scheduling do duto, utilizando apenas modelos PLIM (Programação Linear Inteira Mista). O primeiro modelo proposto obtém a sequência de envio dos produtos e seus respectivos volumes. Fixando-se essas variáveis, o segundo modelo PLIM, já presente na literatura, é capaz de obter o scheduling final do duto em poucos segundos. Além disso, a qualidade da solução obtida através do sequenciamento PLIM mostrou-se superior ao sequenciamento heurístico previamente apresentado na literatura; (ii) O segundo sistema é composto por uma rede com 30 dutos que interliga diversas áreas incluindo 4 refinarias, 2 terminais portuários, 2 clientes finais e 6 terminais de distribuição que recebem ou enviam diversos produtos derivados de petróleo. A rede em estudo possui características particulares que devem ser tratadas como, por exemplo, restrições locais, pulmão, reversão de fluxo, horossazonalidade e troca de turno dos operadores. Além disso, os dutos são compartilhados por diferentes produtos que utilizam rotas distintas. Dessa forma, paradas de bombeio devem ser avaliadas. Considerando-se que a complexidade da rede de dutos é sensivelmente maior que a realização do scheduling de um único duto, a decomposição desse problema se torna imprescindível. Detalhes do scheduling da rede devem ser obtidos, incluindo sequência de bombeamento em cada nó, volume das bateladas, restrições de tancagem e distribuição no tempo, sempre respeitando uma série de restrições operacionais. Dessa forma, a carga computacional para a determinação de um scheduling de curto prazo (short-term scheduling) com o cenário considerado é relevante. São propostos três modelos PLIM para esse problema: modelo de planejamento, modelo de alocação e sequenciamento e, finalmente, o modelo de temporização. A saída de um modelo PLIM é utilizada como entrada para outras estruturas e/ou modelos PLIM que são utilizados de forma hierárquica para a obtenção da solução desejada. Muitas análises foram realizadas por intermédio das soluções obtidas, que são apresentadas em tempo computacionalmente reduzido para cenários da indústria petrolífera. / This work addresses the problem of developing optimization structurres to aid the operational decision-making of planning and scheduling activities in real-world pipelines. Two problems are studed: (i) The first one contemplates a pipeline connecting a refinery and a depot. The pipeline transports various products. An alternative solution approach is proposed to obtain the pipeline scheduling, using only MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) models. Since the resolution of the entire problem in a unique optimization model became too hard due to the high computational complexity, the problem decomposition is developed. The first proposed model provides the punping product-sequence and its volume, respectively. Fixing these variables, the MILP model is able to obtain the final scheduling of the pipeline in few seconds. The quality of the solution obtained by the MILP sequencing model is better than a previous heuristic sequencing published. (ii) The second system is composed by a network with 30 pipelins that connect different areas including 4 refineries, 2 harbors, 2 final clients, and 6 distribution terminals. They receive or send many oil derivatives. The studied pipeline network has particular features to be processed as, for instance, local constraints, surge tank operation, flow reverse operational, seasonal costs, and work shifts. Also, the pipelines are shared by different products that use different routes. In this way, pumping stoppages should be evaluated. Considering that the pipeline network complexity is higher than the unique pipeline scheduling procedure, the problem decomposition becomes essential. Scheduling details must be given, including pumping sequence in each node, volume of batches, tankage constraints and timing issues, while always respecting a series of operational constraints. Moreover, the computacional burden to determine a a short-term scheduling for the considered scenario is a difficult task. Three MILP models are proposed to address this problem: planning model, allocation and sequencing model and,finally, the timing model. The output of a model is used as input to other structures and/or MILP models. These models are managed in a hierarchical manner to obtain the desired solution. Many insights have been derived from the obtained solutions, which are given in a reduced computational time for oil industrial-size scenarios.

CAPES; ANP / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de estruturas de otimização para auxílio na tomada de decisão de atividades de planejamento e scheduling em dutos. Dois problemas são estudados: (i) O primeiro sistema envolve um duto que interliga uma refinaria até um parque de tancagem operando o transporte de diversos produtos. Visto que a resolução de todo o problema em um único modelo de otimização tornou-se inviável devido a complexidade computacional, uma abordagem de solução alternativa é proposta para a obtenção do scheduling do duto, utilizando apenas modelos PLIM (Programação Linear Inteira Mista). O primeiro modelo proposto obtém a sequência de envio dos produtos e seus respectivos volumes. Fixando-se essas variáveis, o segundo modelo PLIM, já presente na literatura, é capaz de obter o scheduling final do duto em poucos segundos. Além disso, a qualidade da solução obtida através do sequenciamento PLIM mostrou-se superior ao sequenciamento heurístico previamente apresentado na literatura; (ii) O segundo sistema é composto por uma rede com 30 dutos que interliga diversas áreas incluindo 4 refinarias, 2 terminais portuários, 2 clientes finais e 6 terminais de distribuição que recebem ou enviam diversos produtos derivados de petróleo. A rede em estudo possui características particulares que devem ser tratadas como, por exemplo, restrições locais, pulmão, reversão de fluxo, horossazonalidade e troca de turno dos operadores. Além disso, os dutos são compartilhados por diferentes produtos que utilizam rotas distintas. Dessa forma, paradas de bombeio devem ser avaliadas. Considerando-se que a complexidade da rede de dutos é sensivelmente maior que a realização do scheduling de um único duto, a decomposição desse problema se torna imprescindível. Detalhes do scheduling da rede devem ser obtidos, incluindo sequência de bombeamento em cada nó, volume das bateladas, restrições de tancagem e distribuição no tempo, sempre respeitando uma série de restrições operacionais. Dessa forma, a carga computacional para a determinação de um scheduling de curto prazo (short-term scheduling) com o cenário considerado é relevante. São propostos três modelos PLIM para esse problema: modelo de planejamento, modelo de alocação e sequenciamento e, finalmente, o modelo de temporização. A saída de um modelo PLIM é utilizada como entrada para outras estruturas e/ou modelos PLIM que são utilizados de forma hierárquica para a obtenção da solução desejada. Muitas análises foram realizadas por intermédio das soluções obtidas, que são apresentadas em tempo computacionalmente reduzido para cenários da indústria petrolífera. / This work addresses the problem of developing optimization structurres to aid the operational decision-making of planning and scheduling activities in real-world pipelines. Two problems are studed: (i) The first one contemplates a pipeline connecting a refinery and a depot. The pipeline transports various products. An alternative solution approach is proposed to obtain the pipeline scheduling, using only MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) models. Since the resolution of the entire problem in a unique optimization model became too hard due to the high computational complexity, the problem decomposition is developed. The first proposed model provides the punping product-sequence and its volume, respectively. Fixing these variables, the MILP model is able to obtain the final scheduling of the pipeline in few seconds. The quality of the solution obtained by the MILP sequencing model is better than a previous heuristic sequencing published. (ii) The second system is composed by a network with 30 pipelins that connect different areas including 4 refineries, 2 harbors, 2 final clients, and 6 distribution terminals. They receive or send many oil derivatives. The studied pipeline network has particular features to be processed as, for instance, local constraints, surge tank operation, flow reverse operational, seasonal costs, and work shifts. Also, the pipelines are shared by different products that use different routes. In this way, pumping stoppages should be evaluated. Considering that the pipeline network complexity is higher than the unique pipeline scheduling procedure, the problem decomposition becomes essential. Scheduling details must be given, including pumping sequence in each node, volume of batches, tankage constraints and timing issues, while always respecting a series of operational constraints. Moreover, the computacional burden to determine a a short-term scheduling for the considered scenario is a difficult task. Three MILP models are proposed to address this problem: planning model, allocation and sequencing model and,finally, the timing model. The output of a model is used as input to other structures and/or MILP models. These models are managed in a hierarchical manner to obtain the desired solution. Many insights have been derived from the obtained solutions, which are given in a reduced computational time for oil industrial-size scenarios.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

M.Comm. / The fundamental purpose of the dissertation was a descriptive analysis and a theoretical evaluation of the petroleum industry and its functions in South Africa, as well as the relevance of toll roads in South Africa. Toll roads provide the opportunity whereby an urgently needed road can be built at an earlier date than would be the case normally. The strategic management of businesses under normal market conditions has been studied extensively. Less importance has been given to the strategic management of businesses affected by external market forces such as quotas, import tariffs, restricted licenses and toll roads. South Africa has more than 200 000 kilometers of roads and more than seven million cars. Therefore demand for petrol has grown substantially over the last few years. There are ten different petroleum companies in South Africa; namely Afric Oil, BP, Caltex, Engen, Exel, Sasol, Shell, Tepco, Total and Zenex and there is no discernible difference between the fuels from the different oil companies. In May 1996, the governments of South Africa and Mozambique announced their vision and their objectives for the Maputo Development Corridor. In particular they expressed their belief that the corridor initiative held substantial opportunities for both the public and private sectors. The Trans African Concession (TRAC) was awarded the concession to develop the corridor. Concession grants the private sector a right to collect tollfees, which are used to service the loans incurred for: designing, construction, operations and maintenance of toll roads in the Maputo Development. The concessioning right usually extends for a period of 30 years after which the road is handed back to the South African National Road Agency. The first of five toll roads opened on the 8 December 1998 between Witbank and Middelburg. Tollfees are collected (R20,60 per car) by Plaza operators, and tariffs are adjusted annually. Toll Roads affect businesses, such as petrol stations, restaurants etc., due to high tollfees. Thereby some motorists use alternative routes. The study focuses on the petroleum industry, and more particularly on the retail of fuel and related products in the Maputo Development Corridor. An external market force in the form of the N3 toll road is affecting this market and industry. Consequently the strategic management of Shell Ultra City Middelburg and other affected businesses have to adapt from the task model to allow for the influence of the toll road. The toll road functions and annually toll tariff adjustments, formed the crux of this study. General strategic considerations are developed in the study to counter the effect of the toll road. Furthermore, a specific action plan is formulated to practically implement these general strategic considerations.

The focus of this thesis is on labour-management relations in the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Nigeria. The study explores current managerial practices in the corporation and their effects on the intensification of work, and how the management sought to control workers and the labour process. The study explores the experiences of workers and their perception of managerial practices. Evidence suggests that managerial practices and their impacts on workplace relations in NNPC have become more subtle, with wider implications for workers’ experience and the labour process. Using primary data obtained through interviews, participant observation, and documentary sources, the thesis assesses how managerial practices are varieties of controls of labour in which workers’ consent is also embedded. This embeddedness of the labour process generates new types of worker subjectivity and identity, with significant implications for labour relations. The study suggests that multiple dimensions of workers’ sense-making reflect the structural and subjective dimensions of the labour process. In NNPC, the consequence of managerial practices has been an emergence of a new type of subjectivity; one that has closely identified with the corporate values and is not overtly disposed towards resistance or dissent. While workers consent at NNPC continues to be an outcome of managerial practices, the thesis examined its implications. The thesis seeks to explain the effects of managerial control mechanisms in shaping workers’ experience and identity. However, the thesis shows that while workers remain susceptible to these forms of managerial influence, an erasure or closure of oppositions or recalcitrance will not adequately account for workers’ identity-formation. The thesis shows that while managerial control remains significant, workers inhabit domains that are ‘unmanaged’ and ‘unmanageable’ where ‘resistance’ and ‘misbehaviour’ reside. Without a conceptual and empirical interrogation, evidence of normative and mutual benefits of managerial practices or a submissive image of workers will produce images of workers that obscure their covert opposition and resistance. Workers ‘collude’ with the ‘hubris’ of management in order to invert and subvert managerial practices and intentions. Through theoretical reconceptualization, the thesis demonstrates the specific dimensions of these inversions and subversions. The thesis therefore seeks to re-insert “worker-agency” back into the analysis of power-relations in the workplace; agency that is not overtly under the absolute grip of managerial control, but with a multiplicity of identities and multilevel manifestations.

Using ethnographic research methods, I collaborated with the organization Earthworks to conduct a community assessment on the health issues related to the air quality in Karnes County, Texas, an oil and gas community. The research consisted of in-depth interviews with residents on their experiences and knowledge on the health issues associated to air quality. This research is going to be used to inform the community and develop strategies to empower community members in improving their environmental conditions.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Economics / LLD.

2015年4月殼牌公司收購英國天然氣集團案，凸顯石油價格修正已重塑全球油氣產業版圖。而根據2015年英國石油公司統計資料顯示，傳統方式開採生產的石油及天然氣尚有50-60年的可開採年限；若加上非傳統方式開採生產的石油及天然氣則可開採年限將至少倍增。油氣探採產業具有技術門檻高、經營風險高、投資金額高、作業時間長的特性。從長期獲利能力來看，油氣探採部門的績效一直是各大國際石油公司主要利潤來源，惟其營業利潤受國際油氣價格的起伏直接連動影響。個案公司油氣探採部門海外投資近年來成功取得美國、印尼、剛果及澳大利亞等地區的探勘新礦區，並與國際油公司在全球10 個國家25 處礦區有合作探採案；其中包括厄瓜多、印尼、尼日以及澳大利亞等具有油氣生產的礦區，歷年累計油氣生產績效卓越。 由於非傳統油氣之一的頁岩油氣開採技術進步，大幅提升美國油氣產量，OPEC產油國為維持市場占有率並未減產，加上全球經濟成長減緩，造成明顯的供過於求趨勢，影響近期油價呈現相對低檔。本研究以產業分析及SWOT分析等理論著手，探討目前經營環境的機會及風險，藉以擬定公司層級的策略方向並檢視成熟期產業環境下的競爭內涵，再從資源基礎論、經營選擇策略、管控流程風險，探討企業長期競爭優勢。 　　本研究經與個案公司海外分公司高階經理及總公司資深部門主管進行深入訪談方式，並且參酌公開的期刊、論文報告與網站資訊，進一步對照研究相關理論分析與個案公司實務案例，結果證實在運用購買LNG整合上下游投資、國際大油公司的策略聯盟、流程管控海外投資風險等均有助於提升競爭優勢，足以提供產業參考；同時建議後續研究個案公司落實平衡計分卡學習成長構面的相關要項，加強策略核心組織的競爭力，輔佐策略的執行，俾能提昇企業未來經營競爭力，達到永續經營之目的。 / The acquisition of BG Group by Royal Dutch Shell in April 2015 was the latest sign of how the slumping oil prices are reshuffling the global upstream petroleum business. BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2015 depicts that the reserves to production ratio is about 50 to 60 years for conventional petroleum resources, while this number almost doubles up for unconventional petroleum resources. The characteristics of upstream petroleum industry are the high technical threshold, high operational risk, highly capital-intensive investment, and long operational life. From the perspective of long-term earning power, the performance of upstream petroleum business division always drives the profitability for all major integrated oil companies, notwithstanding the operational profit is under direct impact from the fluctuations of the global oil prices. The successful overseas investment from the Exploration and Production Business Division of the company under study include many exploration rights in the new assets from U.S.A., Indonesia, Congo, and Australia, as well as the joint operation projects with international oil companies at 25 locations in more than 10 countries from Ecuador, Indonesia, Niger, and Australia with excellent profitability over the years. The advances made in the shale oil and gas production technology brought the U.S.A. oil production to another peak, which coupled with OPEC's non-cutting oil production strategy and global economy slowdown triggerd the dive of global oil price. This study first explores the opportunity and risk under current business environment using industrial analysis and SWOT analysis to propose strategic planning on corporate level and evaluates the competition nucleus in a mature industry cycle; secondly, explores the long-term competitive advantage of the company through Resource-Based Theory, Strategic Positioning, and Risk Management and Process Control. Through in-depth interviews with senior management from overseas division and headquarters office of the study company, published periodicals, journals, and web information, along with various related research analyses and company case studies, this study demonstrates the combination of liquefied natural gas (LNG) purchase contract with the acquisition of participating interest in LNG development project as a means of vertical supply chain investment, strategic alliance with international oil companies, and using risk management and process control on overseas investment are all beneficial to increasing the competitive advantages. Suggested follow-up research of implementing Balanced Scorecard (BSC) to the Learning & Growth Perspective, promoting competitive power through Strategy-Focused Organization, and execution on assising strategies can increase future competitive advantages and accomplish the objectives in sustainable management.

In July 1979, Nigeria's federal military government declared a 100% takeover of select operations belonging to the London-based oil company, British Petroleum (BP). The takeover of BP marked the takeover of Nigeria's most lucrative industry that had been controlled by foreign investors. Within the secondary literature a more elaborate version of this event is offered by scholars, declaring it nationalization with little agreement over why this "Giant of West Africa" nationalization BP. Some mention South Africa, others Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe); some mention oil, while others solely discuss UK diplomacy. Why the discrepancy over the reason for nationalization? This project sets out to explain not only why Nigeria nationalized BP in 1979, but also how the nationalization fits into the broad theoretical discussions on nationalism, economic policy, foreign relations, and nationalization. It challenges the popular narrative of why Nigeria nationalized BP and substantially revises it. The argument is put forward that the nationalization of BP hinged almost entirely on the notion of economic nationalism and that the nationalization fit into an established trend of takeovers aimed at foreign companies. The federal military government simply used southern Africa --discussed as the sole reason for nationalization within the secondary Literature-- as a way to bolster international support. This project also project uses the nationalization as a looking-glass into Nigeria and its oil industry during the 1970s. Also, this project addresses the impact the nationalization had on Nigerian society. With regard to nationalism, Nigeria represents an excellent case for understanding the existence and application of economic nationalism, which functions not only as a subject of study much like ethnic nationalism or civic nationalism, but also as a new perspective on the relationship between the various expressions of nationalism and economic policy.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Dec 29, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.