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No / In this paper we report on a composite index of international patent systems strength for 48 developing and industrialized countries annually from 1998 to 2011. Building upon earlier indices we develop a conceptual framework informed by transaction cost theory and derive measures which emphasize the importance of enforcement-related aspects of the patent system of countries. Findings reveal harmonization of the regulative aspects of patent protection internationally in the post-TRIPs era but not of overall national patent systems. The index should inform studies on the relationship between national patent systems and a range of international business and other phenomena. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study was to investigate the various reasons consumers continue to infringe on copyrighted content, specifically in the South African context, even if the law forbids it. This investigation is two-fold since it also recognises that there are many individuals who do not infringe on copyrighted content even though they have access to peer-to-peer file sharing technology. This information could prove valuable since it can then be used to find comprehensive market-led solutions to the problem that targets the end-user. This study adopted a mixed method approach in order to cross validate findings and to reveal aspects of empirical reality. The target population for this study consisted of 100 adult South Africans who have access to the internet. Data was collected through an online, self-administered questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis. The results show that there are variety of factors that influence respondents’ attitudes towards copyright infringement of films and/or television series through peer-to-peer file sharing technology, each of which is discussed in detail. The study concluded by identifying 24 factors that favourably influence people’s attitudes towards copyright infringement, including high prices of legitimate goods, historical inequality in South Africa, and perceived low risk of being caught and punished. Based on the conclusion above, the study recommends that policy makers such as government officials, boards of directors, managers, committees, and executives use the results of the study when making decisions and determining policies, especially in the South African context. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication Science)

Les technologies issues du numérique ont donné naissance à des contrats qui nécessitent une approche particulière et qui posent parfois des difficultés de mise en oeuvre, d’application, d’interprétation, et même de qualification, tant leur existence ne peut désormais plus être ignorée dans le paysage juridique. A cela, s’ajoute le fait qu’ils répondent à un réel besoin, à la fois de la part des praticiens du droit et des acteurs de ces contrats. C’est sans compter qu’ils se démarquent des conventions issues du monde analogique en de nombreux points, sachant que néanmoins, ils s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une évolution logique et naturelle du droit. C’est ainsi que depuis quelques années, le droit voit se profiler des contrats imposant au législateur d’élaborer de nouveaux textes, en raison des lacunes juridiques encore grandes en la matière. La question qui se pose d’emblée est alors de savoir quelle est leur place dans la vie juridique, et surtout, comment ils sont perçus et analysés par rapport à ceux plus « classiques » issus du monde analogique. Dès lors, d’autres interrogations s’enchaînent : dans quel type d’environnement évoluent-ils ? Quels sont les critères qui caractérisent le mieux les contrats liés aux technologies issues du numérique ? Et surtout, qu’est-ce qui les rend si spécifiques et si inédits par rapport aux autres contrats, et qu’est-ce qui fait leur essence même ? On en vient alors à se demander si la dématérialisation de leur objet et leur orientation tournée vers les technologies influencent leur mode de formation et leur exécution. Autrement dit, quel est leur impact sur l’équilibre contractuel et quelles sont leurs implications juridiques concrètes ? Une chose est sûre : si ces contrats font appel à un vocabulaire technique propre au monde numérique et que leur objet peut sembler de prime abord inédit et complexe, en réalité, il en est autrement, les prestations auxquelles ils renvoient étant au final, très proches de celles qui nous entourent depuis toujours. / Over the last decades, the fast-evolving technologies and the information and communication technologies (I.C.T) have been widespread in the current analogical world. They are engendered agreements which need a particular approach and which can’t be ignored today, because of their difficulties of application, interpretation, and even of qualification. The analogical world failed to offer a legal framework to that innovative and dynamic digital world creating tremendous legal uncertainty. Consequently, the emerging lack of appropriate agreements forced policymakers, regulators and legislators to elaborate new governance, new regulation and new acts to respond to those needs and expectations issued of the Information Society. The purpose is also to answer to the real needs of the lawyers and the professors of Law. These agreements are very different of the agreements of the analogical world in numerous points, but are inscribed in a logical and natural evolution of the Right of contracts. That’s why, it’s necessary to know what is their place in the legal life, and above all, how they are perceived and analyzed regarding the more "classical" contracts of the analogical world. Furthermore, other questions may be asked : in which kind of environment they evolve? What is characterizing the contracts linked to the information and communication technologies? What makes them so specific and so particular compared with the other agreements? The dematerialization of technology centered object can influence their way of formation, their execution and the balance of the agreements? What are their legal implications? If these agreements make reference to an specific and technical terminology of I.C.T., to the digital world, and if their object may be complex, in reality, the services generated by the Information Society are surrounding us in our daily life and are not different of the services we know since ever.

The following essay examines the image of "Barbary piracy" created by two prominent political figures, Thomas Jefferson and William Eaton, and by the American public from 1784 to 1805, and how those images shaped the policy of the American-Barbary War. Eaton‟s Orientalist approach to describing piracy and the North African population limited his views of this region, thus reducing the American conflict to the annihilation of animalistic "brutes." Jefferson‟s practical approach to describing piracy and the North African population focused on emancipating the region from the corrupting influence of greed, allowing him the necessary flexibility to solve the conflict by either by military force or with peace treaties, whichever was necessary. I will show the impact that categorizing piracy as either the result of a depraved society or as a corrupting force had on both American perceptions of the North Africa people and on the outcome of the American-Barbary War.

Au début du XIXe siècle, la presse française connaissait peu le Maroc, certes ce dernier avait un traité de paix avec la France et un mouvement commercial existait entre les deux pays, mais ce n’est qu’à partir de la conquête d’Alger en 1830, que les quotidiens de Paris vont s’intéresser particulièrement à cet espace avec lequel désormais la France partageait des frontières. Ces dernières ouvertes et mouvantes seront la source de beaucoup de froissements entres les deux pays. La donne sécuritaire influencera ainsi le regard des journaux sur l’espace marocain. Ce dernier de plus en plus présent dans les éditions des grandes feuilles françaises intéressait les journalistes, académiciens et hommes politiques français de l’époque. Inconstant et turbulent, il dérangeait et fascinait à la fois. Observant l’espace marocain à travers la presse française, cette thèse nous éclaire sur l’évolution des relations franco-marocaines à partir du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la signature du protectorat en 1912. Elle explore la place qu’occupait le Maroc dans les relations internationales de l’époque. Les tensions entre Paris et le makhzen se répercutaient sur leurs relations avec les autres puissances d’Europe influent ainsi la dynamique qui liait les Etats dans leur environnement méditerranéen et surtout continental. / In early 19th Century, the French press was not particularly familiar with the Moroccan empire, despite old economic and diplomatic relations between France and Morocco. It is only after the colonization of Algeria that the French newspapers became interested in the old empire. France newly shared borders with Morocco created many tensions and speculations. The press started then to report concerns about the impact Morocco might have on the security of the new French colony. Journalists, men state and scholars turned their eyes toward this new turbulent neighbour. The old empire fascinated as much as it troubled and concerned them. The object of this thesis is to give us an insight into the Moroccan and French relations during the 19th century until 1912 through the particular perspective of the French press. It focuses on tensions and dynamics between the two countries and how they shaped the current international relations at both the Mediterranean and European levels.

The demands on maritime operations today are increasingly higher in terms of control, efficiency and cost. The margins for accidents and security incidents are therefore decreasing. In the area of ship safety the regulations, guidelines and methods have a history and culture of systematic research, development and implementation. In contrast, international security is highly politicized and therefore not as transparent. The result is that a tradition of ship security is not as well established. The overall aim of this thesis is to propose a method for ship security analysis that increases the overall safety of the crew and the ship. The objective is to develop a method that is systematic in order to ensure that assessment and response are complete and effective, and that the process is documented to provide evidence of decision-making. The method used is probabilistic risk assessment where quantitative analysis is central. The proposed approach is consistent with the requirements of maritime safety work. However, in the work here, the proposed methods are specifically tested for security cases. This is because hazards (without intent) and threats (with intent) evolve in different ways into risk. Therefore, they must be analysed differently in order to capture the causal relationship. The proposed approach consists of three steps: the first step consists of a threat description that documents qualitative and quantitative aspects that together describe how the threat most likely will act in relation to the ship’s vulnerability; the second step uses the threat description to define the system studied as well as the scenarios that collectively describe the harmful consequences; the third step evaluates the risk with tools from probabilistic risk assessment. The overall conclusion is that the proposed method brings the procedure and results of ship security analysis into the open and therefore allows for criticism, improvements and shared risk knowledge, not possible with less structured methods. The results also show that the calculated probabilities agree with available statistics, which indicates that the analysis succeeds in describing the central causal relationships of the scenarios modelled.

Le XVIIe siècle a vu l'avènement de la domination des marines anglaise et française. La France et l’Angleterre se sont disputées le contrôle des voies maritimes en Méditerranée qui était alors le coeur stratégique du commerce mondial et de l'approvisionnement, mais également le théâtre de conflits entre les différentes flottes. Il est en effet nécessaire pour contrôler la Méditerranée d'intervenir dans les affaires intérieures des États du bassin méditerranéen, et c'est pour atteindre ce but que les Européens cherchèrent à consolider leurs relations avec l'empire ottoman, qui contrôlait les Régences d’Afrique du Nord, et bien évidemment celles aussi qu’ils entretenaient avec Tripoli. Les relations franco-tripolitaines se sont établies grâce à une activité diplomatique intense, renforcée par les multiples communications entre les deux pays surtout à l’époque de Youssef Pacha où le gouvernement français a joué un rôle important dans la vie politique et économique à Tripoli. La France considérait cette action diplomatique comme un moyen efficace pour maintenir la sécurité de ses navires au large des côtes de cet État, qui était l'un des plus puissants de la Méditerranée durant cette période. Tripoli constituait aussi pour la France un pont pour les échanges commerciaux. Le règne de Youssef Pacha est aussi marqué par un élément qui a valorisé Tripoli aux yeux de la France : la progression des découvertes géographiques en Afrique. La France et l’Angleterre étaient, là aussi, en compétition pour pénétrer à l’intérieur du continent noir à partir de Tripoli. De plus, Tripoli joua un rôle important au cours des conflits entre la France et l’Angleterre, en particulier au moment de l’expédition d’Égypte et pendant les guerres napoléoniennes. Tous ces facteurs ont contribué à la création d'un niveau élevé de relations diplomatiques et économiques entre les deux pays qui se sont construites grâce à un esprit de coopération et en dépit de nombreuses difficultés. / In the 17th century, the seas were dominated by the English and French navies. Just like the English, the French fought to control the Mediterranean sea-routes which represented major strategic world trading routes and they were also the scene of many battles between the different maritime fleets. Quite naturally, in order to control the Mediterranean, a certain level of intervention in the internal affairs of the Mediterranean States was necessary. This led Europeans to seek to strengthen their relations with the Ottoman Empire that controlled the North African Regencies and also Tripoli at the time. Franco-Tripolitanian relations were founded on intense diplomatic efforts and quasi-permanent communication between the two countries, particularly during the reign of Youssef Pacha (most commonly Yusuf Karamanli) and the Tripoli Regency, when the French government played a decisive role in the political situation and economic development of the region. By focusing its activities on diplomatic relations, France considered its incursion as a tool for a Modern state to justify and maintain a fleet off the coast of this state that was, at the time, one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean region. For France, Tripoli was also a gateway for trading activities. Youssef Pacha’s reign was also marked by an element that gave even greater value to Tripoli for the French: the progress made in geographical exploration and discoveries in Africa. Here again, France and England were competing in their exploration of the Dark Continent from Tripoli down. Tripoli also played a key role during the political crises between France and England, particularly during the Napoleonic wars. All the above elements contributed to the creation of high-level diplomatic and economic relations that were built on cooperation, despite certain problems that arose during the period.

Bien que ni le crime de piraterie maritime ni sa répression ne soient récents, la résurgence de cette forme de criminalité séculaire mais renouvelée la présente sous des aspects inédits, nécessitant la réadaptation de l’arsenal juridique la régissant à sa réalité nouvelle. Son régime traditionnel dérogatoire aux règles classiques du droit de la mer et aux règles de compétence et de juridiction, a pu ainsi s’étoffer par de nouvelles règles intégrant et reflétant les modes contemporains de production normative de la société internationale, ainsi que l’action des structures et acteurs non-étatiques. N’étant cependant pas un problème juridique stricto sensu mais aussi bien le reflet d’une situation présentant des problématiques structurelles plus générales, il demeure évident que la lutte plus durable contre la piraterie nécessite l’adoption d’une approche « globale » ou « holistique », associant à court et à moyen termes un point de vue sécuritaire et judiciaire mais visant également et surtout, une sortie de crise pérenne allant au-delà de l’endiguement de cette menace transnationale. / Neither the crime of piracy nor its repression are recent. The upsurge of this ancient form of criminality underlines new aspects which call the readaptation of the legal rules governing its repression. In addition to its traditional regime, new rules were consequently developped, reflecting contemporary modes of normative production and incorporating the action of non-State structures and actors. Because piracy is not exclusively a legal issue but rather encompasses several broader structural problematics, the fight against piracy requires on the other hand a global and comprehensive approach. This approach associates short-term security and judicial aspects, as well as long-term strategies going beyong simply containing piracy as a transnational threat to maritime security to ensure further stability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Alessandro Diniz de Sa.pdf: 1051226 bytes, checksum: a112afca1bb3e67f83fa13416ad62c89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis presents the relevant points concerning the consolidation of the Brazilian music industry and its effect on the music scene between 1998 and 2008 caused by the introduction of new digital technology, music piracy and illegal Internet downloading. This thesis also analyzes the position of music producers towards new digital media in relation to production, distribution, marketing and consumption / O objetivo desta tese é o de apresentar os pontos relevantes no caminho da consolidação da indústria fonográfica, especificamente no Brasil. Mostrar a constituição da cena musical brasileira entre 1998-2008. Período que coincide com novos movimentos dentro mercado fonográfico com o surgimento das novas tecnologias digitais e o crescimento da pirataria dos produtos musicais. Com base nesse cenário, analisar o posicionamento dos agentes produtores do campo fonográfico e as novas dinâmicas inseridas pelos novos meios digitais na relação de produção distribuição consumo