Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia para a atenuação do impacto provocado pelo passivo ambiental gerado por pneus inservíveis, conjuntamente ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais compostos para uso na construção.Os pneus têm uma estrutura física especial, com grande resistência e durabilidade, mesmo ao término de sua vida útil e, por isso, sua deposição em aterros sanitários é inadequada, já que eles não permitem compactação, tornando-se favoráveis para a criação de agentes causadores de enfermidades e oferecem grandes riscos de incêndios, o que acarreta sérios danos ao meio ambiente. A tecnologia desenvolvida utilizou a borracha de pneus inservíveis, após serem picados por processo mecânico, segundo diferentes tamanhos, para a composição de produtos de baixo custo e utilizáveis na construção civil em elementos construtivos, placas de amortecimento sonoro e de revestimento de pisos para edificações, sinalização horizontal em vias públicas, absorvedores de impacto em estradas,etc. O agente de aglomeração utilizado foi a resina poliuretânica derivada do óleo de mamona (Ricinus communis), uma fonte renovável, que também apresenta estabilidade física e química, e um excelente desempenho como aglomerante. O composto obtido foi testado com relação à durabilidade, às propriedades mecânicas como resistência à compressão e tração, módulo de elasticidade e fluência por meio da termo análise, demonstrando resultados satisfatórios e confirmada sua aplicação em vários campos da construção civil. / The objective of this work is to develop a technology for the impact attenuation caused by the passive environmental generated by scrap tires, jointly to the development of new composites for being used in construction. The tires have a special physical structure, with great resistance and durability, also in the term of their useful life, therefore, their deposit in landing fields are inadequate, once they do not allow compacting, becoming favorable for the creation of causes of diseases and they offer great fires risks, what causes serious damages to the environment. The developed technology used the rubber of useless tires, after being fragmented by mechanic process, according to different sizes, for the composition of products of low cost to be used in the civil construction in constructive elements, noise reduction plates and lining of floors for constructions, horizontal signaling in public ways, impact insulating in highways, and so on. The agent of mass used was the polyurethane resin, derived of the castor oil (Ricinus communis), a renewable source that also presents physical and chemical stability, and a good bonding behavior. The obtained composite was tested in relation to durability behavior, mechanical properties which the compression forces and tension, and also its modulus of elasticity and creep by use of thermo analisys, demonstrated satisfactory results and confirmed its application in a many fields of the civil construction.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des panneaux de contreplaqué collés à l’état vert à destination des coques et de l'agencement de bateaux. La technologie du moulage sous vide est choisie pour former des panneaux constitués de plis de pin Maritime déroulés non séchés et collés à l'aide d'un adhésif polyuréthane. Une étude approfondie été réalisée dans le but de fixer les paramètres de collage permettant aux contreplaqués de répondre aux exigences requises dans la construction navale. L’influence des paramètres de fabrication du panneau sur ses propriétés mécaniques est déterminée à partir d’un plan d'expériences. La teneur en eau et le grammage d'adhésif appliqué sont particulièrement étudiés. Le comportement mécanique des différents échantillons de contreplaqué a été caractérisé grâce à des tests normalisés de cisaillement et des tests de flexion. Des mesures de mouillabilité ainsi que des observations microscopiques des joints ont permis de mieux comprendre les résultats mécaniques, et d'expliquer les phénomènes physico-chimiques mis en jeu. Le matériau retenu à partir de cette étude est mis en œuvre dans un démonstrateur, pour validation du procédé utilisé. / The subject of this work is the manufacturing of green-glued plywood panels for the interior and the plating of a ship. The vacuum-moulding process is chosen to produce panels by assembling maritime pine veneers in the wet state with polyurethane adhesive. A study has been done to fix the parameters for gluing so that the manufactured plywood can answer to the mechanical characteristics required by the shipbuilding sector. The effect of several gluing parameters on the panel's mechanical properties is determined by an experimental design method. The wood moisture content when gluing and the amount of adhesive applied are mainly studied. The plywood panels' mechanical characterisations are realised using standardised shear tests and bending tests. In addition to the mechanical tests, wettability measures and bond lines microscopic observations provide a better understanding of the physic-chemical phenomena of green wood gluing. The material defined in this study is implemented in a boat hull prototype.

Die Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese und Charakterisierung von amphiphilen Polyurethanen mit Emulgatoreigenschaften für die Polymerisation hydrophober Monomere in wässriger Phase. Der Emulgator wurde mit kolloid- und polymerchemischen Methoden hinsichtlich seiner grenzflächenaktiven Eigenschaften sowie einer Strukturbildung in wässriger Phase charakterisiert. Die Emulsionspolymerisation mit dem polymeren PU-Emulgator am Beispiel von Styrol ist untersucht worden. Dabei sind die Partikelgrössen und deren Verteilung in Abhängigkeit von Reaktionsparametern mittels Photonen-Korrelations-Spektroskopie und durch Fluss-Feldfluss-Fraktionierung (F-FFF) bestimmt worden. Weiterhin wurde mittels Dilatometrie und Reaktionskalometrie die Polymerisationskinetik untersucht. Die Partikelmorphologie konnte durch Festkörper-NMR modelliert werden. Durch Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) im Tapping mode konnte die Oberfläche und die Phasenseparation der polymeren Phasen charakterisiert werden. / This paper describes the synthesis of a reactive amphiphilic polyurethane, and its use as an emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The colloid properties and the structure of the emulsifier in the aqueous phase have been investigated. When the acrylic polymerization is carried out with hydrophobic monomers, we obtain a composite particle structure. The variation of particle size and particle size distribution as a function of the reaction parameters was measured by light scattering methods and Flow-fieldflow-fractionation (F-FFF) . Through investigation by dilatometry and reaction calorimetry it was possible to compare the polymerization process with that of common emulsion polymerization. Solid State NMR analysis allowed us to develop a core-shell model for the composite particle structure, and to determine the presence of an interphase layer between core and shell. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) methods were used to characterize the surface of the films, and tapping mode AFM was used to characterize the polymer phase separation on the micro scale.

The thesis aims to synthesize hyperbranched poly(urea-urethane) polymers (HPU) in one-pot method using commercially available monomers which are 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) as aromatic diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 2(3-isocyanatopropyl) cyclohexylisocyanate (IPCI) as aliphatic diisocyanates. Those proposed diisocyanates were reacted with diethanolamine (DEA) or diisopropanolamine (DIPA). Conditions of polymerisation reactions were optimised. Complete structural analysis using 1H and 13C NMR for the obtained aromatic polymers was carried out. Degree of branching up to 70% was calculated. Aliphatic polymers have spectra with overlapped signals therefore, no full structural analysis was possible. Molar masses were determined using SEC/RI detector which shows that the prepared polymers have Mw values between 1600 g/mol and 106000 g/mol. Thermal analysis for different polymer systems showed that aliphatic HPU are more thermally stable and have values of glass transition temperature higher than aromatic ones. Modification of the end groups in the prepared hyperbranched polymers was carried out using three different modifiers and degree of modification up to 100%. Linear polymers based on the same diisocyanate monomers were prepared to compare the properties of hyperbranched systems with their linear analogs. Measurements of solution viscosity showed that HPU have lower solution viscosity values than their linear analogs of comparable molar masses. Rheological measurement of some polymer samples of different systems were carried out and showed that our hyperbranched systems exhibit a more elastic behavior than the linear polymers. Surface studies for thin films prepared from different polymer systems (hyperbranched, linear and modified) were carried out and the obtained thin films were characterized using light microscope, microglider, GC-MS, and AFM. Contact angle measurements showed that HPU have a relatively hydrophilic character. The modified polymers have higher contact angle values than the unmodified ones due to the lack of OH end groups. Networks based on aliphatic and aromatic HPU were prepared through the reaction of HPU with trimer of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane and characterised by DSC, GC-MS, DMA and AFM. The domain size in aromatic networks was found to be larger than in aliphatic networks. Tensile test was carried out and it was found that aliphatic network is more elastic than aromatic one.

La poudre de polyuréthane à base de déchets de mousse de polyuréthane a des capacités de liant classique sous certaines conditions. Ceci est très intéressant du point de vue écologique car cela permet de rallonger le cycle de vie du polyuréthane et d’économiser le premier substituant de la colle classique qui est produit à partir de 100% de matière première. Le but de cette étude était d’améliorer l’application de la poudre de polyuréthane, comme substituant de la colle pMDI, dans la production des panneaux OSB. Une importante partie de ce travail était de mieux comprendre la réactivation de la poudre de polyuréthane et les conditions nécessaires pour que la poudre puisse fonctionner de façon optimale. Des résultats de recherche ont montré que l’uréthane est dégradé à une température de 165°C en groupements d’isocyanate et de polyols. La formation d’isocyanate à pu être démontrée par plusieurs méthodes. Le savoir a été généré dans des laboratoires et confirmé avec des essais pratiques sur des lignes industrielles. Un des objectifs principaux de ce travail était de baisser la température de décomposition de la poudre de polyuréthane à un niveau suffisamment bas pour que la poudre puisse être utilisée non seulement dans les couches externes mais aussi dans la couche médiane du panneau. Dans la première phase de ce travail la poudre de polyuréthane sans additifs a été analysée. Ensuite une sélection entre différents catalyseurs utilisés dans la production de mousse de polyuréthane a été effectuée. Pour pouvoir quantifier la capacité du catalyseur une machine permettant de produire des disques à base de polyuréthane pur a été développée. Cette machine a fourni la base pour pouvoir sélectionner le catalyseur le plus performant. Ainsi cette machine donne à l’entreprise Mobius Technologies une très bonne et simple solution pour déterminer les propriétés de la poudre de polyuréthane traitée ou non traitée et pour en déterminer la qualité. Enfin, les résultats de la recherche ont pu être mis en application à l’échelle industrielle sur des lignes industrielles d’OSB chez les entreprises Kronoply, Kronofrance et chez un producteur d’outre-mer qui reste anonyme dans ce document pour des raisons de discrétion liée à l’entreprise Mobius Technologies. Il a été possible de baisser la température de décomposition de la poudre jusqu’à 147°C, grâce au catalyseur employé. L’objectif de 120°C comme température de décomposition n’a donc pas été atteint / The polyurethane powder based on recycled material or polyurethane slab stocks shows bonding properties under certain circumstances. This is interesting from the ecological point of view, because the product life cycle of the polyurethane is prolonged. In addition to that the powder can be used as substitute for standard adhesives which are produced on 100% non renewable recourses. The goal of this project was the improvement of the application of polyurethane powder, as substitute of pMDI-adhesives, which are used in the production of OSB boards. One mayor aspect of the study was the understanding of the reactivation of the polyurethane powder and to find out the conditions for an optimized use of the powder. The results of the research demonstrated that at the degradation temperature of about 165°C the urethane bond is decomposed in to isocyanates and polyols, which is already well known in polyurethane chemistry. The reverse reaction to polyurethanes could be proved by several methods. This was than in lab scale and also under industrial conditions. The main objective of the present study was to lower the activation temperature of the polyurethane powder as pMDI adhesive substitute in the core and the surface layer of wood based panels. In the start-up phase the polyurethane powder was used an analysed without any additives. Later on a selection of different typical polyurethane catalysts were used. To quantify the efficiency of different catalysts a special machine was constructed. This new developed machine provided us with the results to select the most performing catalyst. In addition this machine was used as an easy and efficient quality control tool of Mobius Technologies. The results were used to apply the polyurethane powder on industrial production units of Kronoply (Germany), Kronofrance (France) and unstated OSB-producer in overseas. It was possible to lower the activation temperature by the use of a catalyst to about 147°C. The ambitious intent to reach a temperature of 120°C was not achieved

This thesis deals with improving thermal properties of contemporary ceramic fittings for external walls using built-in thermal insulation. In the practical part, PUR foam and PUR granulate waste mixes were designed. Based on insulation, mechanical and physical properties and estimated price, the best mix was chosen. Using the chosen mix as integrated isolation, the resulting ceramic block was simulated.

In this work, hyperbranched aromatic polyesters-polyphenols based on 4,4-bis(4’ hydroxy¬phenyl)pentanoic acid (BHPPA) were prepared and, according to the authors knowledge, for the first time tested as precursors for polyurethane bulk resins and coatings. Comparison of poly-BHPPA with competing products The materials prepared in this work show better properties than their aliphatic polyester-polyol analoga based on 2,2-bis-(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid (BHMPA). Especially, the solubility of poly-BHPPA in organic solvents is better and poly-BHPPAs also do not tend to microphase separation during their reaction with isocyanates, in contrast to poly-BHMPAs. The poly-BHPPA and the polyurethane networks made from them display higher Tg values than analogous poly- BHMPA compounds. Because of the high Tg of the reacting and final systems, curing must occur at elevated temperatures (90°C) in order to avoid undercure. The lower reactivity of phenolic OH groups prevents the reaction from being too fast at that temperature. A drawback of the polyurethanes based on the aromatic polyesters-polyols prepared is the lower thermal stability of their urethane bonds, if compared to aliphatic urethanes. An interesting possibility for future investigations would be the modification of the BHPPA monomer in order to change the OH functionality from phenolic to aliphatic OH, e.g. by replacement of the phenolic OH by hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl groups (requires a strong modification of the monomer synthesis) or simpler by reacting the phenolic OH of BHPPA with a suitable reagent like oxirane, which would lead to groups like O-CH2-CH2-OH in the place of the phenolic OH. Such a BHPPA modification should in turn yield modified “poly-BHPPA” polycondensates, which would combine the advantages of poly-BHPPA with those of aliphatic OH precursors of polyurethanes. Poly-BHPPA synthesis Hyperbranched polymers of the 4,4-bis-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (BHPPA) were synthesized successfully by the catalyzed (by dibutyltin diacetate) polycondensation of BHPPA. The products obtained were oligomers with number average molecular weight ranging from 1800 to 3400 g/mol (polymerization degree of ca. 6 to 12), displaying a first moment of functionality in the range 7 to 14. Such products were good OH precursors for the preparation of polyurethane coatings, because higher functional polymers would gel at low conversions. The analysis of the functional groups (determination of acid and hydroxyl numbers) and the 1H-NMR and the 13C-NMR spectroscopy were found to be good methods for the determination of molecular weights. The polydispersity of the poly-BHPPA products was in the range 3.5 to 6. Their degree of branching was found to be in the range 0.36 to 0.47. Poly-BHPPA containing aliphatic polyols as core monomers were also prepared successfully. Difunctional and trifunctional core monomers usually reached a full conversion of their OH groups, while the tetra- and hexafunctional core monomers were converted only to 89%. In all these products however, a considerable amount, usually even a majority, of the polymer molecules were core free. The poly-BHPPA products prepared displayed relatively high glass transition temperatures, in the range of 84°C to 114°C, obviously due to interactions between the phenol groups and to hydrogen bridging. The thermal stability of these products was also high, with decomposition occurring near 350°C (at a heating rate of 10°C / min) Kinetics investigations of the poly-BHPPA reactivity towards isocyanates The poly-BHPPA are polyphenols and were expectedly found to react significantly slower with isocyanates than aliphatic alcohols. The reactivity of poly BHPPA was also found to be somewhat lower than that of the monofunctional, low molar-mass 4 ethylphenol. Hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer, Desmodur N3300, was found to be more reactive than hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or butyl isocyanate in all experiments, possibly due to a substitution effect. The substitution effect can be explained by a change of microenvironment caused by conversion of isocyanate group and OH group into urethane groups. The reactions of low-molecular-mass alcohols or phenols with low molecular weight isocyanates followed well the 2nd order kinetics, while the reactions of poly-BHPPA with isocyanates show deviations from ideal 2nd order kinetics at higher conversions. All the kinetics experiments were carried out under catalysis by dibutyltin dilaurate. This catalyst inhibits the undesired reaction of isocyanate groups with moisture. It was also found that the catalysis was necessary to reach reasonable curing times for poly-BHPPA based polyurethane networks. The uncatalyzed systems reacted extremely slowly. Preparation of polyurethane networks from poly-BHPPA The poly BHPPA products prepared were used successfully as OH functional precursors of polyurethane networks. The networks prepared contained only very low sol fractions. Acetone and also ethylene diglycol dimethylether (diglyme) were found to be good swelling solvents for the networks prepared, while methyl propyl ketone was a much poorer solvent and aromatic compounds like toluene or xylene practically did not swell the poly BHPPA based polyurethanes. The networks prepared contain a relatively high amount of cyclic bonds, 40 to 50% in the finally cured state, which is an expected result for systems with precursors of high functionality and with small distances between the functional groups. The temperature of glass transition (Tg) of the networks prepared (ranging from 68°C to 126°C) depends of the poly BHPPA precursor used: it increases with increasing molecular mass and with increasing core functionality. The choice of the isocyanate crosslinker also influences Tg: the networks made from HDI show higher Tg values, than networks made from the same poly BHPPA but crosslinked with Desmodur N3300 (Tri HDI). The urethane bonds in the networks prepared start to decompose near 140°C. The easier degradation of PU with aromatic urethane bonds is a disadvantage in comparison with aliphatic polyurethanes, whose decomposition starts at 200°C. The surfaces of polyurethane coatings prepared are smooth, displaying a roughness of ca. 20-25 nm, and relatively hydrophilic: the contact angle with water was found to be near 80°. The prepared networks are also relatively hard, possessing the Shore D hardness of 70.

The thesis aims to synthesize hyperbranched poly(urea-urethane) polymers (HPU) in one-pot method using commercially available monomers which are 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) as aromatic diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 2(3-isocyanatopropyl) cyclohexylisocyanate (IPCI) as aliphatic diisocyanates. Those proposed diisocyanates were reacted with diethanolamine (DEA) or diisopropanolamine (DIPA). Conditions of polymerisation reactions were optimised. Complete structural analysis using 1H and 13C NMR for the obtained aromatic polymers was carried out. Degree of branching up to 70% was calculated. Aliphatic polymers have spectra with overlapped signals therefore, no full structural analysis was possible. Molar masses were determined using SEC/RI detector which shows that the prepared polymers have Mw values between 1600 g/mol and 106000 g/mol. Thermal analysis for different polymer systems showed that aliphatic HPU are more thermally stable and have values of glass transition temperature higher than aromatic ones. Modification of the end groups in the prepared hyperbranched polymers was carried out using three different modifiers and degree of modification up to 100%. Linear polymers based on the same diisocyanate monomers were prepared to compare the properties of hyperbranched systems with their linear analogs. Measurements of solution viscosity showed that HPU have lower solution viscosity values than their linear analogs of comparable molar masses. Rheological measurement of some polymer samples of different systems were carried out and showed that our hyperbranched systems exhibit a more elastic behavior than the linear polymers. Surface studies for thin films prepared from different polymer systems (hyperbranched, linear and modified) were carried out and the obtained thin films were characterized using light microscope, microglider, GC-MS, and AFM. Contact angle measurements showed that HPU have a relatively hydrophilic character. The modified polymers have higher contact angle values than the unmodified ones due to the lack of OH end groups. Networks based on aliphatic and aromatic HPU were prepared through the reaction of HPU with trimer of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane and characterised by DSC, GC-MS, DMA and AFM. The domain size in aromatic networks was found to be larger than in aliphatic networks. Tensile test was carried out and it was found that aliphatic network is more elastic than aromatic one.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Polymethacrylates are well known adhesives and can carry specific functionality, but have the disadvantage that their flexible backbones impart limited thermal stability and mechanical strength. Polyurethanes (PUs) are finding increasing application and use in many industries due to their advantageous properties, such as a wide range of flexibility combined with toughness, high chemical resistance and excellent weatherability. PUs do however have some disadvantages, for instance, PU is considered an expensive polymer, especially when considered for solvent based adhesives. the focus of this study was to consider a largely unstudied area of PU chemistry, namely combining PUs with polymethacrylates. Two types of linear urethane macromers (UMs) UM1 and UM2 were synthesized by the polyaddition polymerization of 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) with ethylene glycol (EG), and MDI with neopentylglycol (NPG), via a pre-polymer method, followed by termination with 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate (2-HEA) and methanol (MeOH) to yield UMs having specific urethane chain lengths, and which have to be predominantly monofunctional. Structural identification of the UMs was verified by MALDI-TOF-MS, FTIR, 13C-NMR and 1HNMR spectroscopy.Various percentages of the respective UMs (0_55 wt % of methacrylate monomers) were then incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and poly n-butyl methacrylate (PnBMA) backbones via solution free-radical copolymerization. The resulting methyl methacrylate-g-urethane and n-butyl methacrylate-g-urethane copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR,13C-NMR, FTIR, SEC with double detectors (UV and RI), light scattering, UV-Vis, HPLC, TGA, DSC, DMA and TEM. Weight percentages of UM incorporated into the methyl methacrylate-g-urethane copolymers were calculated using FTIR, UV-Vis and 1H-NMR techniques. Phase separation which occurred between the urethane segment and methacrylate segment in the graft copolymerization products was investigated by DMA, DSC and TEM analysis. Microphase separation occurred in all PMMA-g-UM1 and PnBMA-g-UM1 copolymers: two glass transitions temperatures corresponding to the PMMA or PnBMA and UM1 fractions, respectively, were observed. On the other hand, DMA and DSC results showed that in most graft copolymer products the two respective component parts PMMA-g-UM2 or PnBMA-g- UM2 were compatible, because only one Tg was observed. Two glass transitions occurred for PMMA or PnBMA and UM2 when the amount of UM was increased to 55 wt % during copolymerization and microphase separation was evident in DSC, DMA and TEM measurements. Thermal stability and storage modulus (stiffness) of all the synthesized PMMA-g-urethane and PnBMA-g-urethane copolymers increased as the concentration of urethane macromonomer in the copolymerization feed increased, as confirmed in TGA and DMA results. The surface and adhesive properties of the synthesized graft copolymer were studied by measuring the static contact angle and peel strength. Adhesion increased as the content of UMs increased in the graft copolymer. The graft copolymers prepared using a high UM2 feed for both PMMA and PnBMA showed improved in adhesion compared to the pure methacrylate polymers. The adhesion was better for both leather and for vinyl. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Polimetakrilate is bekende kleefstowwe. Hulle het egter die tekortkoming dat hulle buigbare ruggraat beperkte termiese en meganiese stabliteit besit. Poliuretane (PUs) word deesdae al hoe meer gebruik in baie nywerhede as gevolg van hulle baie voordele, insluitend hul wye buigsaamheid tesame met sterkte, hoë chemiese weerstand en uitstekende weerbaarheid. PUs het egter ’n paar nadele: hulle is baie duur, veral wanneer hulle gebruik word in oplosmiddel-gebaseerde kleefstowwe. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die kombinering van PUs met polimetakrilate te bestudeer, 'n onderwerp wat tot dusver baie min aandag-getrek het. Twee tipes liniêre uretaanmakromere (UMs), UM1 en UM2, is gesintetiseer deur gebruik te maak van poliaddisiepolimerisasie van 4,4'-metileendifeniel diisosianaat (MDI) met etileenglikol (EG), en MDI met neopentielglikol (NPG), via ‘n prepolimeermetode, gevolg deur terminering met 2-hidroksiëtielakrilaat (2-HEA) en metanol (MeOH). Die produk hiervan is UMs met spesifieke kettinglengtes (hoofsaaklik monofunksioneel). Die samestelling van die UMs is met behulp van die volgende gevorderde analitiese tegnieke bepaal: MALDI-TOFMS, FTIR, 13C-NMR en 1H-NMR. Verskillende hoeveelhede van die UMs (0_55 gewIing% metakrilaatmonomere) is dan in die polimetielmetakrilaat (PMMA) en poli-n-butielmetakrilaat (PnBMA) ruggrate geïnkorporeer deur middel van oplossing-vryradikaalpolimerisasie. Die samestelling van die kopolimeerprodukte, metiel-metakrilaat-g-uretaan en n-butiel-metakrilaat-g-uretaan, is met behulp van die volgende gevorderde analitiese tegnieke bepaal: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, SEC met dubbele detektors (UV en RI), ligverstrooiing UV-Vis, HPLC, TGA, DSC, DMA en TEM. Die hoeveelheid UM geïnkorporeer in die metielmetakrilaat-g-uretaan kopolimere is bereken deur gebruik te maak van FTIR, UV-Vis en 1H-NMR data. Die faseskeiding wat plaasgevind het tussen die uretaansegment en die metakrilaatsegment in die produkte van die entpolimerisasie is met behulp van DMA, DSC en TEM ondersoek. In alle PMMA-g-UM1 en PnBMA-g-UM1 kopolimere het mikrofaseskeiding plaasgevind: twee verskillende glasoorgangstemperature vir die PMMA of PnBMA en UM1 fraksies is waargeneem. Hierteenoor het DMA en DSC resultate getoon dat in die meeste entkopolimeerprodukte (PMMA-g-UM2 of PnBMA-g-UM2) was die twee komponente verenigbaar, aangesien net een Tg waargeneem is. In die geval van die kopolimere waar die hoeveelheid UM in die kopolimerisasiereaksies tot 55 gew% verhoog is, is twee glasoorgangstemperature vir PMMA of PnBMA, en UM2 waargeneem. Mikrofaseskeiding is met behulp van DSC, DMA en TEM bewys. Termiese stabiliteit en stoormodulus (styfheid) van alle gesintetiseerde PMMA-g uretaan en PnBMA-g-uretaan kopolimere het toegeneem namate die uretaankonsentrasie in die kopolimerisasiereaksie toegeneem het soos deur middel van TGA en DMA resultate bewys is. Die oppervlakte- en kleefeienskappe van die bereide entkopolimere is bestudeer deur die statiese-kontakhoek en skilkrag te meet. Adhesie het toegeneem namate die UMinhoud toegeneem het. Die entkopolimere berei met hoë PMMA en PnBMA inhoud het uiteindelik beter adhesie getoon as die suiwer metakrilaatpolimere. Die adhesie was beter vir beide leer en viniel.