The purpose of the present thesis is to apply philosophical methods to the ongoing debate of the precautionary principle, in order to illuminate this debate. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five papers. Paper I con-cerns an objection to the method of conceptual analysis, the Charge from Psychology. After a brief characterisation of conceptual analysis, I argue that the Charge from Psychology is misdirected. In Paper II, the method of conceptual analysis is applied to the concept of precaution which is ana-lysed in terms of precautionary actions. The purpose is explicatory. A definition involving three necessary and jointly sufficient conditions is proposed, and the implications of this analysis for the debate on the pre-cautionary principle are discussed. Paper III attempts to provide an ana-lytical apparatus which may be used for finding improved formulations of the precautionary principle. The approach is lexicographical. Several exist-ing and possible formulations of the precautionary principle are examined, and four common elements and a common structure of the precautionary principle are identified. It is suggested that the analytical apparatus pre-sented can be used in negotiations of the precautionary principle. Paper IV questions the soundness of some arguments against the precautionary prin-ciple. Five common arguments are discussed and rejected. In Paper V, two of these arguments are further discussed. I argue that an attempt at rejec-tion of the precautionary principle delivered by John Harris and Søren Holm is unwarranted, because their arguments against it are based on in-terpretations of the precautionary principle that ignore context. Paper VI deals with the idea of de minimis risk. After a discussion of the distinction between disregarding a risk and accepting it, I examine one way of deter-mining how small a risk ought to be in order to be disregarded, namely the use of natural risk levels as benchmarks. I argue that this approach fails, even if the distinction between what is natural and what is not natural can be upheld.

<p>The purpose of the present thesis is to apply philosophical methods to the ongoing debate of the precautionary principle, in order to illuminate this debate. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five papers. Paper I con-cerns an objection to the method of conceptual analysis, the Charge from Psychology. After a brief characterisation of conceptual analysis, I argue that the Charge from Psychology is misdirected. In Paper II, the method of conceptual analysis is applied to the concept of precaution which is ana-lysed in terms of precautionary actions. The purpose is explicatory. A definition involving three necessary and jointly sufficient conditions is proposed, and the implications of this analysis for the debate on the pre-cautionary principle are discussed. Paper III attempts to provide an ana-lytical apparatus which may be used for finding improved formulations of the precautionary principle. The approach is lexicographical. Several exist-ing and possible formulations of the precautionary principle are examined, and four common elements and a common structure of the precautionary principle are identified. It is suggested that the analytical apparatus pre-sented can be used in negotiations of the precautionary principle. Paper IV questions the soundness of some arguments against the precautionary prin-ciple. Five common arguments are discussed and rejected. In Paper V, two of these arguments are further discussed. I argue that an attempt at rejec-tion of the precautionary principle delivered by John Harris and Søren Holm is unwarranted, because their arguments against it are based on in-terpretations of the precautionary principle that ignore context. Paper VI deals with the idea of de minimis risk. After a discussion of the distinction between disregarding a risk and accepting it, I examine one way of deter-mining how small a risk ought to be in order to be disregarded, namely the use of natural risk levels as benchmarks. I argue that this approach fails, even if the distinction between what is natural and what is not natural can be upheld.</p>

This diploma thesis is focused on antierosion protection issues used on a general landscaping model project. The first part deals with the theory of erosion, especially the water erosion, antierosion precaution and landscaping. The second part deals with practical calculation of water erosion using the Wischmeier-Smith equation. In case of exceeding the maximum annual soil loss, proper antierosion precaution is proposed.

The graduation thesis analyzes water erosion issue, especially by calculating average earth annual loss using the Wischmeier Smith universal equation. Primary task was to assess and evaluate erosion phenomenon on the model basins' borderlines and review the hydrological and administrative teritorial units overlay from the perspective of rainfall runoff. Secondary task was to explore the possibility and suitability of increasing the rainfall erosion efficiency factor by doubling.

Proposed teaching materials suitable for the second level of elementary school are put forward in the diploma theses. The materials deal with the topic of health, illnesses, accidents and prevention in the teaching of natural science in line with the Framework Educational Programme for Elementary Education. The proposed teaching materials include teaching texts, didactic games, activation and motivation means which aim to strengthen pupils´ knowledge and skills in a fun way and make them feel responsible for their own health. The theoretical starting points of the diploma paper include an analysis of the Framework Educational Programme for Elementary Education and an analysis of the most widely used natural science textbooks.

Chicane is an up-to-date social problem which very often appears as a hidden phenomenon and it is difficult many times to be revealed and solved subsequently. This Diploma Work points out to the chicane problem area in broader context. The main goal of the Work is to compare the chicane occurrence at primary schools in the regional city and other local towns with population number up to one thousand five hundred inhabitants. A factual investigation focus is based on a long-term cooperation with the SOS Archa Centre which implements preventive programmes at primary schools in Plzeň and the Plzeň Region. Results of the investigation provide a statement of present status of the chicane problem area in the region and at the same time they discover the riskiest group of pupils who a successive intended focus of the preventive programmes shall be aimed at. Theoretical part of the Work defines the term ``chicane{\crqq}, it describes its evolutionary phases, its exposures, characteristics of aggressors and victims as well as possible chicane consequences. Further on, it outlines appropriate steps leading to chicane analysis and its precaution. From the sociology point of view, a quantitative research was carried out and a method of anonymous questionnaire was used for data collection. Any obtained data were processed in the way of secondary analysis. Pupils of the first and second stage of two primary schools in the regional city and two primary schools in local towns whose population number is below one thousand five hundred presented an essential file of the research. It resulted from the research there were more children involved in chicane in a smaller town than in bigger one. Herewith the original hypothesis was refuted. The research results showed subsequently that the riskiest group endangered by chicane were boys of the second stage of primary school in local towns. The research will be used by the SOS Archa Centre for targeted and natural integrating of the above preventive programmes of schools.

This study aimed to provide evidence on knowledge of attitudes toward standard precautions (SPs) and its practice of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in government and private hospitals in Botswana. It utilised descriptive cross-sectional methodology. A range of significant findings were revealed. Good practice of SPs was noted more amongst the HCWs in government than in private hospitals. Knowledge of SPs amongst HCWs in government hospital was significantly and positively correlated to good practice of SPs. Registered Nurses (RNs) had better knowledge of SPs than HealthcareAssistants (HCAs).There was no significant difference between RNs and HCAs practice of SPS and attitudes toward the same. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was noted between General Practitioners (GPs) and RNs. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was observed between GPs and HCAs. The study findings have implications for the application of SPs in practice / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-05-20T12:34:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Victor Cunha Barreto da Silva.pdf: 939873 bytes, checksum: 0560f6c0e388fe841eecb6e10bcdc4e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T12:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Victor Cunha Barreto da Silva.pdf: 939873 bytes, checksum: 0560f6c0e388fe841eecb6e10bcdc4e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The existence of a general theory of environmental law is still a relatively unexplored by Brazilian jurists. Although already discuss the existence of an environmental legal system, the characteristics of this system, individuals who compose it, its object and application methods are still little issues faced by the doctrine. The difficulty that the lawyer has to handle the concepts and institutions environmental law reflects the inadequacy of the practical tools , e.g. civil action , class action , injunction environmental impact study prior to impose appropriate parameters is an effective damage prevention ecological , either the repair or restoration of natural losses already studied. A hopelessness tools in environmental protection grows alarmingly, particularly among environmentalists, who no longer believe in the law as a means to contain the impulse developmental ravaging , pollutes and appropriate , in order to reduce the horizon of survival of future generations on the planet earth . In this backdrop, gutter noted that environmental law has very recent formation , precisely compared with study and improvement of the general theory of private law, whose ancient principles , concepts and institutes underwent thorough reflection, by notable jurists , leading the solid ideas about what they mean / represent to the right and to the dynamics of social relations . Therefore, it is more than necessary doctrinal effort on the general theory of law environment, in order to explain the existence of a Legal System Environmental studying their core ideas, such as " Polution", " Caution", " Criminal Liability of Corporations" , so that such logical categories are better fatically identified and legally interpreted, providing coherence to society , regarding the application of the environmental legal body . Face of this, the purpose of the study suggested herein is not to dwell on sectors or divisions that can be established within the environmental law, as the discipline of water, soil , flora or waste . Instead, look to characterize released figures equate problems , formulate solutions relating to the whole area of environmental law - will study a theme common to most of the standards of environmental law or general relations of use / exploitation of ecological assets . / A existência de uma teoria geral do direito ambiental ainda é um tema pouco explorado pelos juristas brasileiros. Embora já se discuta a existência de um sistema jurídico ambiental, as características desse sistema, os sujeitos que o compõem, seu objeto e métodos de aplicação ainda são questões pouco enfrentadas pela doutrina. A dificuldade que o jurista tem de manejar os conceitos e institutos direito ambiental reflete na insuficiência dos instrumentos práticos, e.g. ação civil pública, ação popular, mandado de segurança ambiental, estudo prévio de impacto, para impor, parâmetros adequados seja para uma efetiva prevenção de danos ecológicos, seja para promover a reparação ou restauração de prejuízos naturais já apurados.A desesperança nas ferramentas de proteção ambiental cresce de forma assustadora, especialmente entre os ambientalistas, que já não crêem no direito como meio de conter o impulso desenvolvimentista que devasta, polui e apropria, de forma a diminuir o horizonte de sobrevivência das futuras gerações sobre o planeta terra. Nesse pano de fundo, calha observar que o Direito Ambiental possui formação bastante recente, notadamente se comparado com estudo e aperfeiçoamento da teoria geral do direito privado, cujos milenares princípios, conceitos e institutos foram submetidos a minuciosa reflexão, por parte de notáveis jurisconsultos, conduzindo a idéias sólidas, sobre o que significam/representam para o direito e para a dinâmica das relações sociais. Portanto, é mais do que necessário esforço doutrinário sobre a teoria geral do direito do meio ambiente, a fim de explicar a existência de um Sistema Jurídico Ambiental, estudando as suas idéias nucleares, como ¿Poluição¿, ¿Precaução¿, ¿Responsabilidade Penal da Pessoa Jurídica¿, a fim de que tais categorias lógicas sejam melhor, faticamente identificadas e juridicamente interpretadas, oferecendo coerência para a sociedade, no tocante à aplicação do corpo jurídico ambiental. Deste modo, a finalidade do estudo ora sugerido não é se debruçar sobre setores ou divisões que se possam estabelecer dentro do direito ambiental, como a disciplina da água, do solo, da flora ou dos resíduos. Ao contrário, o olhar lançado pretende caracterizar figuras, equacionar problemas, sugerindo a formulação de elementos teóricos, que atravessem, transversalmente, todo o domínio do direito ambiental. Isto posto, será estudada uma temática comum à generalidade das normas de direito ambiental ou à generalidade das relações de uso/exploração de bens ecológicos.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-14T15:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziela de Oliveira Köhler_.pdf: 2077027 bytes, checksum: 81d12546ed957d999c8c08527ed40537 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T15:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graziela de Oliveira Köhler_.pdf: 2077027 bytes, checksum: 81d12546ed957d999c8c08527ed40537 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese versa sobre a responsabilidade civil das organizações produtoras de embalagens plásticas em contato com alimentos ante os riscos produzidos aos consumidores. Os produtos plásticos são fabricados a partir de materiais poliméricos, que, em alguns casos, necessitam passar por técnicas de adição de componentes químicos, a exemplo do Bisfenol A (BPA) e dos Ftalatos. Esses químicos são apontados como maléficos à saúde humana e animal; porém, estudos realizados são dotados de incertezas científicas quanto aos graus de nocividade. Os riscos lançados pelas organizações produtoras de embalagens plásticas geram inegáveis desafios ao instituto da responsabilidade civil que, amparado por uma estrutura fundada na certeza e no passado, não condiz com a complexidade da atualidade. O objetivo central da tese repousa na investigação das dificuldades e das alternativas estruturais da responsabilidade civil no enfrentamento desses riscos. O método-base utilizado para a pesquisa é o pragmático-sistêmico, tendo em vista que apresenta um instrumental que permite a observação da sociedade hipercomplexa e seus processos comunicacionais. O tema é demarcado no âmbito do Direito do consumidor, estendendo-se à lógica de proteção aos direitos difusos. A responsabilidade civil é direcionada a um procedimento evolutivo que se diferencia da tradicional função reparatória, assumindo, assim, um papel de gestora dos riscos e de construtora do futuro. O resultado da pesquisa contempla uma articulação de mecanismos dogmáticos para a assimilação dos riscos das embalagens plásticas, que envolve a adoção da responsabilidade prospectiva instrumentalizada a partir da precaução de danos, a possibilidade de aplicar a responsabilidade sem danos na linha das tutelas inibitórias e, ainda, responsabilizar a omissão da informação acerca das incertezas científicas. A partir desses mecanismos, a pesquisa é direcionada a formatos operativos que atuam no alcance da imputação da cadeia produtiva das embalagens plásticas, como também em complementos argumentativos para o processo decisional nas respectivas ações judiciais. / This thesis concerns the civil liability of food plastic packaging producers for potential health risks associated with plastic materials. Plastics products are made from polymeric materials, and in some cases, they need to go through processes in order to add chemicals, such as Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Phthalates. These chemicals are seen as harmful to human and animal health; however, there is scientific uncertainty as to the degree of such harmfulness. Safety risks associated with plastic packaging materials generate undeniable challenges to the civil liability Institute, as its outdated structure does not reflect the complexity that exists nowadays. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the problems and determine structural alternatives to address such risks. The method used in the research was the pragmatic-systemic one, given that it presents an instrument, which allows the observation of the hypercomplex society and its communication processes. The theme is presented under the scope of the consumer protection law, extending to consumers’ diffuse rights. Civil liability is directed to an evolutionary procedure that differs from the traditional reparatory function, thus assuming a role as a manager of the risks and a builder of the future. The results include an articulation of dogmatic mechanisms to assimilate the risks of using plastic packaging materials, which involve the adoption of a prospective responsibility through damage precaution, the possibility of imposing liability without damage, such as prohibitory injunctions, and yet, be charged for the omission of information on scientific uncertainty. Through these mechanisms, the research focuses on formats that can reach the plastic packaging production chain, and, also on argumentative supplements that can be used in the decision-making process of lawsuits.

Die vorliegende Habilitation beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten des Hochwasserrisikos in Deutschland. In zwölf Artikeln werden neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über Hochwassergefahren, über Faktoren, die Hochwasserschäden beeinflussen, sowie über effektive private Vorsorgemaßnahmen präsentiert. So wird die jahreszeitliche Verteilung von Hochwasser in ganz Deutschland gezeigt. Weiterhin werden mögliche Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Abflussverhältnisse und Häufigkeiten von Hochwasserereignissen am Beispiel des Rhein-Einzugsgebietes abgeschätzt. Ferner wird am Niederrhein simuliert, welche Auswirkungen Deichbrüche haben können. Hochwasserschäden stehen im zweiten Teil der Arbeit im Fokus: Nach dem August-Hochwasser 2002 wurden ca. 1700 Privathaushalte telefonisch befragt. Damit konnten die Einflüsse verschiedener Faktoren, wie der Überflutungsdauer oder der Verunreinigung des Hochwassers mit Öl, auf die Höhe von finanziellen Schäden quantifiziert werden. Daraus ist zum einen ein neues Modell entstanden, mit dem Hochwasserschäden großräumig berechnet werden können. Zum anderen konnten Hinweise für die Verbesserung der privaten Vorsorge abgeleitet werden. Beispielsweise zeigte sich, dass versicherte Haushalte schneller und besser entschädigt werden als Nicht-Versicherte. Ebenfalls wurde deutlich, dass verschiedene Bevölkerungsgruppen, wie Mieter und Hauseigentümer, unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten haben, Vorsorge zu betreiben. Dies ist zukünftig in der Risikokommunikation zu berücksichtigen. In den Jahren 2005 und 2006 waren Elbe und Donau wiederum von Hochwasser betroffen. Eine erneute Befragung von Privathaushalten und Behörden ermöglichte, die Verbesserung des Hochwasserrisikomanagement und der Vorsorge am Beispiel der Stadt Dresden zu untersuchen. Viele Methoden und Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit sind in der wasserwirtschaftlichen Praxis anwendbar und tragen somit zur Verbesserung der Hochwasserrisikoanalyse und des Risikomanagements in Deutschland bei. / This thesis deals with different aspects of flood risk in Germany. In twelve papers new scientific findings about flood hazards, factors that influence flood losses as well as effective private precautionary measures are presented. The seasonal distribution of flooding is shown for the whole of Germany. Furthermore, possible impacts of climate change on discharge and flood frequencies are estimated for the catchment of the river Rhine. Moreover, it is simulated at reaches of the Lower Rhine, which effects may result from levee breaches. Flood losses are the focus of the second part of the thesis: After the flood in August 2002 approximately 1700 households were interviewed by telephone. By this, it was possible to quantify the influence of different factors such as flood duration or the contamination of the flood water with oil on the extent of financial flood damage. On this basis, a new model was derived, by which flood losses can be calculated on a large scale. On the other hand, it was possible to derive recommendations for the improvement of private precaution. For example, the analysis revealed that insured households were compensated more quickly and to a better degree than uninsured. It became also clear that different groups like tenants and homeowners have different capabilities of performing precaution. This is to be considered in future risk communication. In 2005 and 2006, the rivers Elbe and Danube were again affected by flooding. A renewed pool among households and public authorities enabled us to investigate the improvement of flood risk management and the precaution in the City of Dresden. Several methods and finding of this thesis are applicable for water resources management issues and contribute to an improvement of flood risk analysis and management in Germany.