Infraestructura Vial; Gasto Público; Eficiencia Técnica; Análisis de Eficiencia; SFA. Road Infrastructure; Public spending; Technical Efficiency; Efficiency Analysis; SFA / La literatura menciona que la brecha en infraestructura vial puede representar una limitante al crecimiento económico, en especial, a nivel regional. El presente documento se centra en el análisis de la eficiencia técnica de la infraestructura vial en las regiones de Perú, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2007 y 2018. La metodología se compone por dos etapas. La primera tiene por objetivo determinar un índice que recoja la eficiencia del gasto público en infraestructura vial, sobre la base del análisis de eficiencia estocástica. Mediante el cual se encuentra que, un mayor gasto a nivel regional no necesariamente se refleja en una mejora en la infraestructura vial. Así, existen regiones con un menor monto destinado al gasto en carreteras, pero que cuentan con un mejor desempeño en la ejecución. En la segunda etapa, se busca asociar este indicador de eficiencia con el crecimiento de las actividades económicas a nivel regional, mediante la aplicación de Método Generalizado de Momentos. Los resultados muestran que el índice de eficiencia explica en gran parte el crecimiento de las actividades económicas. / The literature shows that the gap in road infrastructure can represent a limitation to economic growth, especially at the regional level. This article analyzes the technical efficiency of the road infrastructure in the 24 regions of Peru for the period between 2007-2018. The methodology consists of two stages. The first one aims to determine an index that collects the efficiency of public spending on road infrastructure, based on the Stochastic Efficiency Analysis. For the construction of the efficiency index, the following are identified as outputs: (i) Total National Length, (ii) Total Departmental Length and (iii) Total District Length. The main input used was spending on regional road infrastructure. The results suggest that higher spending at the regional level does not imply an improvement of the roads. There are regions with a lower amount earmarked for public spending on road infrastructure, but that have a better performance in execution. In the second stage, we seek to associate this efficiency indicator with the growth of economic activities at the regional level, through the application of Generalized Least Squares. The dependent variable was the domestic product and the explanatory variables are made up of variables such as the efficiency index, electricity consumption, hectares worked, educated EAP, mobile service lines, among others. The results confirm that the efficiency index largely explains the growth of economic activities. / Trabajo de investigación

Distintos autores enfatizan la importancia de la eficiencia pues representa una condición para que el gasto gubernamental en educación cause el crecimiento. Por ello, la presente tesis proporciona un análisis de la eficiencia de los recursos públicos destinados a la educación estatal secundaria y calcula su efecto sobre el crecimiento económico de largo plazo a través de los modelos de Frontera Estocástica y Vector de Corrección de Errores. Se encontraron relaciones causales estadísticamente significativas entre el gasto público eficiente en educación y crecimiento económico en el corto y largo plazo para Perú, Chile y Colombia. Finalmente, el estudio recomienda al Estado peruano facilitar el acceso a escuelas públicas para aumentar la tasa de matriculados y, con ello, mejorar la eficiencia del gasto público en educación e impactar en mayor magnitud al crecimiento económico. / Different authors emphasize the importance of efficiency as it represents a condition for government spending on education to cause growth. For this reason, this thesis provides an analysis of the efficiency of public resources allocated to secondary state education and calculates its effect on long-term economic growth through the Stochastic Frontier and Error Correction Vector models. Statistically significant causal relationships were found between efficient public spending on education and economic growth in the short and long term for Peru, Chile and Colombia. Finally, the study recommends that the Peruvian State facilitate access to public schools to increase the enrollment rate and, thereby, improve the efficiency of public spending on education and have a greater impact on economic growth. / Trabajo de investigación

Submitted by Antonio Donato Netto (netto@nettodonato.com.br) on 2018-01-10T23:02:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGPP - Cruzeiro - Antonio Donato Netto - Marcelo Felicio Lo Monaco.pdf: 3785498 bytes, checksum: cd5a79056628443170203df13837f2fa (MD5) / Rejected by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br), reason: Boa noite Antonio, Alguns itens devem ser ajustado de acordo com as normas: 1. O nome Getulio é sem acento. 2. As palavras-chave devem ser separadas por ponto e virgula. 3. O titulo "sumário" deve estar com a fonte na mesma cor do texto (preto). Att, Mayara 11-3799-3438 on 2018-01-10T23:13:15Z (GMT) / Submitted by Antonio Donato Netto (netto@nettodonato.com.br) on 2018-01-10T23:22:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGPP - Cruzeiro - Antonio Donato Netto - Marcelo Felicio Lo Monaco.pdf: 3330205 bytes, checksum: 78e4d93bbf35292f8b3263081a5c09df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-10T23:24:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGPP - Cruzeiro - Antonio Donato Netto - Marcelo Felicio Lo Monaco.pdf: 3330205 bytes, checksum: 78e4d93bbf35292f8b3263081a5c09df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-11T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPGPP - Cruzeiro - Antonio Donato Netto - Marcelo Felicio Lo Monaco.pdf: 3330205 bytes, checksum: 78e4d93bbf35292f8b3263081a5c09df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Trata-se de um estudo de caso do Município de Cruzeiro para avaliação de suas condições financeiras e o seu reequilíbrio. O presente trabalho teve como escopo a análise dos balanços, balancetes e outros dados financeiros e administrativos da cidade de Cruzeiro e sua consequente comparação com municípios semelhantes em números de habitantes, todos do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, das informações prestadas pela Municipalidade e da realização de entrevistas pessoais com o Prefeito Municipal e também com profissionais das Secretarias de Finanças, Administração, Planejamento Urbano e Desenvolvimento Sustentável e Turismo (entrevistas em profundidade e grupos focais), foi possível verificar pontos relevantes da situação financeira do Município e, em paralelo, alinhar com os princípios da administração pública gerencial e sua aplicação na eficiência dos gastos públicos, e propor ações para o reequilíbrio das finanças municipais e aperfeiçoamento do modelo de gestão adotado. Elaborou-se o diagnóstico, no qual se indicou os principais problemas experimentados pelo Executivo. Por fim, apresentaram-se recomendações para a resolução do desequilíbrio financeiro diagnosticado. / It is a case study about the Municipality of Cruzeiro, with the purpose to evaluate its financial conditions and its rebalancing. The present study had as scope the analysis of balance sheets, trial balance sheets and other financial and administrative data of the city of Cruzeiro and its consequent comparison with similar municipalities in numbers of inhabitants, all of the State of São Paulo. Through bibliographic research, information provided by the Municipality and personal interviews with the Municipal Mayor and also with professionals from the Finance, Administration, Urban Planning and Sustainable Development and Tourism Departments (in-depth interviews and focus groups), it was possible to verify relevant points of the financial situation of the Municipality and, in parallel, to align with the principles of the public management and its application in the efficiency of public expenses, and propose actions for the rebalancing of municipal finances and improvement of the management model adopted. The diagnosis was elaborated, in which it was indicated the main problems experienced by the Executive. Finally, recommendations were presented for the resolution of the financial imbalance diagnosed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCDTS_DISSERT.pdf: 2389245 bytes, checksum: 8dd5cb96307ea8277eb987de871f5bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / Brazilian law passes through a crisis of effectiveness commonly attributed to the extravagance of fundamental rights and public shortage. However, public finances are not dogmatically structured to solve the conflicts around the limitations of public spending. There are ethical conditioning factors, like morality, proportionality and impartiality, however, these principles act separately, while the problem of public shortage is holistic. Also, the subjectivity of politics discretionary in the definition of public spending, which is supported in an indeterminate concept of public interest, needs material orientation about the destination of public funds, making it vulnerable to ideological manipulation, resulting in real process of catching rights. Not even the judicial activism (such as influx of constitutionalism) is shown legally appropriate. The Reserve of Possible, also presents basic ethical failure. Understanding the formation of public shortage is therefore essential for understanding the crisis of effectiveness of state responsibilities, given the significant expansion of the state duty of protection, which does not find legal technique of defense of the established interests. The premise of argument, then, part of the possibility of deducting minimal model ethical of desire to spend (public interest) according to objective parameters of the normative system. Public spending has always been treated disdainfully by the Brazilian doctrine, according to the legal character accessory assigned to the monetary cost. Nonetheless, it is the meeting point between economics and law, or is in the marrow of the problem of public shortage. Expensive Subjects to modernity, as the effectiveness of fundamental rights, pass necessarily an ethical legal system of public spending. From the ethical principles deducted from the planning, only the democratic principle guides the public spending through the approval of public spending in the complex budget process. In other words, there is an ethical distancing of economic reality in relation to state responsibilities. From the dogmatic belief of insufficiency, public spending is evaluated ethically, according to the foundations of modern constitutionalism, in search of possible of the financial reserve, certain that the ethics of public economy is a sine qua non condition for legal ethics. / O direito brasileiro passa por uma crise de efetividade comumente atribu?da ? extravag?ncia de direitos fundamentais e ? escassez p?blica. Mas as finan?as p?blicas n?o est?o dogmaticamente estruturadas para solucionar os conflitos em torno das limita??es do disp?ndio p?blico. H? condicionamentos ?ticos, como a moralidade, a proporcionalidade e a impessoalidade, contudo esses princ?pios atuam isoladamente enquanto o problema da escassez p?blica ? hol?stico. Al?m disso, o subjetivismo da discricionariedade pol?tica na defini??o do gasto p?blico, amparado que ? no indeterminado conceito de interesse p?blico, carece de orienta??o material quanto ? destina??o da verba p?blica, tornando-o vulner?vel a manipula??es ideol?gicas, do que resulta um verdadeiro processo de captura de direitos. Nem mesmo o ativismo judicial (como influxo do constitucionalismo) se mostra juridicamente adequado. A Reserva do Poss?vel, igualmente, apresenta falha ?tica elementar. Entender a forma??o da escassez p?blica ?, portanto, primordial para a compreens?o da crise de efetividade dos deveres estatais, haja vista a crescente expans?o do dever estatal de tutela, o qual n?o encontra t?cnica jur?dica de defesa dos interesses consagrados. A premissa argumentativa, ent?o, parte da possibilidade de dedu??o de modelo m?nimo ?tico da vontade de despender (interesse p?blico) segundo par?metros objetivos do sistema normativo. A despesa p?blica sempre foi tratada com desd?m pela doutrina brasileira em fun??o do car?ter legal acess?rio atribu?do ao custo monet?rio. Nada obstante, ? o ponto de encontro entre Economia e Direito, ou seja, est? na medula do problema da escassez p?blica. Assuntos caros ? modernidade, como a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais, passam necessariamente por um sistema ?tico-jur?dico do disp?ndio p?blico. Dos princ?pios ?ticos deduzidos do ordenamento, apenas o princ?pio democr?tico orienta o disp?ndio p?blico, atrav?s da aprova??o da despesa p?blica em complexo processo or?ament?rio. Ou seja, h? um distanciamento ?tico da realidade econ?mica em rela??o aos deveres estatais. A partir da cren?a de insufici?ncia dogm?tica, a despesa p?blica ? sabatinada eticamente, segundo os fundamentos do Constitucionalismo Moderno, em busca do poss?vel da reserva financeira, certo de que a ?tica da economia p?blica ? condi??o sine qua non para a ?tica jur?dica

The thesis is focused on finding administrative costs of the selected public spending program - the Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness. The work presents the theory of public expenditure, public spending projects and administrative costs to the extent required. There is also described the Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness itself. The core is in the analysis of administrative costs for the three types of projects, the administrative burden is watched in the selected projects at various levels of implementation structure. The values observed are compared, evaluated and commented. The problematic areas are formulated pursuant to the observed data. To determine the necessary data has been used a questionnaire survey.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans le domaine des finances publiques et des choix publics et s’articule autour des questions de polarisation idéologique, décentralisation et conflit. Elle est composée de trois chapitres qui peuvent être lus de façon indépendante. Dans le premier chapitre l’accent est mis sur l’importance de la polarisation idéologique entre mais aussi à l’intérieur des partis politiques sur le niveau et la composition des dépenses publiques cantonales. L’analyse est menée au niveau des parlements cantonaux suisses et repose sur l’exploitation et le traitement économétrique d’une base de données très riche.Nous avons fait deux contributions à la littérature sur l’impact de fragmentation politique sur les dépenses publiques.Premièrement, nous avons montré que la dispersion idéologique à l’intérieur des partis politiques est associée à des dépenses publiques plus élevées alors que la dispersion entre partis est associée avec moins de dépenses publiques. Cette constatation implique que le mode d’organisation et la discipline au sein des partis politiques ont de l’importance. Ce résultat est particulièrement intéressant car la littérature précédente a fait abstraction de la dispersion idéologique au sein des partis. Ensuite, nous avons montré que la dispersion idéologique est principalement pertinente pour les dépenses de fonctionnement. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse au conflit d’objectifs qui peut exister entre agents économiques dans le cadre d’un jeu en deux étapes avec paiements asymétriques. La littérature a montré que les défaillances de coordination sont fréquentes dans les jeux en une étape et que la communication peut aider les individus à se coordonner par l’emploi de stratégies de take turn pour réduire l’inégalité des gains à long terme. Notre contribution a été d’étudier si la communication a la même capacité dans un jeu en deux étapes où l’équilibre parfait en sous-jeux exige que les deux joueurs fassent des choix opposés aux deux étapes du jeu et acceptent des gains inégaux. Nos résultats montrent que les défaillances de coordination se produisent la moitié du temps et que 18% des paires utilisent la stratégie de take turn. La communication augmente considérablement la coordination sur l’équilibre parfait en sous-jeux car elle augmente la capacité des sujets à amorcer une stratégie de take turn et à la maintenir. Elle leur permet d’établir une stratégie de long terme qui accroît l’efficacité tout en diminuant les écarts de paiements, induits par les gains asymétriques, en échangeant leurs positions relatives d’une manière équitable. Nos résultats montrent que la communication peut résoudre les conflits de coordination, même dans des situations plus complexes que dans les jeux en une étape généralement étudiés jusqu’à présent. Le dernier chapitre s’intéresse à un type de conflit particulier : la sécession politique. Plus précisément il traite du lien entre sécession, décentralisation et identité de groupe. Nous essayons de déterminer, au moyen d’une expérience de laboratoire, si décentraliser l’offre de biens publics permet de réduire la probabilité de faire sécession. Nous mettons en exergue l’importance de l’identité au niveau local. Le protocole expérimental ne permet évidemment pas de reproduire l’ensemble des arbitrages auxquels les mouvements séparatistes font face dans le monde réel. Il permet, néanmoins, de capturer deux forces essentielles: la proximité avec le bien public qui réduit les phénomènes de passagers clandestins et rapproche le bien public des préférences du citoyens et l’importance des identités locales. Nos résultats indiquent que la décentralisation augmente les contributions aux biens locaux et diminue la probabilité de sécession aussi lorsque l’identité locale est rendue saillante. En fait, une forte identité locale augmente la probabilité de sécession seulement lorsque les membres des groupes locaux sont des coopérateurs et qu’ils contribuent aux bien publics locaux. / This PhD thesis falls within the fields of public finance and public choice. It studies the following issues: ideological polarization, decentralization and conflict. It consists of three chapters can be read independently. In the first chapter the focus is on the importance of ideological polarization between but also within political parties on the level and composition of cantonal public spending. The analysis is on Swiss cantonal parliaments and is based on the use and econometric treatment of a very rich database. We made two contributions to the literature on the impact of political fragmentation on public spending. First, we showed that ideological dispersion within political parties is associated with higher public spending while the dispersion between political parties is associated with less public spending. This finding implies that the mode of organization and discipline within political parties are both important. This result is particularly interesting given that previous literature has completely abstracted from ideological dispersion within political parties. Lastly, we showed that ideological dispersion between and within political parties is mainly relevant for current expenditures. The second chapter focuses on the conflict of objectives that may exist between economic agents in a two-stage game with asymmetric payoffs. The literature showed that coordination failures are frequent in one-stage games and that communication can help individuals coordinate with the use of take turn strategies that allow for a reduction in the payoffs’ inequality in the long run. Our contribution was to study whether communication has the same capacity in a two-stage game where the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium requires both players to make opposite choices at both stages of the game and accept unequal payoffs. Our results show that coordination failures occur half of the time and that 18% of the pairs use the take turn strategy. Communication significantly increases coordination on the subgame perfect Nash equi librium because it increases the ability of subjects to initiate a take turn strategy and to maintain it. Thus, communication allows subjects to establish a long-term strategy that increases efficiency and reduces payments differences, induced by the asymmetry in payoffs, by exchanging their relative positions in a fair way. Our results show that communication can solve coordination conflicts, even in more complex situations than in one-stage games usually studied until now. The last chapter focuses on a particular type of conflict: political secessions. Specifically, it addresses the link between secessions, decentralization and group identity. We aim at determining, by means of a laboratory experiment, if decentralizing the provision of public goods reduces the likelihood of secession. We emphasize the importance of local identity. Our experimental design, obviously, do not reproduce all the trade-offs that separatist movements face in the real world. It allows, however, capturing at least two key forces that drive these movements: the proximity to public goods that reduces the phenomena of free-riding and brings public goods closer to citizens’ preferences and the importance of local identities. Our results indicate that the Decentralization treatment increases contributions to local public goods and decreases the likelihood of secessions also when identity is made more salient. If fact, reinforcing local group identity increases the likelihood of secession only when local group members are cooperators.