隨著電腦化的普及，各政府機關因業務處理產生大量電子文件，電子文件管理及鑑定已成為檔案管理重要工作內容。 　　本研究主要目的為探討英國、美國、澳洲、加拿大四國對於電子文件管理及鑑定政策實施情況之了解，並針對國內八所政府機關電子文件管理及鑑定情況做調查分析，希望透過歐美國家電子文件管理及鑑定研究的經驗及現行作法，比對目前國內作法，希望提供國內電子文件管理及鑑定工作之參考。 本研究探討歐美四國電子文件現行鑑定作法，除了包含發展出新式的技術鑑定做法，同時也兼顧了傳統紙本式鑑定哲學。在國內部份發現受訪的政府單位對於電子文件管理及鑑定上除了較欠缺完善的電子文件管理流程外，對於電子文件保存系統及電子文件鑑定作法，仍在發展及成形之階段。 研究最後提出五點建議，期許國內電子文件管理及鑑定工作能更斟完善。

Problem statement: As a result of the aging population, the number of people living with chronic disease has increased to almost 50% (CDC, 2004). Two of the main goals in treating patients with chronic diseases are to provide seamless care from setting to setting and prevent disability in the older adult. Many have proposed the use of electronic personal health record systems (PHRs) in the self-management process, but adoption remains low. The purpose of this research was to validate and test an explanatory model of the barriers and facilitators to older adults' adoption of personal health records for self-managing chronic illnesses. The long range goal of the research is to use the explanatory model to develop interventions that will maximize the facilitators and minimize the barriers to adoption. Methods: A preliminary attempt to capture the essential barriers and facilitators that predict adoption of PHRs among older adults with chronic illness was synthesized from the literature. In Phase One of the study, the model was integrated from existing literature and validated using a Delphi method. In Phase Two of the study, the model was pilot tested and refined for future investigations. Findings: The results of this study validated the Personal Health Records Adoption Model (PHRAM) and a preliminary instrument that measured barriers and facilitators to the adoption of PHRs in older adults who are self managing chronic illness. Additional findings indicate that while seniors are seeking options to manage their health and have expressed an interest in using Internet-based PHRs, they may require assistance to gain access to PHRs. Implications: The potential for PHRs to increase patient autonomy and reduce for disability and the resulting negative health consequences needs further investigation as we move into the next era of healthcare delivery. The results of this study provided the foundation for continued theoretically-based research in this area.

The marketing and distribution of pre-recorded music for sale and public consumption is a cultural development as profound as any in the twentieth-century musical world. It is especially relevant to late-1950s American rock and roll, in terms of the music's capture in the rapidly-evolving environment of the recording studio, its release into the marketplace via independent record labels, and its enthusiastic embrace by the burgeoning youth culture of the era. Within this multi-dimensional context, Zoom Records, a tiny, independent record label, was born in Tucson, Arizona. A unique convergence of technological, artistic, and commercial developments and historical events gives special import to the Zoom Records story, as a lesson in entrepreneurship, artistic expression and personal transformation.

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Water management that alters riverine ecosystem processes has strongly influenced deltas and the people who depend on them, but a full accounting of the trade-offs is still emerging. Using palaeoecological data, we document a surprising biogeochemical consequence of water management in the Colorado River basin. Complete allocation and consumptive use of the river's flow has altered the downstream estuarine ecosystem, including the abundance and composition of the mollusc community, an important component in estuarine carbon cycling. In particular, population declines in the endemic Colorado delta clam, Mulinia coloradoensis, from 50-125 individuals m(-2) in the pre-dam era to three individualsm-2 today, have likely resulted in a reduction, on the order of 5900-15 000 tCyr(-1) (4.1-10.6 mol Cm-2 yr(-1)), in the net carbon emissions associated with molluscs. Although this reduction is large within the estuarine system, it is small in comparison with annual global carbon emissions. Nonetheless, this finding highlights the need for further research into the effects of dams, diversions and reservoirs on the biogeochemistry of deltas and estuaries worldwide, underscoring a present need for integrated water and carbon planning.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / Popular software for high assurance systems is not readily available. Developers do not want to develop or port applications for secure systems because of the perception that high assurance development is too time consuming, in some cases impossible, and that performance is inadequate. This trend must be stopped by showing that if an intelligent approach to porting software is used, then the development costs will be acceptable. The network file system (NFS) service, which is a rather complex module that provides widely used functionality for file sharing, has been ported to the XTS-400 to show that a port can be completed in a timely manner and to assess the challenges of development for a multilevel system. Porting starts by analyzing the major requirements of the software and of the target system, and then proceeds to developing an approach for tackling the port. The hardest part of porting is the learning curve required to understand the target system and the software to be ported. Once this is accomplished, then porting becomes straightforward. Tests demonstrated that remote clients were able to access shared files on the NFS server. The XTS-400 now has the capability to share files through the popular NFS protocol. / Civilian, Naval Postgraduate School

I och med att det finns en möjlighet till otillåten gallring, och därmed risk för allmänhetens bristande insyn i svenska statliga myndigheters verksamhet, var syftet med denna uppsats att se i vilken utsträckning en handläggare har praktisk makt över bevarande och gallring hos svenska statliga myndigheter. Vidare var uppsatsens syfte att redovisa vilka faktorer i myndigheternas egen verksamhet som bidrog till utfallet av hur handläggare hanterade bevarande och gallring.   Som metod har intervjuer gjorts med arkivarier och handläggare på två olika svenska statliga myndigheter för att se om myndigheternas verksamheter påverkade hur handläggare valde att bevara eller gallra handlingar som de hanterade. I undersökningen deltog en mindre myndighet och en större myndighet med syftet att undersöka om olika verksamheter kunde påverka vem som hade den praktiska makten över bevarande och gallring hos myndigheterna.   Som teorimodell användes verksamhetsteorin och verksamhetssystemet för att systematisera och redovisa resultaten av undersökningarna. Ännu en teorimodell som lyftes fram i uppsatsen var Records Continuum Model som visade på informationens olika dimensioner och vikten av att fånga och organisera handlingar så att det finns en möjlighet att tillgängliggöra dem.   De två fallstudierna visade att det förekom att handlingar inte hanterades efter de regler och rutiner som tagits fram för den ena av myndigheterna. Resultatet visade också att hur verksamheten såg ut hos myndigheten starkt påverkade den praktiska makten som handläggare gavs för att ta ställning till bevarande och gallring av vissa handlingar. Resultatet visade att för en myndighet med många anställda och större informationsflöden har arkivarien svårt att nå ut med information och rutiner på ett bra sätt och handläggare hade mindre tid till att värdera informationen. / There is a suspicion of increased destruction of documents when the Administrative Officer manages the records appraisal in Swedish government authorities, which can lead to a problem regarding the transparency and public access to information. The aim of this thesis was to contribute with knowledge about in which extent an Administrative Officer has the power over practical records appraisal in Swedish government authorities and to find out if the practical power depended on activities within the agencies.   Interviews with Archivists and Administrative Officers at two different Swedish government authorities were conducted in order to see if the activities within the authorities affected how Administrative Officers handled the records appraisal. The study involved a small and a large authority to examine whether different activities could affect the practical power over records appraisal.   The activity theory was used to introduce, present and analyze the survey results. Records Continuum Model is another theory model that was highlighted in the thesis to show the importance of planning the records management even before a record is created.   The result of the case studies showed that there were records not handled according to the rules and policies for one of the studied authorities. It was revealed that Administrative Officers had some practical power over appraisal. The result also showed that the activities within the authorities strongly affected the practical power which Administrative Officers was given. It was shown that, in an authority with a large number of employees and greater flow of information, the Archivist did not reach out with information and routines to the employees. Administrative Officers also had less time to evaluate information when the number of e-mail was a problem.

The theme of this dissertation focuses on methods for estimating personalized treatment using machine learning algorithms leveraging information from electronic health records (EHRs). Current guidelines for medical decision making largely rely on data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying average treatment effects. However, RCTs are usually conducted under specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, they may be inadequate to make individualized treatment decisions in real-world settings. Large-scale EHR provides opportunities to fulfill the goals of personalized medicine and learn individualized treatment rules (ITRs) depending on patient-specific characteristics from real-world patient data. On the other hand, since patients' electronic health records (EHRs) document treatment prescriptions in the real world, transferring information in EHRs to RCTs, if done appropriately, could potentially improve the performance of ITRs, in terms of precision and generalizability. Furthermore, EHR data domain usually consists text notes or similar structures, thus topic modeling techniques can be adapted to engineer features. In the first part of this work, we address challenges with EHRs and propose a machine learning approach based on matching techniques (referred as M-learning) to estimate optimal ITRs from EHRs. This new learning method performs matching method instead of inverse probability weighting as commonly used in many existing methods for estimating ITRs to more accurately assess individuals' treatment responses to alternative treatments and alleviate confounding. Matching-based value functions are proposed to compare matched pairs under a unified framework, where various types of outcomes for measuring treatment response (including continuous, ordinal, and discrete outcomes) can easily be accommodated. We establish the Fisher consistency and convergence rate of M-learning. Through extensive simulation studies, we show that M-learning outperforms existing methods when propensity scores are misspecified or when unmeasured confounders are present in certain scenarios. In the end of this part, we apply M-learning to estimate optimal personalized second-line treatments for type 2 diabetes patients to achieve better glycemic control or reduce major complications using EHRs from New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH). In the second part, we propose a new domain adaptation method to learn ITRs in by incorporating information from EHRs. Unless assuming no unmeasured confounding in EHRs, we cannot directly learn the optimal ITR from the combined EHR and RCT data. Instead, we first pre-train “super" features from EHRs that summarize physicians' treatment decisions and patients' observed benefits in the real world, which are likely to be informative of the optimal ITRs. We then augment the feature space of the RCT and learn the optimal ITRs stratifying by these features using RCT patients only. We adopt Q-learning and a modified matched-learning algorithm for estimation. We present theoretical justifications and conduct simulation studies to demonstrate the performance of our proposed method. Finally, we apply our method to transfer information learned from EHRs of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients to improve learning individualized insulin therapies from an RCT. In the last part of this work, we report M-learning proposed in the first part to learn ITRs using interpretable features extracted from EHR documentation of medications and ICD diagnoses codes. We use a latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model to extract latent topics and weights as features for learning ITRs. Our method achieves confounding reduction in observational studies through matching treated and untreated individuals and improves treatment optimization by augmenting feature space with clinically meaningful LDA-based features. We apply the method to extract LDA-based features in EHR data collected at NYPH clinical data warehouse in studying optimal second-line treatment for T2D patients. We use cross validation to show that ITRs outperforms uniform treatment strategies (i.e., assigning insulin or another class of oral organic compounds to all individuals), and including topic modeling features leads to more reduction of post-treatment complications.

1 Receipt lottery Abstrakt The thesis deals with the receipt lottery, which the Ministry of Finance has introduced as a tool to make customers more motivated to accept receipts, thereby making tax collection more efficient. Even though the receipt lottery has been in place for only half a year to the date of writing this thesis, the thesis analyses and evaluates the above ideas of the Ministry of Finance. The diploma thesis examines the hypothesis whether the receipt lottery leads to better and more efficient tax collection. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the Constitutional Court judgment related to the electronic records of sales. It focuses mainly on the reasoning of the judgment in the parts which influence the receipt lottery. The second part of the thesis is the most analytical. First, it examines whether the receipt lottery is a gambling game and on what principle it works. Next chapters in this part of the thesis describe a condition for participation in the receipt lottery. This part does not only compare the cost of the receipt lottery and the state's contribution, but it also compares the customers' participation in the receipt lottery itself and the benefits from participating. In order to determine the popularity of the receipt lottery, a survey is used, the...

Busca apresentar a problemática da preservação de documentos arquivísticos digitais frente às teorias e práticas arquivísticas e às tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TICs), com o intuito de identificar as variáveis que impactam diretamente as políticas de preservação dos documentos arquivísticos digitais. Busca ainda apoiar as bases conceituais da preservação digital no Brasil e instrumentalizar as instituições com vistas à implementação da preservação digital de seus documentos arquivísticos. Trabalha com a hipótese de que a gestão e a preservação inadequada dos documentos arquivísticas digitais - via de regra sob responsabilidade de administradores e profissionais das TICs sem interface com os arquivistas - coloca em risco o documento arquivístico digital e, consequentemente, a memória social de parte da história da humanidade. Propõe um modelo conceitual de gestão da preservação de documentos arquivísticos digitais aplicável a qualquer instituição, independentemente de seu porte, e o discute em relação às propostas desenvolvidas pelo projeto InterPARES. A análise do modelo conceitual permite identificar outros elementos em busca do aperfeiçoamento da gestão da preservação de documentos arquivísticos digitais. / Aims to present the problem concerning the digital records preservation facing theories and archivists practices and the information and communications technology (ICTs), looking to identify the variables that impact the digital records preservation policies. Aims to support the digital preservation conceptual bases in Brazil and equip institutions regarding an implementation in the digital preservation of their records. The essay is based upon the hypothesis that the improper preservation and management of digital records - mainly under the responsibility of administrators and ICTs professionals without interface with the archivists - risks the digital records and, consequently, the social memoir of a fraction of mankind\'s history. This work suggests a conceptual model in the preserve of digital records applicable to any institution, regardless of its size, discussing it on the proposals developed by the InterPARES project. The analysis of the conceptual model allows identifying other elements in searching of the improvement in the management of digital records preservation.