Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Tatianne Carrera Azundy.pdf: 2893511 bytes, checksum: b6d13ec4ff4ea1c5f75946396220e77e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Having as its main purpose to carry out an in depth discussion about the use of games as teaching-learning tools in the EFL classroom, this research is oriented by two mains goals: investigate the development of language games and the role played by them in construction of the oral skill in three different learning stages of the foreign language. promote teacher reflection about the role played by games in their practices in the EFL classroom. The set of data for this research was collected in a language school in a city in the state of São Paulo. Two teachers, about twenty eight students and the researcher took part in the data collection. The corpus for analysis consists of seven videotaped games, written questionnaires answered by students after the videotaping of each game and four dialogical reflective sessions recorded in audio from which the two teachers and the researcher participated. The theoretical framework that gives support to the discussion concerning the use of games in the EFL classroom is based on the studies of Vygotsky (1930), Leontiev (1934), Elkonin (1978), Huizinga (1944), Caillois (1955) , Wittgenstein (1953), Bruner (1975), Rojo (1999, 2001), Dolz and Schneuwly (1996), among others. In what concerns the reflective process triggered in the dialogue between the teachers and the researcher, we sought theoretical support mainly in the conceptions of Bakhtin (1929, 1953, 1975), Coulter (1999), Fullan (1996), Freire (1970, 1992), Brookfield (1987, 1995) and Brookfield e Preskill (1999). In relation to the first goal, the analysis of the knowledge construction process in the games indicates that the less formatted the game is, the greater the complexity of discourse genres circulating in the interaction and of the language skills constructed. As to the second focus of this research, there are indications that the dialogue between the teachers and the researcher is characterized by the conflict between ideologies constituted along the teachers everyday experiences and those historically crystallized ideologies present in the texts suggested for reading and revoiced by the researcher in her constant attempts to relate theory and practice. The present research aims at contributing to the studies in EFL teaching-learning processes and teacher development / Com o intuito de realizar uma discussão profunda sobre o uso de jogos como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem na sala de aula de LE, a presente pesquisa é orientada por dois objetivos centrais: investigar o desenvolvimento dos jogos de linguagem e o papel por eles exercido no processo de construção do conhecimento da habilidade oral em três estágios da aprendizagem de uma LE; promover a reflexão dos professores-participantes sobre o papel desempenhado pelo jogo nas suas práticas em sala de aula. Os dados foram coletados em uma escola de línguas em uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo. Participaram da coleta dois professores, cerca de vinte e oito alunos e a pesquisadora. O corpus de análise é composto por sete jogos gravados em vídeo, questionários escritos respondidos pelos alunos após a filmagem de cada jogo e quatro sessões reflexivas dialogais gravadas em áudio entre os professores-participantes e a pesquisadora. A discussão sobre o uso de jogos na sala de aula de LE é fundamentada pelos pressupostos de Vygotsky (1930), Leontiev (1934), Elkonin (1978), Huizinga (1944), Caillois (1955), Wittgenstein (1953), Bruner (1975), Rojo (1999, 2001), Dolz e Schneuwly (1996), entre outros. No que se refere ao processo reflexivo desencadeado no diálogo entre os professores e a pesquisadora, buscamos fundamentos principalmente nas concepções de Bakhtin (1929, 1953, 1975), Coulter (1999), Fullan (1996), Freire (1970, 1992), Brookfield (1987, 1995) e Brookfield e Preskill (1999). Em relação ao primeiro objetivo da pesquisa, a análise do processo de construção do conhecimento nos jogos revela que, quanto menor o grau de formatação do jogo de linguagem, maior a complexidade dos gêneros do discurso que circulam na interação e, em conseqüência, das capacidades de linguagem socioconstruídas. Quanto ao segundo foco de interesse da pesquisa, observamos que o diálogo entre professores-participantes e pesquisadora é marcado pelo embate entre as ideologias constuituídas ao longo da experiência cotidiana dos professores e as ideologias cristalizadas presentes nos textos sugeridos para leitura e revozeadas pela pesquisadora nas suas tentativas de relacionar teoria e prática. Pretendemos, com a presente pesquisa, contribuir para as áreas de ensino-aprendizagem de LE e de formação de educadores

The study examined three Japanese junior high-school English teachers’ initial years of full-time employment. It investigated the type of pedagogical puzzles these teachers experienced, how their practice developed over 18 months, and my role as a Teacher of Teachers (TOT). Drawing on linguistic ethnography, this study took an ethnographic approach to understanding the teachers’ social context and used techniques from discourse analysis to consider how they interpreted their puzzles and constructed their practice. These techniques were also used to analyze my working relationship with the teachers. The purpose of this endeavor was to contribute to the understanding of novice teacher development in an ‘expanding circle’ country. Over the course of the study, I observed the teachers’ classes and interviewed them once or twice a month. Using the coding of interview transcripts and class fieldnotes, I identified Critical Incidents that represented the teachers’ pedagogical puzzles and typical practice, as well as my role as a TOT. Using Cultural Historical Activity Theory(CHAT), I analyzed how elements of the social context brought about the teachers’ pedagogical puzzles and affected their capacity to address them. Coding of the interviews and a microanalysis of the interactions showed my role as a TOT. Overall, the CIs gave an emic portrait of each teacher’s experience and my efforts to support them. The pedagogical puzzles the teachers faced were a result of their personal histories and school conditions. These puzzles did not change, which indicates that teachers will face complex issues that cannot be resolved. Understanding them, however, can promote teacher development. Applying CHAT, I could identify the conditions that helped determine the types of pedagogy in which teachers engaged. I tried to fulfill my role as a TOT by conducting a form of reflective practice (RP). An examination of the RP I conducted with the teachers challenged the notion that it involves the sequential steps of identifying issues, attempting to resolve them, and reflecting on one’s efforts. This dissertation concludes with a discussion about the contributions it has made toward the field of English teacher development: using CHAT to understand the English teaching experiences, the development of an understanding of RP as it can be carried out in the field, an understanding of novice teachers in expanding circle countries, and the value of linguistic ethnography for researching novice teachers.

[pt] O presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar o processo de reflexão profissional co-construído por um grupo de profissionais de ensino de Inglês que se engajaram em um grupo de discussão on-line inserido no contexto profissional brasileiro no qual eles atuam: em um Instituto de Ensino de Línguas. A investigação deste processo é feita neste estudo interpretativo através da análise do discurso dos 64 enunciados produzidos pelos participantes em um período de um mês e dez dias. Como participante da comunidade discursiva institucional estudada, a professora - pesquisadora ressalta a importância da linguagem e da presença do outro - do interlocutor - no processo reflexivo profissional. A análise da negociação de significado e da construção do conhecimento permitiu mapear quatro processos reflexivos, a saber: a intensificação da observação, a descrição da prática para si e para o outro, a interação com o outro, e o questionamento da prática profissional. Constatou-se também a valiosa contribuição trazida pela Comunicação Mediada por Computador para a prática reflexiva como incentivo à educação continuada do professor. / [en] The aim of this research is to investigate how the process of professional reflection was co-developed by a group of English language teaching professionals who engaged in an On-line Discussion Group designed within a Brazilian professional environment at which those professionals work. The inquiry consists of an interpretative study, which analyzes 64 exchanges produced over the period of one month and ten days. As a participant of the institutional discourse community being focused, the teacher-researcher highlights the presence of the other - the interlocutor - in the process of professional reflection. The analysis of the negotiation of meaning and the construction of knowledge was useful to map four reflective processes, such as: intensification of observation, description of professional practice to oneself and to the other, interaction with the other and questioning of professional practice. The valuable contribution brought by Computer Mediated Communication to the reflective practice, as a way to foster in-service teacher education and professional development as well, was one of the greatest findings.

Initial teacher education is constantly in the spotlight regarding its quality and its effectiveness. The literature contains many claims from those who believe that it is ineffectual. The notion of the reflective practitioner was introduced and embraced as an antidote to these claims, and as an approach to break the influence of technocratic beliefs and expectations which pre-service teachers bring with them to their initial teacher education. Typically reflection targets the practicum experience. However, this study focuses specifically on the contribution of course work to the development of a reflective beginning teacher. This qualitative study invited pre-service teachers to provide insight into their initial teacher education experience: initially within a Teaching of Science methods paper, and then some 18 months later at the conclusion of their three year Bachelor of Education (Teaching) professional preparation. A critical reflexive interpretive methodology which sought authenticity within its meaning-making process developed from an initial consideration of self-study research methodology. Of particular importance was that the enquiry was authentic, participants' voices were valued and recognition was given to the implications embedded within the context within which the study occurred. Methods of data collection included in phase one were: a pre-course questionnaire, a Gestalt-like activity, and pre-service teachers' email reflections based on Hoban's (2000a) categories of learning influences, and meta-reflections from the Teaching of Science paper. The journal I kept during this phase was also drawn upon as data. Phase two data collection included a vignette, and a three part final questionnaire to which 40 pre-service teachers and nine teacher educators responded. The findings suggest that pre-service teachers' understanding of the nature of education is critical to the way in which they experience the course work within initial teacher education. This understanding shapes their perception and consideration lens through which course work is experienced. On entrance to initial teacher education this lens is described, for many pre-service teachers, as technocratic. Education is seen as a commodity, something to acquire, teaching is telling and initial teacher education is dependent on the teacher educator providing the necessary tools and techniques so the beginning teacher can do the right thing. This study suggests that such a stance toward educational experiences is a hindrance mechanism when teacher educators seek transformative teaching, learning, and reflexivity. However, when that view of education is as a process of growth and transformation toward a valued 'way of being', the perspective and consideration lens is described as professional. Rather than focusing on what a teacher does, the focus is on whom the teacher is and how this influences the teaching and learning process. Teacher educators and the institution which is the context within which course work occurs also demonstrate a mixture of technocratic and professional lenses. Important factors within initial teacher education which contribute to transformation from technocratic to professional lens include relational and pedagogical connectedness. These factors lead to valuing, ownership and justification of learning where assessment tasks are tools for personal development and where critical consideration of multiple perspectives has an important role. Relational connectedness (to self, peers, and teacher educators) is important for developing a safe, but challenging, dialogical space in which paradoxes, challenges and pre-service teachers' vulnerable sense of disorientation may be engaged. Pedagogical connectedness relates to the fit between what the teacher educator says and does. For example, a powerful approach to learning is where the pre-service teachers learn to be reflexive, by being reflexive. The study indicates the importance of institutional congruency so that what is espoused is experienced through language, assessment, teaching approaches and contextual culture. However, pre-service teachers' perception and consideration lens determines the degree to which course work is transformational. Where a technocratic lens is dominant, reflection becomes a task to be completed. Where a professional lens is dominant, reflection becomes an iterative process for improving practice by becoming professionally self aware through identifying assumptions in decisions and responses within the learning/teaching relationship, and judging those assumptions for their appropriateness in the light of a developing and critiqued personally owned educational vision.

The practice of communication design has developed from a visual-communication service industry into a multi-facetted profession, directly involved with the maintenance and creation of social and cultural capital. The ancestry of communication design has led to its continued perception as a neutral tool for the achievement of communication. This research project aims to investigate the possible contributions of communication design as a practice, if it were to re-align its goals towards supporting and facilitating the community within which it is practiced. This research project is about the communication designer and the communities within which they practice: clients; target markets; companies; managers; neighbourhood groups; groups in a particular place and time; communities of practitioners; and emergent or yet to emerge communities. The project investigates designer agency and the ways for a communication designer to work holistically within communities: being or becoming part of them; working through and with them toward the achievement of communication goals. As much as it is about communicating, it is also about community. It is about designers working as conduits, facilitating and enabling the communities of their practice to find expression. It is about a democratisation of communication design authorship and power. It is about the design process as an educational process - all parts and participants within a design projects' community learning and teaching simultaneously. The research project encompasses a series of component projects, across a range of different media, using a practice-led-research framework and a reflective practitioner methodology as the key investigative tool.

Pour favoriser la réflexion sur la pratique professionnelle, nous avons proposé à des futurs enseignants en stage d'utiliser un journal de bord au départ de consignes semi-structurées. Notre intention est d'identifier les traces de réflexion dans les journaux de bord et de différencier son utilisation par trois caractéristiques individuelles: l'anxiété, la perception d'efficacité personnelle et le rapport à l'écrit du futur enseignant. Notre thèse développe dans la partie théorique le premier chapitre sur le journal de bord parmi les dispositifs de formation favorisant la réflexion sur la pratique, le deuxième chapitre sur la notion de réflexion sur la pratique et plus particulièrement sur le modèle métacognitif de réflexion de McAlpine et ses collègues (1999, 2001) et le troisième chapitre sur les trois variables individuelles mesurées. La partie empirique développe la méthodologie utilisée, à savoir que cette recherche exploiratoire, visant l'induction d'hypothèses, décrit les trois étapes de la démarche d'analyse de contenus des journaux de bord(recueil, exploitation et transformation des données qualitatives avec traitement quantitatif)en lien avec les questions de recherche et explique la construction et la validation des trois quesitonnaires mesurant les caractéristiques individuelles. Cette partie s'achève par le chapitre des résultats et des discussions. Parmi les 96 futurs enseignants, 45 d'entre eux ont réalisé leur journal de bord. Différents contenus ont été identifiés dont de la réflexion sur la pratique. A partir du modèle de McAlpine et al., nous avons essentiellement trouvé des passages de description de l'action et des passages d'évaluation de l'action. Une typologie des journaux de bord et de la réflexion a été obtenue par une analyse en clusters. Au moyen de corrélations de Kendall, nous avons pu observé une relation positive entre le rapport à l'écrit de l'enseignant et l'appropriation du journal de bord et une relation négative entre la perception d'efficacité personnelle et le composant d'évaluation de l'action. Aucune relation n'a été obtenue avec la variable d'anxiété. POur conclure, de nouvelles hypothèses de recherche ont été formulées ainsi que les apports et les limites de cette recherche.

Pour favoriser la réflexion sur la pratique professionnelle, nous avons proposé à des futurs enseignants en stage d'utiliser un journal de bord au départ de consignes semi-structurées. Notre intention est d'identifier les traces de réflexion dans les journaux de bord et de différencier son utilisation par trois caractéristiques individuelles: l'anxiété, la perception d'efficacité personnelle et le rapport à l'écrit du futur enseignant. Notre thèse développe dans la partie théorique le premier chapitre sur le journal de bord parmi les dispositifs de formation favorisant la réflexion sur la pratique, le deuxième chapitre sur la notion de réflexion sur la pratique et plus particulièrement sur le modèle métacognitif de réflexion de McAlpine et ses collègues (1999, 2001) et le troisième chapitre sur les trois variables individuelles mesurées. La partie empirique développe la méthodologie utilisée, à savoir que cette recherche exploiratoire, visant l'induction d'hypothèses, décrit les trois étapes de la démarche d'analyse de contenus des journaux de bord(recueil, exploitation et transformation des données qualitatives avec traitement quantitatif)en lien avec les questions de recherche et explique la construction et la validation des trois quesitonnaires mesurant les caractéristiques individuelles. Cette partie s'achève par le chapitre des résultats et des discussions. Parmi les 96 futurs enseignants, 45 d'entre eux ont réalisé leur journal de bord. Différents contenus ont été identifiés dont de la réflexion sur la pratique. A partir du modèle de McAlpine et al., nous avons essentiellement trouvé des passages de description de l'action et des passages d'évaluation de l'action. Une typologie des journaux de bord et de la réflexion a été obtenue par une analyse en clusters. Au moyen de corrélations de Kendall, nous avons pu observé une relation positive entre le rapport à l'écrit de l'enseignant et l'appropriation du journal de bord et une relation négative entre la perception d'efficacité personnelle et le composant d'évaluation de l'action. Aucune relation n'a été obtenue avec la variable d'anxiété. POur conclure, de nouvelles hypothèses de recherche ont été formulées ainsi que les apports et les limites de cette recherche.

Alors que les gouvernements cherchent à améliorer le rendement des systèmes scolaires qu’ils financent, l’intérêt des dirigeants porte sur les résultats des élèves mais aussi sur le rendement des professionnels de l’éducation, dont les directions d’école. Cette étude a pour but de contribuer au développement de la connaissance sur l’évaluation du rendement de ces dernières en répondant à la question : Comment les directions d’école perçoivent-elles la pratique réflexive dans leur processus d’évaluation? La recension des écrits montre que les directions qui ont le plus de succès jouent un rôle actif dans leur amélioration et que la pratique réflexive accroît la pertinence du perfectionnement professionnel et par conséquent le rendement de la direction. L’étude propose un cadre conceptuel qui tient compte du perfectionnement professionnel, de l’évaluation axée sur l’apprentissage et de la pratique réflexive. Cette recherche suit une méthodologie mixte afin de déceler les tendances et les perceptions quant aux pratiques à l’étude. D’abord, un questionnaire à choix de réponses a été administré sur Internet et les réponses de 65 directions d’écoles de langue française de l’Ontario ont été traitées de façon quantitative. Ensuite, des entrevues semi-structurées avec dix des répondants ont permis d’approfondir le sujet par une méthode qualitative en offrant l’occasion aux participants de partager leur vécu. Les résultats dévoilent que le perfectionnement professionnel occupe peu de place dans l’évaluation du rendement bien que les participants se servent d’objectifs de croissance professionnelle. La pratique réflexive est souvent déclenchée par un inconfort, par un succès ou par une occasion de perfectionnement ou est provoquée par des situations extérieures transposées à la situation de l’école du participant. Les échanges structurés et les discussions franches entre collègues et avec le superviseur favorisent la pratique réflexive. La rétroaction spécifique du superviseur donne des pistes d’amélioration appuyées d’un soutien. Les participants reconnaissent qu’ils jouent un rôle actif dans leur évaluation et recherchent un encadrement orienté vers l’amélioration. Les participants perçoivent que la pratique réflexive occupe une grande place dans leur processus d’évaluation, qu’ils soient encadrés par le superviseur dans un processus axé sur leur amélioration ou qu’ils s’auto-évaluent quand le processus est flou.

While sorting through my experiences as a student teacher, my research question has shifted from “How can teacher education be improved?” to “How is teacher education represented?” I am interested in the juxtaposition of these two inquiries, and use them not to suggest pedagogical rules, but to draw attention to the kinds of spaces such a juxtaposition opens up. The shift in my research question is influenced by the discursive turn—the movement from social justice theories to poststructuralist theories, from theories based on experience to theories based on discourse. Questions of representation are the focus not only of poststructuralist theories but also of psychoanalytic theories, or theories of the unconscious, and both theories acknowledge that representations of reality are excessive: they contain more and less than that which they represent (Orner et al., 2005). The concept of excess enables me to make sense of moments in my teacher education program that could not be contained by dominant educational discourses of knowledge, reflection, and inclusion. The excessiveness of a teaching strategy called the Six Thinking Hats troubles the theory/practice binary in discourses of knowledge. The excessiveness of an assignment about philosophies of teaching, and a class discussion in response to the film Submission trouble the enlightenment/ignorance binary in discourses of reflection. And, the excessiveness of my attempt to question curricular content troubles the normal/exceptional binary in discourses of inclusion. I use excessive moments from my teacher education program to question existing discourses, and to suggest that we need to change the stories we tell ourselves about education (King, 2003). Our current educational discourses perpetuate histories of violence that we have inherited, and I suggest that social justice, poststructuralist, and psychoanalytic theories will enable us to more effectively heal from these inherited histories. / Thesis (Master, Education) -- Queen's University, 2007-12-04 16:19:40.676 / This work was funded in part by a Canadian Graduate Scholarship granted by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (766-2006-0775).

Depuis les années 1990, les formations à visée professionnelle, comme l’enseignement, adoptent le paradigme du praticien réflexif. Au Québec, le référentiel de compétences proposé par le ministère de l’Éducation introduit l’idée que tout futur enseignant doit apprendre à « réfléchir sur sa pratique » (MEQ, 2001). Malgré de nombreuses études sur la réflexion, le concept reste flou et polysémique. Comment, dans ces conditions, « faire réfléchir » ? Des chercheurs contemporains, dans la mouvance éducative, humaniste et pragmatique de Dewey (1933), aboutissent à des conceptions convergentes de l’apprentissage par réflexion sur l’expérience (Osterman et Kottkamp, 2004; Brouwer et Korthagen, 2005; Loughran, 2006; Brockbank et McGill, 2007; Donnay et Charlier, 2008, entre autres). De leurs points communs est synthétisée une définition de la réflexion qui peut aider à clarifier son rôle en formation. La recherche se donne comme objectif de « saisir » des événements réflexifs pour élucider comment des formations universitaires contribuent à développer des mécanismes de réflexion favorables à un autorenouvellement professionnel à long terme. La démarche est qualitative, l’approche interprétative-compréhensive. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont permis de recueillir des données auprès de finissants en enseignement du français langue seconde (FLS), en coopération internationale, à l’Université de Montréal, ainsi que d’enseignants de FLS expérimentés d’une université québécoise. Du corpus d’« occurrences de réflexion » ont émergé les significations que les acteurs donnaient à leur expérience d’apprentissage ou de travail. Les résultats sont présentés en trois articles. Le premier décrit la méthodologie construite pour repérer des occurrences de réflexion. Le second révèle deux grandes caractéristiques de dispositifs qui la stimulent particulièrement: 1) l’agir en situation de travail authentique ou vraisemblable; 2) la confrontation interactive à l’altérité (pairs, clientèle). Le troisième article aborde les représentations plus riches, nuancées et critiques de la profession, l’Autre et soi-même sur lesquelles débouche la réflexion. L’étude documente aussi les effets de ces reconceptualisations sur l’acteur et l’action, et produit des typologies des préoccupations des (futurs) professionnels et des objets réfléchis Des pistes de recherche et d’application sont dégagées pour les formations professionnalisantes et le développement professionnel en milieu de travail. / Since the 1990’s, the paradigm of the reflective practitioner entered higher education curricula. In Quebec, the Ministry of Education introduced in its list of skills required to become a teacher the idea that one should learn ‘to reflect on one’s practice’ (MEQ, 2001). Despite many studies about reflection, the concept of ‘reflection’ itself remains vague. So the effectiveness of the pedagogical and organizational tools used to “make people reflect” is highly questionable. Nevertheless, some researchers, following the seminal educative humanistic and pragmatic ideas of Dewey (1933) come to similar conceptualizations of what learning is through the reflection on practice (Osterman & Kottkamp, 2004; Brouwer & Korthagen, 2005; Loughran, 2006; Brockbank & McGill, 2007; Donnay & Charlier, 2008, among others). An operational definition of reflection is synthetized. It can help clarify the role of reflection in professional curricula. Going beyond the challenge of ‘capturing’ reflection events, this research aims at understanding how higher education programs contribute to develop long term professional self-renewal mecanisms. This study is based on qualitative interviews, within an interpretive approach. Data came from prospective teachers in French as a second language (FSL) and in international co-operation at Université de Montréal, as well as experienced FSL teachers working in a Quebec university. The method first isolated ‘occurrences of reflection’, then extracted the meanings emerging from what the interviewees had said about their experience of learning or working. Results provide insights into the process and outcomes of reflection. Two characteristics of the higher education programs appear to stimulate it the most : 1) ‘doing’ things in an authentic workplace or in simulated situations in the classroom; 2) interactive confrontation to others (peers and clients). Different types of ‘triggers’, conditions, concerns and objects of reflection are also brought to light. It appears that reflection stimulates changes in perspective in the mind of learners or workers, which makes them see things ‘differently’, that is, in a richer, more precise, more critical way, about their work, their colleagues or clients, and themselves as professionals. The study proposes some ways of improving teacher education programs and professional development in the workplace.