Nearly 700,000 prisoners return to communities annually, and approximately two-thirds are rearrested within 3 years of release. The cyclic pattern of recidivism presents risks to both returning offenders and the communities that accept them. Reentry research tends to include the voice and experiences of juveniles, community members, and service providers, and narrowly focuses on the socioeconomic conditions of adult ex-offender populations pre- and post-release. Few researchers have explored the attitudes of those returning citizens or the perceived impact on treatment success, as related to employment-based, post-release reintegration programs. This study investigated the attitudes of 32 participants of Project Empowerment, the District of Columbia's post-release program. The ecology of public administration theory and empowerment theory provided the theoretical frameworks for understanding offender reentry within employment-based programming. Interview data were coded and analyzed consistent with a modified van Kaam method. A key finding indicates job-readiness training completion is largely contingent upon development of positive attitudes from both public administrators and participants. Additionally, participants were cognizant of the attitudes of community members regarding reentry and employment, and were more likely to see program participation as beneficial if perceived community support was high. The implications for positive social change include recommendations for reentry programs, such as Project Empowerment, to create an empowerment environment conducive to attitude development concerning self and society. Such an environment creates trust and opportunities for successful engagement in employment programs and decreases the risk of recidivism among communities that support individuals returning from incarceration.

ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION PENNSYLVANIA’S LOYALISTS AND DISAFFECTED IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTION: DEFINING THE TERRAIN OF REINTEGRATION, 1765-1800 by René José Silva Florida International University, 2018 Miami, Florida Professor Kirsten Wood, Major Professor This study examines the reintegration of loyalists and disaffected residents in Pennsylvania who opposed the American Revolution from the Stamp Act crisis in 1765 through the Age of Federalism in 1790s. The inquiry argues that postwar loyalist reintegration in Pennsylvania succeeded because of the attitudes, behavior, actions and contributions of both disaffected residents and patriot citizens. The focus is chiefly on the legal battle over citizenship, especially the responses of the disaffected to patriot legislative measures such as treason, oaths of allegiance, attainders, confiscation, and militia service laws that revolutionaries employed to sanction dissent in the state. Loyalists and the disaffected contributed to their own successful reintegration in three ways. First, the departure of loyalist militants at the British evacuation of occupied Philadelphia in June 1778 and later substantially lessened internal political tensions associated with the rebellion. Second, the overwhelming majority of the disaffected who stayed in Pennsylvania adopted non-threatening attitudes and behaviors towards republican rule. And third, the disaffected who remained ultimately chose to embrace the new republican form of government they had earlier resisted. Patriots contributed to the successful reintegration of the disaffected chiefly through the outcome of the factional struggle for internal political supremacy between revolutionary radicals and moderates. Pennsylvania radicals used the rule of law to deny citizenship to opponents of the Revolution and pushed for their permanent exclusion from the body politic. Moderates favored a reincorporation of those who had not supported the rebellion, utilizing the law to foster inclusion. Moderate electoral victories in the decade of the 1780s led to solid majorities in the state assembly that rescinded all repressive measures against former opponents, in particular the 1789 repeal of the Test Act of 1777. The analysis stresses the activities of loyalists and the disaffected, exploring elite loyalist militants such as Joseph Galloway and the sons of Chief Justice William Allen; ordinary loyalist militants like John Connolly and the Rankin brothers of York County; Quaker pacifists such as the Pemberton siblings; loyalists whom patriots perceived as defiant, such as the Doan guerrilla gang and British collaborators Abraham Carlisle and John Roberts; and the Penn family proprietors. Each of these protagonists epitomized a particular strain of loyalism or disaffection in Pennsylvania, ranging from armed resistance to pacifism. Reintegration experiences and outcomes are therefore assessed in relation to these Pennsylvanians’ conduct before, during, and after the Revolutionary War.

L’augmentation rapide de l’interdépendance mondiale, provoquée par le développement de la mondialisation, exige une redéfinition de la notion traditionnelle de l’éducation supérieure. Au Canada, comme dans le reste du monde, plusieurs universitaires, fonctionnaires du gouvernement et étudiants insistent maintenant sur l’intégration de l’internationalisation dans l’éducation supérieure à travers des échanges interculturels et des études à l’étranger, dans l’espoir que les générations canadiennes à venir développent une perspective globale et deviennent des « citoyens du monde » (Comité consultatif sur la stratégie du Canada en matière d’éducation internationale, 2012). Pourtant, pour garantir que l’étudiant qui participe à un échange profite le plus de son expérience internationale, nous devrons comprendre comment une telle expérience l’influence tant à court terme qu’à long terme. Bien que d’autres études se soient concentrées sur le court terme (le séjour à l’étranger et ses impacts immédiats), peu ont examiné le retour de l’étudiant, sa réintégration dans sa société d’origine et les effets subséquents à long terme, tels que les développements personnels qui pourraient suivre le rapatriement. Cette étude qualitative examine les témoignages de huit étudiants au premier cycle de l’Université de Montréal sur la façon dont ils ont vécu leur rapatriement à Montréal après un échange pédagogique à l’étranger. Quoique certains chercheurs présentent la notion de rapatriement comme une série d’événements déconnectés, notre analyse fait ressortir une tendance similaire dans tous nos témoignages qui nous permet dorénavant de considérer ce rapatriement comme un processus en trois étapes interconnectées. En empruntant à la théorie Intercultural Personhood de Kim (2008), nous sommes désormais en mesure de qualifier ces trois étapes comme étant le stress, l’adaptation et l’évolution. Non seulement cette interprétation nous aide à mieux comprendre les difficultés rencontrées par l’étudiant à l’occasion de son retour, mais elle facilite également l’identification des transformations identitaires qui apparaissent à ce moment-là et la manière dont ces transformations influencent le processus de rapatriement. / The rapidly increasing interconnectedness of the world brought on by the expansion of globalization calls for a redefinition of the traditional notion of higher education. As such, many Canadian educators, government officials, and students alike are insisting on the importance of internationalizing higher education through intercultural exchanges and studying abroad, in the hopes that current and future generations of Canadians will acquire a global perspective and become citizens of the world (Advisory Panel on Canada’s International Education Strategy, 2012). Yet in order to ensure that students are gaining the most from their international experience, it is important to understand the impact that studying abroad can have, both in the short and long term. While many past studies have focused on the short-term, or the actual time spent abroad and subsequent impacts, few have examined the exchange student’s re-entry into their society of origin and subsequent long-term effects, such as personal developments that surface during repatriation. In this qualitative study, eight undergraduate students from the University of Montreal were interviewed regarding how they lived their reintegration into Montreal society after returning home post studying abroad. While academics that have broached the subject in the past tended to view repatriation as a static series of events, our data analysis showed a similar pattern that surfaced in all respondents’ testimonials allowing us to henceforth recognize this repatriation as an interconnected three-step process. By borrowing from Kim’s theory of Intercultural Personhood (2008), we are now able to define these three distinct phases as stress, adaptation, and growth; all of which not only help to better understand the difficulties students face during their process of reintegration but also facilitate the identification of possible identity transformations that surface upon re-entry and how these transformations impact the repatriation process.

This study focuses on the sense of self of adolescents when they are reintegrated into schools after dropping out. Dropout is a global phenomenon and yet very little research has been undertaken regarding reintegration and especially the successful reintegration of adolescents and how this reintegration affects their sense of self. The goal of the study was to determine how reintegrated adolescents experience their reintegration into schools, and how this has affected them in terms of how they see themselves. The research hoped to discover what personal difficulties the adolescents had overcome in their return to school as well as the motivating factors that would keep the reintegrated adolescents in school. The research was conducted from a phenomenological Gestalt, field approach and followed a qualitative research design within an interpretivist framework. This research design allows the participants to give meaning to their own experiences. A total of six adolescent boys between the ages of 13 and 17 were purposefully selected from the informal settlement of Groenheuwel, Paarl in the Western Cape. Five of the six adolescents had been reintegrated into schools in 2011 and 2012 by the Khula Development Group. One adolescent participant was a peer educator and although he had never dropped out, he contributed meaningful data on how reintegrated adolescents are experienced as seen from his role as a peer educator. Other participants in the research included the Headmaster of Groenheuwel Primary School and the President and Project leader of the Khula Development Group. The qualitative data were collected in the form of individual open-ended interviews with the adolescents, project leader and headmaster. The researcher’s objective was to understand and interpret the meanings the participants gave to their own experiences, which was further done through observation, member checking, and a reflective group discussion including the application of an art technique. The interviews were recorded on DVD. The reflective group discussion was held with the adolescent participants two weeks after the individual interviews. The group discussion included an art technique, where the adolescents were asked to create their experiences of their return to school in clay. This session was also recorded on DVD. Recordings were transcribed by the researcher to ascertain certain emerging themes and categories. Thematic data analysis was used to transform the transcribed data into meaningful information. The principles and strategies for enhancing the trustworthiness of the data were done through crystallisation. The findings of the study revealed the unrealistic expectations with which the adolescents view their sense of self. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This study focuses on the sense of self of adolescents when they are reintegrated into schools after dropping out. Dropout is a global phenomenon and yet very little research has been undertaken regarding reintegration and especially the successful reintegration of adolescents and how this reintegration affects their sense of self. The goal of the study was to determine how reintegrated adolescents experience their reintegration into schools, and how this has affected them in terms of how they see themselves. The research hoped to discover what personal difficulties the adolescents had overcome in their return to school as well as the motivating factors that would keep the reintegrated adolescents in school. The research was conducted from a phenomenological Gestalt, field approach and followed a qualitative research design within an interpretivist framework. This research design allows the participants to give meaning to their own experiences. A total of six adolescent boys between the ages of 13 and 17 were purposefully selected from the informal settlement of Groenheuwel, Paarl in the Western Cape. Five of the six adolescents had been reintegrated into schools in 2011 and 2012 by the Khula Development Group. One adolescent participant was a peer educator and although he had never dropped out, he contributed meaningful data on how reintegrated adolescents are experienced as seen from his role as a peer educator. Other participants in the research included the Headmaster of Groenheuwel Primary School and the President and Project leader of the Khula Development Group. The qualitative data were collected in the form of individual open-ended interviews with the adolescents, project leader and headmaster. The researcher’s objective was to understand and interpret the meanings the participants gave to their own experiences, which was further done through observation, member checking, and a reflective group discussion including the application of an art technique. The interviews were recorded on DVD. The reflective group discussion was held with the adolescent participants two weeks after the individual interviews. The group discussion included an art technique, where the adolescents were asked to create their experiences of their return to school in clay. This session was also recorded on DVD. Recordings were transcribed by the researcher to ascertain certain emerging themes and categories. Thematic data analysis was used to transform the transcribed data into meaningful information. The principles and strategies for enhancing the trustworthiness of the data were done through crystallisation. The findings of the study revealed the unrealistic expectations with which the adolescents view their sense of self. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The Northern Triangle area made up by El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras faces a growing gang phenomenon responsible for the growth of violence and instability in the region. Many factors have contributed to the rise of gangs in the region, however, I argue that the deportation of Central American immigrants who became active gang members in the United States play a significant role in the growth of gangs. I analyze the impact of the lack of collaboration between the United States and the nations of the Northern Triangle, especially in the lack of reintegration programs and the other factors that could have influenced or spurred the escalation of gang activity such as a failed recovery process following the civil wars of the 1970s and 1980s and the state repression policies. Furthermore, I assess how the lack of collaboration between the United States and Northern Triangle region in the deportation of criminal immigrants has impacted the transnationalization of the two largest Central American gangs, Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18. Due to the lack of quantitative data on gang size and membership, I conduct my analysis utilizing various studies that have been conducted in the three nations and data regarding homicide and deportation rates. Ultimately, I find that while the U.S. deportees played an important role in altering the characteristics and nature of Central American gangs, a variety of other factors were significant in their growth. Additionally, I find their assignation as Transnational Criminal Organizations premature and inconclusive due to their weak organizational and communication structure. Finally, I question whether gangs are truly the cause of high levels of violence in each of the nations of the Northern Triangle, determining that the Central American gang phenomenon cannot be assessed or treated as a singular issue. Instead, it is imperative to acknowledge the conditions at play in each country.

Submitted by VANESSA DE OLIVEIRA null (vanessao@tjsp.jus.br) on 2018-03-29T12:32:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Vanessa de Oliveira.pdf: 10586172 bytes, checksum: efa56e78ab6cfb9ec5fbccd80288a839 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jacqueline de Almeida null (jacquie@franca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-02T13:21:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_V_te_fran.pdf: 10586172 bytes, checksum: efa56e78ab6cfb9ec5fbccd80288a839 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T13:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_V_te_fran.pdf: 10586172 bytes, checksum: efa56e78ab6cfb9ec5fbccd80288a839 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A tese apresentada busca analisar, a partir da realidade concreta, os desdobramentos do Plano Individual de Atendimento e da Audiência Concentrada no processo de reintegração familiar de crianças e adolescentes sob a medida protetiva Acolhimento Institucional. Tais instrumentais de trabalho surgiram no contexto brasileiro a partir da Lei 12.010/2009 e têm como escopo a provisoriedade desta medida protetiva. A princípio, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica e documental sobre a temática e, posteriormente, pesquisa de campo a partir da coleta de entrevistas semiestruturadas feitas com cinco assistentes sociais e duas psicólogas que trabalhavam na Vara da Infância e Juventude do Judiciário paulista localizada em município de porte pequeno e médio. Crianças e adolescentes são acolhidos institucionalmente desde os tempos do Brasil Colônia até os dias atuais, tendo a pobreza como fator central na motivação para tal acolhimento, enquanto a família foi (e continua sendo) tratada como incapaz de cuidar a contento de seus filhos. Após a promulgação de legislações nacionais e internacionais, que primam pelo direito à convivência familiar e comunitária, pouco se avançou em ações estatais concretas capazes de fazer valer esse direito humano fundamental. Neste ínterim, o Plano Individual de Atendimento nasceu como instrumento de base propulsor da reintegração familiar de crianças e adolescentes no menor tempo possível, mas que, por si só, não promove alterações significativas na vida de famílias empobrecidas. A participação de crianças, adolescentes e famílias tem sido enfatizada durante a construção do Plano Individual de Atendimento, no intuito de romper com ações tutelares e, neste sentido, buscou-se uma aproximação à realidade de Portugal por meio da inserção no Programa Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior, que transcorreu durante quatro meses. A Audiência Concentrada, na teoria, busca o fomento do Sistema de Garantia de Direito da Criança e do Adolescente no território, a fim de promover a decisão compartilhada sobre a reintegração familiar. Os contributos dos instrumentais aqui analisados apontam que a família, representada pela figura da mulher/mãe, continua a ser julgada e punida por uma falha individual em contexto de fragilidade ou falta de políticas públicas elementares. Torna-se evidente a sobreposição de figuras de poder, representadas pelos profissionais do Direito, em relação à rede de atendimento, à criança, ao adolescente e à família. Assim, pouco se avançou para a concretização da reintegração familiar de crianças e adolescentes. As práticas institucionais demonstraram que o Plano Individual de Atendimento e a Audiência Concentrada necessitam de aprimoramento, o que implica em capacitação continuada de todos os atores do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente e, sobretudo, a alocação de recursos financeiros destinados à implantação das diversas políticas públicas, especialmente a política de assistência social no âmbito municipal. / The presented thesis seeks to analyze, based on concrete reality, the unfolding of the Individual Plan of Care and the Hearing Focused in the family reintegration process of children and adolescents under the restraining order Institutional Host. Such working instruments emerged in the Brazilian context from Law 12,010/2009 aiming the temporariness of this restraining order. At first, literature review and documentary searches were carried out involving the topic and, later, field research was carried out from the collection of semi-structured interviews conducted with five social workers and two psychologists who worked in the Juvenile Division of the Regional Court of Judiciary from São Paulo State, in places located in small and medium-sized municipaly. Children and adolescents are welcomed by institutions since the times of the Colonial Brazil until the present day, the poverty is the central factor to motivate such reception, while the family was (and remains) handled as unable to take care of satisfactorily their children. After the promulgation of national and international laws, that aim the rights to familiar and communitarian familiarity, little progress has been made in concrete state actions capable of asserting this fundamental human right. In the meantime, the Individual Plan of Care was born as the basic instrument of the family reintegration of children and adolescents in the shortest possible time, but it, by itself, does not promote significant changes in the lives of impoverished families. Children, adolescents and families participation has been emphasized during the construction of the Individual Plan of Care, in order to break with tutelary actions and, in this sense, to be closer to the reality of Portugal by means of insertion into the Doctoral Program Sandwich abroad, which lasted four months. The Hearing Focused, in theory, seeks to promote the assurance system for children and adolescents rights in the territory, in order to promote shared decision about family reintegration. The contributions of the instruments reviewed here point out that the family, represented by the figure of the woman/mother, continues to be judged and punished by individual failure in context of fragility or lack of public policies. The superimposition of figures of power becomes clear, represented by jurists, in relation to the service network, to children, adolescents and the family. So, little progress has been made in achieving the reunification of children and adolescents. Institutional practices have shown that the Individual Plan of Care and the Hearing Focused need improvement, which includes continuing to make improvements in all social actors in the system of guarantee children and adolescents rights and, in particular, the allocation of financial resources for the various public policies implementation, especially social assistance policy in the municipal scope. / La presente tesis busca analizar, a partir de la realidad concreta, el desarrollo del Plan Individual de Atención y de Audiencia Concentrada en el proceso de reintegro familiar de niños y adolescentes bajo la medida de protección de Acogimiento Institucional. Tales instrumentos de trabajo surgieron en el contexto brasileño a partir de la ley 12.010/2009 y tiene como finalidad la temporalidad acotada de tal medida de protección. Inicialmente, fue realizada una revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre la temática y, posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la investigación de campo a partir de la recolección de entrevistas semiestructuradas con cinco trabajadores sociales y dos psicólogas que trabajaban en el Fuero de Infancia y Juventud del Poder Judicial de São Paulo ubicado en municipios de pequeño y mediano tamaño. Niños y adolescentes son acogidos institucionalmente desde los tiempos del Brasil colonial hasta la actualidad, teniendo la pobreza como factor central en la motivación para tal acogimiento, mientras que la familia era (y sigue siendo) tratada como incapaz de atender el cuidado de sus hijos. Después de la promulgación de las legislaciones nacionales e internacionales que bregan por el derecho a la convivencia familiar y comunitaria, poco se avanzó en acciones estatales concretas capaces de hacer respetar este derecho humano fundamental. Mientras tanto, el Plan Individual de Atención surgió como instrumento básico promotor de la restitución familiar de niños y adolescentes en el menor tiempo posible. Sin embargo, por sí solo, no promueve cambios significativos en la vida de las familias pobres. La participación de niños, adolescentes y familias ha sido acentuada durante la construcción del Plan Individual de Atención, con el objetivo de romper con acciones tutelares. En este sentido, se buscó una aproximación a la realidad de Portugal por medio de inserción en el Programa de Doctorado Sándwich en el Exterior durante cuatro meses. La Audiencia Concentrada, en teoría, pretende promover el Sistema de Garantía de Derechos de Niños y Adolescentes en el territorio, con el fin de promover una decisión compartida sobre la reinserción familiar. Las contribuciones de los instrumentos analizados aquí señalan que la familia, representada por la figura de la mujer/madre, continúa siendo juzgada y castigada por una falla individual en contextos de fragilidad o falta de políticas públicas elementales. Se vuelve evidente la superposición de figuras de poder, representadas por los profesionales del Derecho, en relación con la red de servicios, a los niños, adolescentes y a la familia. Por lo tanto, poco se avanzó para concretar el reintegro familiar de niños y adolescentes. Las prácticas institucionales demostraron que el Plan Individual de Atención y la Audiencia Concentrada necesitan mejoras, lo que implica formación continua de todos los actores del Sistema de Garantía de Derechos de Niños y Adolescentes y, sobre todo, la asignación de recursos financieros para la ejecución de las diversas políticas públicas, especialmente la política de asistencia social en el ámbito municipal. / 88881.132927/2016-01

A qualitative research design that is explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature was employed in order to understand and describe the factors that predispose children to be in conflict with the law and to develop guidelines to support these children. The data-collection techniques were individual semi-structured interviews and field notes. The sample consisted of eight (8) children who volunteered to be interviewed. The theme that emerged during data collection and analysis was the factors that predispose children to break the law. Five categories were identified in this theme, namely * Personal factors * Family factors * Community factors * Police service factors and * Education factors It is recommended that all the institutions involved in the provision and maintenance of the child's mental health be involved in the implementation of the guidelines. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

No description available.

The thesis examines the aspects that might be obstacles to operation and provision of the service. It is obvious that service funding is the most burning question that troubles the service providers. The organizations are subject to the social service inspection, the main purpose of which is assessment according to given criteria and meeting quality standards, which should be in line with the interests and needs of the service users. However this actually leads to administrative burdens for the providers and they often do not agree with the inspection results. Social services are subject to numerous laws, which should help homeless people return to the society, while the dependence on the government help or social services should be as low as possible. The legislation is subject to numerous changes in short periods, which should reflect the needs of the society and particularly those of the practical provision of social services. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the current legislation, which affects the possibilities of service provision and might influence the situation of the clients of homeless shelters. Three research questions were set in the practical part of the research: RQ1 - Do real obstacles to management of homeless shelters result from the current legislation in the opinion of the respondents? RQ2 - Do real obstacles to provision of the services result from the current legislation in the opinion of the respondents? RQ3 - Will the proposed modifications of the Social Service Act (Act No. 108/2006 Col., on Social Services as amended) improve the management of homeless shelters in practice? Seven respondents responsible for management of homeless shelters participated in the research. The research sample consisted of providers from the South Bohemia Region. The interviews were performed individually and anonymously. A qualitative method of semi-structured interviewing was applied. Each performed interview was recorded on a voice recorder with the respondent's consent and then carefully rewritten. The aim of the thesis was to map the opinions of the service providers, who may give a practical insight into the current situation and the possibilities of the social service development. They give us a realistic idea about the fears they face on everyday basis in operation of homeless shelters. The research has confirmed the prognoses of experts that the current system of subsidies from the public budget is really disputable, particularly in the social prevention services. Delayed advance payments lead to uncertainty among the service providers and make the development and planning of the service impossible. It has also confirmed the impacts arisen to the organizations as a consequence of the long intervals between applications for subsidies and payment of funds (debts on energies, problems with timely payment of salaries to employees etc.). It also leads to uncertainty among employees and this uncertainty is reflected in entering into employment contracts for definite periods or even contracts for work. The research has appreciated the contribution of the Individual Project of the South Bohemia Region. The organization funding is also problematic in the field of direct payments from the clients, particularly in the instance of client's leaving without payment or if a client causes a damage on the shelter equipment. Judicial enforcement of unpaid balances or damages is usually unsuccessful and the providers have often moral problems with such a procedure. Sponsorship and support through foundations are usually lower than those for social care services. The operation of non-profit making organizations was also affected by the new Civil Code, which has cancelled some laws and the organizations were forced to change their legal forms, which brought them administrative burden. The new Civil Code has also changed the sphere of rental housing, which might increase the number of homeless people.