As a result of the conflict in eastern Ukraine, there are at present hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian Donbass War veterans who participated in the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) and Joint Forces Operation (JFO) who must now reintegrate into civilian life. Despite the great number of veterans who need to be reintegrated socially, politically, and economically into Ukrainian society, there is currently no comprehensive policy for ex-combatant reintegration in Ukraine. Applying the concept of social capital and based on interviews, observations, and documents, this qualitative case study investigates the nature and the role of social resources in ATO/JFO veterans’ social, political, and economic reintegration in Odessa. The analysis revealed that in the lack of social trust, social cohesion, shared values, and generalized reciprocity within the wider society, veterans’ ability to generate bridging social ties were undermined. On the other hand, widespread norms of trust, particularistic reciprocity, cohesion, and solidarity within the veteran networks made research participants to rely more on their bonding social ties among veterans. The study also finds that in the absence of overarching reintegration programs, veterans’ bonding social ties contributed significantly to all spheres of their reintegration. Despite the inward-looking nature of bonding social capital that tends to reinforce exclusive identities and homogeneous groups, all veterans to varied extent describe their bonding social ties with former military comrades as an important factor in facilitating social, political, and economic reintegration.

"Children's participation in armed conflict is one of the worst [forms] of child labour and a violation in itself. It is an extensive violation of international humanitarian and human rights law. There is increasing awareness about the variety of roles played by girls in fighting forces. They are abducted and forced to be sexual slaves, cooks, [to] clean, act as porters, loot, and [be] 'wives' to combatants. Notwithstanding, Veale observes that there are still a few gender-based issues of the differential experiences of male and female children who have been involved in military units. Although they play all these roles, they have received scanty attention during the reintegration process as opposed to male child soldiers. Mckay and her colleagues argue that [the] majority of reports, internaitonal campaigns, and initiatives continue to use the generic term 'child soldiers' which most often mean 'boys'. They do not identify differential impacts for boys and girls before, during or after armed conflicts. Mazurana found in another study that between 1990 and 2000, underaged girls participated in armed conflicts in a minimum of 32 countries as child soldeirs or military support forces. ... Northern Uganda qualifies [as] a case study because it has been in conflict between 1996 [and] 2006. It is estimated that there are 70 to 80 percent of child combatants with girls making up 30 percent. Disarmament and demobilisation is carried out by Uganda's People Defence Force (UPDF) working together with some United Nations (UN) humanitarian bodies, then NGOs and community leaders in turn work on the reintegration of the returnees. However, the reintegration process in Uganda is a-typical when compared to that of Sierra Leone, and most often does not take into consideration the special needs of female child soldiers. ... My focus will therefore be on Northern Uganda, but reference will be made to Sierra Leone as precedent where the context permits. This will be relevant for any reintegration procudure that Uganda adopts after the war. ... Chapter one: introduction and background. Chapter two: investigating the recruitment and impact of conflict on child soldiers in general and female child soldiers in particular. This chapter will be divided into two parts. Part one sets the stage by giving a brief account of the conflict in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone. Part two identifies the significant environmental factors, but not sufficient conditions that cause children in general, and girls in particular, to join armed groups and the impact it has on female child soldiers. Chapter three: legal guarantee of the right to reintegration - by provision and implication. This chapter outlines and analyses treaties that have influenced and circumscribed the policies and practices for the reintegration of female child soldiers. It also looks at those that provide for reintegration by implication. This chapter will also examine the rights-based approach as base for reintegration processes. Case law will be included. Chapter four: comprehensive analysis of effective socio-economic reintegration of female child soldiers. This chapter will examine the factors that influence successful reintegration. It will portray the half-baked approach of reintegration that is obvious in the case study. The role of international agencies, NGOs, civil society and other actors will be discussed as a platform for successful reintegration. Furthermore, some decisions at the Special Court of Sierra Leone (SCSL) will be discussed. Chapter five: conclusion and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Angelo Matusse at the Faculdade de Direito, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The economic or political economy of conflicts and civil wars in Africa is an expanding field with an increase in research and literature especially in the last few decades. However, less attention has been devoted to the role of political economy in peacebuilding operations/interventions. This dissertation examines the extent to which political economy, specifically its elements in terms of interests, incentives, and institutions shapes the conceptualization, design and implementation of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and the prospects for sustainable peace. The Niger Delta Amnesty (NDA) is used as an empirical case study.:CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1.1 State of the art 1.1.1 The political economy of peacebuilding 1.1.2 Institutions in rentier states 1.1.3 Resource curse discourse and interests 1.1.4 Wealth distribution and incentives 1.2 Research question 1.3 Problem statement 1.4 Overview of research methodology 1.4.1 Structural framework of the political economy approach 1.4.1.1 Neoliberalism Approach 1.4.1.2 Neopatrimonialism approach 1.4.2 Comment on sources 1.4.2.1 Research design 1.4.2.2 Research method 1.4.2.3 Data generation method 1.4.2.4 Method of data analysis 1.5 Challenges in the field 1.6 The structure of the dissertation CHAPTER TWO HISTORICIZING OIL CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION 2 Introduction 2.1 Analyzing the Origins and dynamics of the Niger Delta Conflict 2.1.1 The Geography and People of the Niger Delta 2.1.2 Pre-colonial Niger Delta and the Emergence of European Trade in Nigeria (1444 – 1850) 2.1.3 Colonial Considerations: Increasing Agitations, Palm oil Production and the Discovery of Oil (1851 – 1960) 2.1.4 Independent and Post Independent Nigeria and the Foundations of the Oil Conflict (1960 – Present) 2.1.5 Militant Movements in the Niger Delta in the Recent Past (1990s – Present) 2.2 Nigerian Political Economy, State Policy Response and the Nature of the Nigerian State 2.2.1 A Survey of the Nigerian Political Economy 2.2.2 State-centric Responses to the Niger Delta Oil Conflict (1960 – 2009) 2.2.2.1 Positive “Carrot” Approach 2.2.2.2 Coercive “Stick” Approach 2.2.3 An Explanation of the Nature and character of the Nigerian State 2.3 Conclusion CHAPTER THREE THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA 3 Introduction 3.1 Furthering Institutional Scholarship and Debates 3.1.1 The Mainstream Debate 3.1.2 The Critical School 3.2 State-to-State Institutional Interaction 3.2.1 Institutions as “Rules of the Game” 3.2.2 Differential Power Distribution 3.2.3 Formal Institutional Bargaining 3.3 Non-state Driven Institutional Interlinkage 3.3.1 Institutions as socially shared rules/traditional systems 3.4 State and Non-state Institutional Exchange 3.4.1 Institutional Bricolage 3.4.2 Institutional Credibility 3.5 State, Non-state and International Collaboration 3.5.1 Complexities of NDA and DDR Institutions 3.5.2 Complementarity of NDA and DDR Institutions 3.5.3 Limited Access Order in NDA and DDR Institutions 3.6 Implications of Statutory, Non-Statutory and International Institutions to NDA and DDR 3.6.1 Lack of Coordination 3.6.2 Exacerbation of Conflict 3.6.3 Weak Hybridized Institutions 3.7 Conclusion CHAPTER FOUR CONCEPTUALISING INTERESTS AND INCENTIVES IN THE FRAMING OF THE NIGER DELTA AMNESTY AND DDR PROGRAM 4 Introduction 4.1 Mapping Actor Network Analysis in the Niger Delta Conflict 4.1.1 The Nigerian Government 4.1.2 Oil Communities 4.1.3 Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs) 4.2 Contested Interests: Actors, Encounters and Entanglements in the Niger Delta 4.2.1 Powerful Versus Powerless Encounters 4.2.2 Elitists Entanglements 4.2.3 Intra and Inter Community Contestations 4.2.4 MNOCs and Niger Delta Communities’ Confrontations 4.3 Conclusion CHAPTER FIVE A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NIGER DELTA AMNESTY, DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION PROGRAM 5 Introduction 5.1 Amnesty: A Peacebuilding Practice 5.2 The NDA and DDR Program and the Politics of conceptualization 5.3 NDA and DDR Program and the Art of Negotiation 5.4 NDA and DDR: The Practice of Planning 5.5 The Implementation Process of the Niger Delta Amnesty and DDR Program 5.5.1 The Disarmament Phase 5.5.2 The Demobilisation Phase 5.5.3 The Reintegration Phase 5.6 Niger Delta Amnesty and DDR Process: A Shift from a Neoliberal Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS) Principles to a Neopatrimonial DDR Practice 5.6.1 From a people centered approach to a patron-client driven approach 5.6.2 From a flexible, transparent and accountable doctrine to a non-transparent and unaccountable DDR process 5.6.3 Nationally Owned 5.6.4 From an Integrated IDDRS Norm to a non-integrated approach 5.6.5 From a well-planned IDDRS to a haphazard DDR 5.7 Conclusion CHAPTER SIX GENERAL CONCLUSION 6 Introduction 6.1 Main Research Questions and Empirical Findings 6.2 Theoretical and Empirical Contribution 6.3 Potential Concerns for Future Research BIBLIOGRAPHY

El presente trabajo de investigación ensaya una exploración sobre las dificultades que enfrentan los programas de reinserción social del “Centro Juvenil de Diagnóstico y Rehabilitación Santa Margarita”. Este centro procura la rehabilitación de las adolescentes infractoras para que logren la reinserción a la sociedad. Este trabajo formula un plan de investigación y un balance bibliográfico de la producción reciente sobre la reinserción social lograda por centros juveniles en América Latina. / This research project examines the social obstacles that the Santa Margarita juvenile reintegration center faces to accomplish its main goals. This Center aims the female juvenile return to the community and homes. This work proposes a detailed research upon this social problem by focusing on a case-study. In addition, this research project reviews the most recent socio-legal literature on the juvenile reintegration in Latin America. / Trabajo de investigación

Orientador: Eliana Bolorino Canteiro Martins / Resumo: A dissertação objetiva analisar os motivos que interferem na medida protetiva de acolhimento institucional de crianças e adolescentes para efetivar o princípio da provisoriedade preconizada no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) (BRASIL, 1990), fundamentado na Doutrina de Proteção Integral e reforçado em novos marcos jurídicos (Lei n. 12.010 de 2009 e Lei n. 13.509 de 2017) (BRASIL, 2009, 2017). Diante do contexto político-econômico-social e cultural da realidade brasileira, do acirramento das expressões da Questão Social, do retrocesso das Políticas Sociais pautadas no ideário neoliberal, a indagação que permeia à pesquisa está atrelada aos desafios para concretizar o princípio da provisoriedade do acolhimento institucional de crianças e adolescentes, garantindo lhes a convivência familiar e comunitária, prioritariamente na sua família de origem. Definimos as categorias teóricas: abandono, invisibilidade da criança e do adolescente, acolhimento institucional, provisoriedade, convivência familiar, políticas sociais e o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos (SGD), como pilares da pesquisa desde a investigação até as análises interpretativas, tendo como perspectiva as categorias filosóficas do método crítico. A metodologia foi quantiqualitativa, a qual possibilitou a compreensão dos múltiplos fatores que incidem sobre a questão do acolhimento institucional em um município do interior paulista de grande porte, cenário da pesquisa. Os participantes da pesquisa foram os represent... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The dissertation aims to analyze the reasons that interfere in the protective measure of institutional reception of children and adolescents to effect the principle of provisionally advocated in the Statute of Children and Adolescents (ECA) (BRAZIL, 1990), based on the Doctrine of Integral Protection and reinforced in new legal frameworks (Law no 12,010 of 2009 and Law no 13,509 of 2017) (BRAZIL, 2009, 2017).Considering the political-economic-social and cultural context of the Brazilian reality, the intensification of the expressions of the Social Matter, the setback of Social Policies based on the neoliberal ideology, the question that permeates the research is linked to the challenges to concretize the principle of the provisional reception institutionalization of children and adolescents, ensuring family and community coexistence, primarily in their family. We defined the theoretical categories: abandonment, invisibility of children and adolescents, institutional reception, temporariness, family coexistence, social policies and the Rights Guarantee System (SGD), as pillars of research from research to interpretative analyses, having as perspective the philosophical categories of the critical method. The methodology was quantitative and qualitative, which made it possible to understand the multiple factors that affect the issue of institutional care in a large city in the interior of São Paulo, where the research took place. The participants in the research were the represe... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This Master's thesis is devoted to the study of Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs for children formerly associated with armed groups. Its main task is to critically assess the implementation of child Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs, to identify the main challenges of these programs, and to provide recommendations for their future improvement. The theoretical part of the work focuses on the concept of child soldiers and the concept of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration. The work examines the case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo closely. It explores the history of the conflict, the history of using child soldiers, and the history of Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Furthermore, this work analyzes the phenomenon of child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the challenges the current Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs are facing and provides recommendations for the Congolese government and for the international actors which are providing the Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration programs for children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The work concludes that through the implementation of new policies on the national...

The diploma thesis focuses on people who have served their sentences. Specifically, it maps the success in their social integration after release from prison. The theoretical basis of the work lies in the multifactor criminogenetic theories and concepts of social exclusion. Multifactor criminogenetic theories are mentioned as one of the foundations of the penitentiary prediction tool SARPO (Comprehensive Analysis of Risks and Needs of Convicts). This tool is used in the work for better orientation in the needs and risks of people in the process of release. The theoretical anchoring of the work also deals with the problem of recidivism and adaptation after release from prison. And the issue of homelessness in connection with substance abuse and also in connection with crime. Furthermore, attention is paid to the problem of indebtedness, which can complicate the social situation of people after serving a sentence. The factual context of the researched topic is devoted to the causes of the difficult resocialization of released prisoners and to the reasons why recidivists are most often prosecuted. There are also some important statistical data concerning the number of persons imprisoned in the Czech Republic in comparison with EU countries. Attention is also paid to the amendment of the Insolvency Act...

En el siguiente proyecto de negocio SOLUCORP, se plantea mostrar la viabilidad económica que ofrecería sus servicios de asesoría en gestión financiera y reinserción al sistema financiero, está dirigida a personas que están con mala calificación en el sistema financiero y quieren obtener una nueva oportunidad del departamento de Lima, inicialmente a las personas localizadas al sur de la ciudad de Lima. En el trayecto se han identificado las diferentes variables que hay en nuestros futuros clientes que desean reinsertarse al sistema financiero uno de ellos es la falta de educación financiera la cual los hace caer en deudas por ello surge nuestra propuesta de valor la cual es crear una empresa de Asesoramiento para la reinserción al sistema financiero y dando consejos en el manejo de las finanzas a nuestros clientes para que tomen buenas dediciones en el ámbito financiero. Donde la diferenciación con nuestros competidores es brindarle la asesoría de por vida después de haber tomado el servicio con nosotros. Asimismo, post liquidación de la deuda, nos encargaremos sin costo alguno que una entidad financiera le otorgue una tarjeta de crédito para que vuelva a generar un historial crediticio positivo. Y lo que SOLUCORP desea ser la empresa de asesoría y educación financiera líder en el sector, posicionándonos como la mejor alternativa para los clientes, logrando su fidelidad al brindar un servicio de calidad que contribuya con su desarrollo económico y una mejor salud financiera. / In the following SOLUCORP business project, it is proposed to show the economic viability that its advisory services in financial management and reintegration into the financial system would offer, it is aimed at people who were at INFOCORP and want to obtain a new opportunity from the department of Lima, initially to people located south of the city of Lima. Along the way, the different variables that exist in our future clients who wish to re-enter the financial system have been identified, one of them is the lack of financial education which makes them fall into debt, so our value proposition arises, which is to create a company. Advice for reintegration into the financial system and giving advice on managing finances to our clients so that they make good decisions in the financial field. Where the differentiation with our competitors is to provide you with advice for life after taking the service with us. Also, after debt settlement, we will arrange at no cost for a financial institution to grant you a credit card so that it can once again generate a positive credit history. And what SOLUCORP wants to be the leading financial education and advisory company in the sector, positioning ourselves as the best alternative for clients, achieving its loyalty by providing a quality service that contributes to its economic development and better financial health. / Trabajo de investigación

Albanians are known for their long legacy in migrating worldwide for economic reasons, especially in Europe. Yet, return programs and policies are falling behind to meet the needs of those migrants who decides to return to their home country. The aim of this study is to explore the topic of return migration and reintegration in the context of Albanian migrants. To this end, this thesis answers three research questions: 1) What are the forces driving Albanians to emigrate from their country of origin? 2) What are reasons that Albanians return to their country of origin? 3) What are the challenges that Albanian returnees face during the reintegration process in Albania? The main theoretical lenses adapted by this study are the social network theory, the theory of reintegration, and push-pull factors. Through a qualitative research, based on semi-structured interviews, this study identifies as pull factors of migration higher paying jobs and employment opportunities, while recognising educational systems and labour laws as push factors. Furthermore, discrimination and unsuccessful acculturation resulted as key drivers of return. Finally, this study investigates dysfunctional systems, unresponsive public institutions, and economic difficulties as significant challenges throughout returnees’ reintegration.

The diploma thesis "The Problems of Social Integration after Serving a Prison Sentence"deals in theoretical part with theories of punishment and function and aim of prison sentence. In more detail attention is paid to serving a prison sentence especially programmes of treatment in theoretical part. The corrective function of imprisonment is not in the long term accomplished and there is necessity to improve the system of care for person released from prison. Thesis tries to show necessity of continuity and deepening penitentiary with post- penitentiary care. Opinions of prisoners on the life reality after release are noticed in research part of this work.