This study examines the impact of traditional rituals in truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) on the social reintegration of ex-combatants in post-conflict societies. Little is known of how traditional rituals can contribute to transitional justice mechanisms in reintegration ex-combatants and this thesis aims to contribute to this by asking How does incorporating traditional ritual in the TRC affect the social re-integration off ex-combatants? I conduct a structured, focused comparison of two TRCs, one in Solomon Islands and one in Timor-Leste, to test the theoretical argument if inclusion of traditional rituals leads to more successful social reintegration of ex-combatants. The empirical findings lend some support to the hypothesis, as the TRC with traditional rituals incorporated had more successful social reintegration of ex-combatants than the TRC without. However, the empirics point to potential alternative explanations that might influence the social reintegration. There are also some limitations in the data available, calling for future research.

Introduced diploma thesis presents the results of the research project which investigated the impact on the national identity. The goal of the research project was to find out with a help of the quality research, in detail an anchored theory, the central phenomenon in the perception of the national identity. The results of the anchored theory shows, that this phenomenon is level of adaptation of the individual on the environment respectively level of acculturation and flowingly level of reintegration. Intervene conditions, such as strategy of the handling of the stress situations, work success or family and friends' bounds also influence this phenomenon. Main context line in this direction presents emigration and re-emigration of the individual with all the possible causes and intervene conditions. Important part of the context line is the fact of the leaving of the individual itself, including his or hers preparation for leaving the country. This in its' nature determines even the process of acculturation of the individual in emigration with the impact on the perception of the national identity. If I should state the result of the research in one sentence, I would characterize it as following: "Level of acculturation of the individual in the emigration determines the perception of the national...

[ES] La reintegración cromática es una materia que, más allá de los principios clásicos de respeto, reconocimiento y reversibilidad, o del tratamiento de las lagunas y la controversia que ello genera, apenas se presenta de forma extensa y detallada. La falta de monografías específicas que engloben, además, temas tan importantes como la percepción del color o las fuentes de iluminación, requiere en primera instancia, de una recopilación y recensión de material bibliográfico. Mediante este proceso, se muestra una especialización del léxico para denominar el proceso de reintegración cromática, quedando incluidos en esta nueva terminología los criterios y normas que dicha intervención lleva implícitos. La revisión crítica de las teorías de la restauración que abundaron a partir de mediados del siglo XX así como de las más recientes, identifica el estado actual de la cuestión del retoque en la pintura de caballete, en la cual se halla una clara influencia de principios teóricos más propios de otras áreas de la restauración como la pintura mural, la arqueología o la escultura. Resulta igualmente importante el análisis de la evolución de criterios en materia de reintegración, pues permite la identificación de las carencias y problemáticas que presentan si se extrapolan a la praxis actual. El extenso estudio del tratamiento de las lagunas y los sistemas de reintegración cromática requiere de una revisión que permita la ordenación, de forma coherente y con ejemplos gráficos, de los sistemas de retoque pictórico existentes, definiéndolos y clasificándolos correctamente, con el propósito de servir como referencia. Esta sección demuestra la diversidad del uso de sistemas según factores geográficos, así como la falta de una unificación terminológica de reintegración a nivel nacional e internacional que evite errores de traducción y confusiones, los cuales pueden derivar en malas prácticas por parte de los restauradores. Existen también otros parámetros, como la textura de los estucos, las fuentes de iluminación y la indumentaria de trabajo, que pasan inadvertidos pero de los cuales se demuestra, por medios experimentales, la importancia que juegan en el desarrollo de los procesos de reintegración cromática y en la calidad de su resultado final. De esta forma, se enfatiza que el retoque pictórico en pintura de caballete debe ser abordado más allá de los conceptos tradicionales y del tratamiento de las lagunas. Asimismo, se revisan también las técnicas utilizadas en la reintegración cromática de pintura de caballete, demostrando la permanencia de materiales tradicionalmente usados como las acuarelas para la restitución acuosa, y los colores aglutinados al barniz para los retoques no acuosos. En relación a esta última técnica, aunque es común el uso de pinturas comerciales, en la última década ha crecido en popularidad la elaboración propia de colores al barniz por los restauradores con motivo de las ventajas que presentan. Este suceso ha requerido un análisis detallado de su viabilidad mediante ensayos de laboratorio, descubriendo si estas pinturas artesanales cumplen unos mínimos estándares de calidad para poder ser utilizadas de forma segura en obras reales. En definitiva, la revisión crítica y el estudio de la reintegración cromática más allá de los medios tradicionalmente expuestos, remarcan la importancia de tratar esta fase de intervención como una disciplina propia e independiente. / [CA] La reintegració cromàtica és una matèria que, més enllà dels principis clàssics de respecte, reconeixement i reversibilitat, o del tractament de les llacunes i la controvèrsia que això genera, a penes es presenta de forma extensa i detallada. La manca de monografies específiques que engloben, a més, temes tan importants com la percepció del color o les fonts d'il·luminació, requereix en primera instància, d'una recopilació i recensió de material bibliogràfic. Mitjançant aquest procés, es mostra una especialització del lèxic per a denominar el procés de reintegració cromàtica, quedant inclosos en la seua terminologia els criteris i normes que aquesta intervenció porta implícits. La revisió crítica de les teories de la restauració que van ser abundants a partir de mitjans del segle XX així com les més recents, identifica l'estat actual de la qüestió del retoc en la pintura de cavallet, en la qual s'hi troba una clara influència de principis teòrics més propis de altres àrees de la restauració com la pintura mural, l'arqueologia o l'escultura. Resulta igualment important l'anàlisi de l'evolució de criteris en matèria de reintegració, doncs permet la identificació de les carències i problemàtiques que presenten si s'extrapolen a la praxis actual. L'extens estudi del tractament de les llacunes i els sistemes de reintegració cromàtica requereix d'una revisió que permeta l'ordenació, de forma coherent i amb exemples gràfics, dels sistemes de retoc pictòric existents, definint-los i classificant-los correctament, amb el propòsit de servir com a referència. Esta secció demostra la diversitat de l'ús de sistemes segons factors geogràfics, així com la falta d'una unificació terminològica de reintegració a nivell nacional i internacional que evite errors de traducció i confusions, els quals poden derivar en males pràctiques per part dels restauradors. Existeixen també altres paràmetres, com la textura dels estucs, les fonts d'il·luminació i la indumentària de treball, que passen inadvertits però dels quals es demostra, per mitjans experimentals, la importància que juguen en el desenvolupament dels processos de reintegració cromàtica i la qualitat del seu resultat final. D'aquesta forma, s'emfatitza que el retoc pictòric en pintura de cavallet déu ser abordat més enllà dels conceptes tradicionals i del tractament de les llacunes. Així mateix, es revisen també les tècniques utilitzades en la reintegració cromàtica de pintura de cavallet, demostrant la permanència de materials tradicionalment utilitzats com les aquarel·les per a la restitució aquosa, i els colors aglutinats al vernís per als retocs no aquosos. En relació a esta última tècnica, encara que és comú l'ús de pintures comercials, en l'última dècada ha crescut en popularitat l'elaboració pròpia de colors al vernís pels propis restauradors amb motiu dels avantatges que presenten. Aquest succés ha requerit un anàlisi detallat de la seua viabilitat mitjançant assajos de laboratori, descobrint si aquestes pintures artesanals compleixen uns mínims estàndards de qualitat per a poder ser utilitzades de forma segura en obres reals. En definitiva, la revisió crítica i l'estudi de la reintegració cromàtica més enllà dels mitjans tradicionalment exposats, remarquen la importància de tractar aquesta fase d'intervenció com una disciplina pròpia i independent. / [EN] Chromatic reintegration is a subject that, beyond the classical principles of respect, recognition, and reversibility, or the treatment of the losses and the controversy it generates, is hardly presented comprehensively and in detail. The absence of specific monographs covering such important subjects as perception of colour or light sources necessitates, first and foremost, a compilation and review of bibliographical material. Through this process, a specialisation of the lexicon is shown to name the process of chromatic reintegration, including the criterion and rules implicit to this intervention. According to the review of restoration theories from the mid-20th century onwards as well as more recent ones, it is identified the current state of the question of retouching in easel painting, in which there is a clear influence of theoretical principles more typical of other areas of restoration such as mural painting, archaeology or sculpture. Analysis of the evolution of reintegration criteria is also important since it allows for the identification of shortcomings and problems if they are applied to current practice. The extensive study of losses treatment and chromatic reintegration demands that the existing systems of pictorial retouching to be organised in a coherent manner including graphic examples that clearly define and classify them, with the aim of serving as a reference. This section demonstrates the diversity of the use of systems according to geographical factors, as well as the need of unification of reintegration terminology at national and international level to avoid translation errors and confusion, which can lead to bad practices by restorers. Experimentation has shown that there are also other parameters, such as the texture of the fillers, the light sources and the working clothes, which go unnoticed but which are important to the development of the chromatic reintegration processes and the quality of the final result. In this way, it is emphasised that pictorial retouching in easel painting must be approached beyond traditional concepts and the treatment of losses. The techniques used in the chromatic reintegration of easel painting are also reviewed, demonstrating the permanence of traditionally used materials such as watercolours for aqueous restitution, and varnish-bonded colours for non-aqueous retouching. However, according to the latter technique, although commercial paints are commonly used by restorers, the use of self-produced varnish colours has grown in popularity over the past decade due to the advantages they offer. To determine if these handmade paints are safe for use on real paintings, a detailed analysis of their viability has been conducted through laboratory tests. Definitely, the critical review and study of chromatic reintegration beyond the traditional means highlight the importance of treating this phase of intervention as an independent discipline. / Doménech García, B. (2022). La reintegración cromática en pintura de caballete. Revisión crítica de los principios teóricos, evolución, técnicas y materiales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/186055

This dissertation evaluates the feasibility of extending restorative justice to school disciplinary action in South African schools. It considers developments in education and identifies relevant shortcomings before addressing them. The extension of restorative justice to school disciplinary action establishes a new way of thinking that has, until recently, not been applied to civil law. In Dikoko v Mokhatla (2007 (1) BCLR 1 (CC)) honourable justice Sachs ruled that any remedy applied in civil law must aim for the restitution of relationships, rather than punishment of the guilty party. Children are often on unequal footing compared to adults when it comes to prosecution or punishment and consequently they are exposed to excessive punitive measures, as illustrated by the Dey saga (Le Roux and Others v Dey 2011 (3) SA 274 (CC)). The implementation of restorative justice as an alternative to current school disciplinary action may result in limiting these excessive punishments. Because of the universal nature of the subject a comparison will be made to the successful implementation of restorative justice programs in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. The various departments of education in these countries have developed proactive strategies for managing students' behaviour. In New Zealand, schools place particular emphasis on the use of restorative practices, rather than suspension, to ensure the establishment of beneficial learning environments. Furthermore, parents’ and community members' involvement is encouraged by inter alia the National Safe Schools Framework, which has been implemented in Australia since 2003. These countries have long been regarded as leaders in the field of restorative justice. It is of the utmost importance to consider international trends due to the guidance that it can offer school governing bodies in South Africa. The principle of restorative justice has received extensive international support due to various practical tools that have been developed by the above-mentioned countries. Therefore, these tools are considered in order to assist governing bodies in determining the way forward in South African schools. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Section 28(1)(d) of the Constitution guarantees a child the right to be protected against abuse. When a child’s constitutional rights are violated by an offender by means of sexual abuse and degradation, the state has a legal responsibility to restore that right. In determining whether the state is adhering to its legal responsibility to socially reintegrate sexually abused children, the Constitution, the VEP, the Victims’ Charter, the UPVM, legislation and one-stop centres were explored. It was found that none of these programs, charters and documents places an obligation on the state. Section 39(1)(b) of the Constitution states that the court must consider international law when interpreting the Bill of Rights. The CRC, ACRWC, United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles were studied. It was found that although South Africa is a signatory to everyone, it does not adhere to the principles stated in the respected document. Section 39(1)(c) of the Constitution states that the court may consider foreign law when interpreting the Bill of Rights. The dissertation does not consist of a comparative study. Each of Canada, Australia and New Zealand’s legislation was studied relating to compensation schemes in order to determine what lessons can be drawn from the three countries. It was found that each country has a unique compensation scheme. Although South Africa can learn from the way in which these schemes are administered and funded, the schemes of the three countries are not beyond critique. South Africa can therefore also take note of the negative aspects of the compensation schemes of the three countries so as to improve on it. It was found that through a literature study the state does not adhere to its legal responsibility to socially reintegrate sexually abused children. It is recommended that the state should consider implementing a state-funded compensation scheme to assist the children that have fallen victim to sexual abuse and degradation. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This dissertation evaluates the feasibility of extending restorative justice to school disciplinary action in South African schools. It considers developments in education and identifies relevant shortcomings before addressing them. The extension of restorative justice to school disciplinary action establishes a new way of thinking that has, until recently, not been applied to civil law. In Dikoko v Mokhatla (2007 (1) BCLR 1 (CC)) honourable justice Sachs ruled that any remedy applied in civil law must aim for the restitution of relationships, rather than punishment of the guilty party. Children are often on unequal footing compared to adults when it comes to prosecution or punishment and consequently they are exposed to excessive punitive measures, as illustrated by the Dey saga (Le Roux and Others v Dey 2011 (3) SA 274 (CC)). The implementation of restorative justice as an alternative to current school disciplinary action may result in limiting these excessive punishments. Because of the universal nature of the subject a comparison will be made to the successful implementation of restorative justice programs in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. The various departments of education in these countries have developed proactive strategies for managing students' behaviour. In New Zealand, schools place particular emphasis on the use of restorative practices, rather than suspension, to ensure the establishment of beneficial learning environments. Furthermore, parents’ and community members' involvement is encouraged by inter alia the National Safe Schools Framework, which has been implemented in Australia since 2003. These countries have long been regarded as leaders in the field of restorative justice. It is of the utmost importance to consider international trends due to the guidance that it can offer school governing bodies in South Africa. The principle of restorative justice has received extensive international support due to various practical tools that have been developed by the above-mentioned countries. Therefore, these tools are considered in order to assist governing bodies in determining the way forward in South African schools. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Section 28(1)(d) of the Constitution guarantees a child the right to be protected against abuse. When a child’s constitutional rights are violated by an offender by means of sexual abuse and degradation, the state has a legal responsibility to restore that right. In determining whether the state is adhering to its legal responsibility to socially reintegrate sexually abused children, the Constitution, the VEP, the Victims’ Charter, the UPVM, legislation and one-stop centres were explored. It was found that none of these programs, charters and documents places an obligation on the state. Section 39(1)(b) of the Constitution states that the court must consider international law when interpreting the Bill of Rights. The CRC, ACRWC, United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles were studied. It was found that although South Africa is a signatory to everyone, it does not adhere to the principles stated in the respected document. Section 39(1)(c) of the Constitution states that the court may consider foreign law when interpreting the Bill of Rights. The dissertation does not consist of a comparative study. Each of Canada, Australia and New Zealand’s legislation was studied relating to compensation schemes in order to determine what lessons can be drawn from the three countries. It was found that each country has a unique compensation scheme. Although South Africa can learn from the way in which these schemes are administered and funded, the schemes of the three countries are not beyond critique. South Africa can therefore also take note of the negative aspects of the compensation schemes of the three countries so as to improve on it. It was found that through a literature study the state does not adhere to its legal responsibility to socially reintegrate sexually abused children. It is recommended that the state should consider implementing a state-funded compensation scheme to assist the children that have fallen victim to sexual abuse and degradation. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

A qualitative research design that is explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature was employed in order to understand and describe the factors that predispose children to be in conflict with the law and to develop guidelines to support these children. The data-collection techniques were individual semi-structured interviews and field notes. The sample consisted of eight (8) children who volunteered to be interviewed. The theme that emerged during data collection and analysis was the factors that predispose children to break the law. Five categories were identified in this theme, namely * Personal factors * Family factors * Community factors * Police service factors and * Education factors It is recommended that all the institutions involved in the provision and maintenance of the child's mental health be involved in the implementation of the guidelines. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Many children in conflict with the law are not receiving the relevant education and services to which they are entitled. Convention on the Rights of the Child, proclaim that the convicted child‟s needs of persons of their age, like the right to appropriate education must be addressed as a matter of urgency. In addition, there is a serious lack of properly trained personnel who might be causing more impairment to children in conflict with the law, but who remain in the system. The appointment of relevant and appropriate staff in correctional facilities is definitely required. For instance, many young offenders lacked a decent education, social skills and occupational skills and involvement of parents, peers and the community. If essential programmes become successful, this will not only improve the livelihood of children in conflict with the law, but will also reduce recidivism rates. Qualified teachers and caregivers are required because the children in conflict with the law require specialised programmes like Individual Education Plan (IEP). The IEP is a basic aspect in providing quality special education services to help a particular learner attain his or her maximum learning potential. The aim of this study was to develop socio-ecological framework in understanding and giving support to children in conflict with the law. Bronfenbrenner‟s ecological model was used as a conceptual framework. Qualitative research design and phenomenology as a mode of enquiry were employed in this study. Interpretivism was used a philosophical paradigm. Population was learners, between ages of eleven and seventeen, from three correctional facilities. Purposive sampling was used as a method of sample selection. The findings in this study indicated that the children in conflict with the law resented the teachers showing signs of being judgemental, for failing to acknowledge their efforts and for being unresponsive to their needs. Initial desires to succeed in the classroom were replaced by frustration, anger, hopelessness and disappointment following failure. Many of their acting out behaviours were an expression of this anger and disappointment. / Inclusive Education / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

In the society of today there is a gender power order where men are parent of women. This superiority tends to permeate and affect institutions and organizations of the society. The responsibility of abused women in Sweden lies with the social services and is controlled by the social services act. Together with the national guidelines and common advice of the social board the idea is for the business to form strategies and actions to provide help and support for abused women. The purpose of our investigation is to see how social workers are working to reintegrate women who live with protected personal data in the society based on the right to be self sufficient and independent. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews were conducted. The empirical data, based on six social secretary experience, evaluated through a thematic analysis and linked to previous research and theoretical perspectives SOC and gender power. The conclusions we have reached are that the work is affected by both experience, way of work, as well as guidelines and limitations in the legislation. The activities offered are helping women in the acute phase but the long termed work have several limitations mainly for protected women. / I dagens samhälle råder en könsmaktsordning där män är överordnade kvinnor. Överordningen tenderar även att genomsyra samhällets institutioner och organisationer. Ansvaret för våldsutsatta kvinnor i Sverige ligger på socialtjänsten och regleras i socialtjänstlagen. Tillsammans med Socialstyrelsens nationella riktlinjer och allmänna råd utformas strategier och insatser för att ge hjälp och stöd till våldsutsatta kvinnor. Syftet med undersökning var att titta på hur socialsekreterare arbetar för att återintegrera kvinnor med skyddade uppgifter i samhället, utifrån rätten att vara självförsörjande och självständig. En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Det empiriska materialet, baserat på sex socialsekreterares erfarenheter, utvärderades genom en tematiskanalys och kopplades till tidigare forskning och de teoretiska perspektiven KASAM och könsmaktsordningen. Våra slutsatser är att socialsekreterarnas arbete påverkas av såväl erfarenhet, arbetsformer, riktlinjer samt begränsningar i lagstiftningen. Erbjudna insatser hjälper de våldsutsatta kvinnorna i den akuta fasen men i det långsiktiga arbetet återfinns åtskilliga begränsningar främst för skyddade kvinnor.