The study explored current organizational barriers and gaps in service delivery to incarcerated women to examine whether current services are meeting the needs of this population. The study is relevant to the social work profession due to a high likelihood of social service needs found amongst this population and their families within the community. Barriers to success were identified through the perspective of service providers (BSW, MSW, LCSW, LMFT’s) with current and/or past experience working with this population. Current service provisions in correctional facilities were examined to determine barriers or gaps in services in four key areas: communication, parenting services, mental health services and employment services. A non-probability sampling technique (snowball sampling) was used to target professional service providers in California. Qualitative data analysis from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 9 service providers who had contact with the population during the last 10 years provided relevant information in representation of the data. Content analysis was employed to identify themes and evidence to support the four key areas in question. The following themes were derived: mental health, transition, employment, familial support and provider perceptions of success. The research provided detailed information suggesting significant barriers and gaps in services within the female prison system during and post incarceration. Specifically, it points to needed improvements within mental health (i.e., trauma-informed practices, increased accessibility, and appropriate treatment measures) and reintegration services (i.e., employment preparation, linkage to community resources post-release and housing services) for an increase possibility of inmate success.

Growing federal attention to addressing collateral damages of the era of mass conviction and mass incarceration has led to millions in funding allocated to support successful reentry for offenders in contact with the justice system. In line with this initiative, federal agencies have recently turned to criminal desistance research to build on earlier recidivism studies and to inform successful reentry programs. In an effort to contribute to opportunities for future research within the desistance paradigm, this study was designed to explore the identity change process of the offender from deviant to prosocial, a continuously emerging concept within the desistance literature that has received little specific attention to date. The identity theory of desistance was used as the theoretical framework for this study in an effort to advance existing theory while exploring the phenomena of interest. The key research questions guiding inquiry related to understanding the lived experience of identity change as a component of the criminal desistance process, identifying determinants that influence this identity change, and identifying behaviors that support the changing identity. Data were secured using a combination of semi-structured interviews with 6 ex-offenders reportedly 10 or more years beyond desistance, observation around interviewing, and document reviews. Data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive phenomenology approach. Results showed the essence of the experience of identity change through the criminal desistance process involves refining the internal and external world to fit the non-offending working identity. Results of this study advance existing knowledge and theory toward practical, transformative support for offenders on the road to positive reform.

Active duty personnel as well as combat veterans of the United States often engage in military operations during their service that require deployments to participate in missions, which may lead to extended periods away from home. When active duty men and women are appointed to combat zones, they may return with psychological burdens such as post traumatic stress disorder, which can complicate their reintegration into civilian life. This study explored the experiences of combat veterans who faced challenges when returning home from a war zone, along with the experiences of their family members. The study involved 26 combat veterans, spouses, significant others, and parents. In data analysis, semistructured interview responses were given concerning personal experiences. The interviews produced a vast amount of information with manual notes. Participants discussed treatment, interventions, and strategies for family reintegration. Many of the veteran participants shared that family members did the 'best they could' to help them reintegrate. The themes received for the study were family reintegration, command strategies and intervention, community services, and mental health services. The study showed how combat veterans and family members can successfully complete family reintegration with social support as well as support from mental health professionals. In association with social change, psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health practioners, and licensed professional counselors may benefit from the findings of this study. Professionals involved with mental health treatments and assessments would learn how to connect with combat veterans and family members. This study supports the recommendation that combat veterans and family members receive services from mental health professionals.

Humboldt-Universiẗat, Diss--Berlin, 2008.

This study analyzes Colombia's current process of reintegrating former combatants into civil society. By employing four different citizenship perspectives constructed as ideal types it is shown how issues such as participation, political influence and the relation between rights and obligations are being addressed in the Colombian reintegration program. By relating these findings to current debates on the relation between security and development in DDR research, the study aims to reconcile the hitherto rather separated but yet intimately related discourses of DDR and citizenship. The analysis of the Colombian program gives a multifaceted picture of the country’s reintegration process where several citizenship perspectives are discerned in various and sometimes overlapping ways. Beyond contributing to an enhanced understanding of the Colombian process, the study illustrates the numerous ways in which diverging citizenship perspectives may be incorporated into a wider framework of peace and state-building and the potential tensions that are discerned in different approaches to DDR.

<p><bold>Abstract</bold></p><p>More than 300,000 soldiers have returned from Southwest Asia (i.e., Iraq and Afghanistan) with combat-related mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) associated with exposure to improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Despite less visible physical injuries, these soldiers demonstrate varying levels of physical and cognitive symptoms that impact their post-mTBI family reintegration. The existing literature acknowledges post-mTBI changes in the injured individual affect family functioning; however, post-injury family functioning, such as coping and adaptation, has not been explored. The intent of this dissertation is to explore the problems and challenges of military family reintegration following mTBI.</p><p>Nine soldiers with mTBI and their spouses participated for a total of 27 interviews. Both joint and separate individual interviews were conducted to explore their post-mTBI family reintegration experiences. Participants included active duty soldiers with mTBI who were between 2 and 24 months post-deployment and their civilian spouses. Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology was used to collect and analyze the data. This dissertation study consists of three papers, each of which explored experiences that surround family reintegration following mTBI.</p><p>The first paper is a comprehensive literature review, examining commonly reported mTBI signs/symptoms, and the impact of these symptoms on the injured individuals and their families. The findings also suggest that psychological distress symptoms such as depression and anxiety are common in injured individuals and their</p><p>families after mTBI. The second paper explores the family reintegration processes of post-mTBI soldiers and their spouses. The majority of participants interviewed, both soldiers and their spouses, indicated that symptoms such as irritability, memory loss, and cognitive deficit affected their family reintegration. Some participants reported they had accepted the changes and were working toward a new normal, whereas others indicated these changes were unacceptable and continued their efforts to resume pre-injury functioning.</p><p>The third paper examined the experiences of soldiers and their spouses about seeking treatment for mTBI-related symptoms. The majority of interviewed soldiers and their spouses indicated that a delayed diagnosis, difficulty accessing mental health care, and having to navigate an unfamiliar military healthcare system were their biggest challenges. Post-mTBI soldiers experienced significant disruption due to mismatched expectations among themselves and other family members concerning their post-injury capabilities. More research is needed in order to develop effective post-injury rehabilitation programs for soldiers with mTBI and their families.</p> / Dissertation

The preoccupation in the past decades with theorizing radicalization in order to prevent violent extremism has left deradicalization undertheorized. As the number of returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) is expected to increase as a result of the anticipated military and intelligence advancement on terrorism, the reintegration imperative stresses the urgency to develop comprehensive reintegration and deradicalization strategies. This study seeks to contribute to filling the research deficit begging for empirical data informed by FTFs’ experiences of, and challenges in, reintegration, through qualitative interviews with returning FTFs in Kwale County, Kenya; a county producing a relative majority of Kenyan recruits to Al Shabaab who are now offered amnesty on return to their county of origin. The Life Psychology framework, which assumes an inherent human strive to obtain a good life, i.e. life embeddedness, is adopted for the analysis. The study finds that returnees commit to reintegration in the absence of other alternatives, due to economic incentives and longing for acceptance. It confirms that the process requires the societal motivation in facilitation, but will fail without the sustained commitment of the returning FTF. The study further establishes that returning FTFs are not able to obtain a flow in life embeddedness, which would indicate inability to reintegrate. Yet, many of the interviewed returning FTFs express the contrary, which challenges the concept of life embeddedness as an indicator for reintegration. The study further challenges the general assumption that deradicalization is a precondition for reintegration, as it finds that radicalized individuals are able to reintegrate into communities of origin without deserting held radical beliefs, if those communities share radical sentiments. This study contributes to filling the deficit in empirical data, which when advanced will work to avert security threats posed by returning FTFs and enable utilizing the potential of the phenomenon to counter violent extremism.

Sistemas distribuídos representam uma plataforma ideal para implementação de sistemas computacionais com alta confiabilidade e disponibilidade devido a redundância fornecida por um grande número de estações interligadas. Falhas de um servidor podem ser contornadas pela reconfiguração do sistema. Entretanto falhas em seqüência que afetem múltiplas estações comprometem não apenas o desempenho do sistema, mas também a continuidade do serviço e sua confiabilidade. Assim, servidores falhos, que tenham sido isolados do sistema, devem ser reintegrados tão logo quanto possível para não comprometer a disponibilidade do sistema computacional. Este trabalho trata da atualização do estado de servidores e da troca de informação que o servidor recuperado realiza para integrar-se aos demais membros do sistema através de um procedimento chamado reintegração do servidor. E assumido um ambiente distribuído que garante alta confiabilidade em aplicações convencionais através da técnica de replicação de arquivos. O servidor a ser reintegrado faz parte de um grupo de replicação e volta a participar ativamente do grupo tão logo seja reintegrado. Para tanto, considera-se a estratégia de replicação por copia primaria e um sistema distribuído experimental, compatível com o NFS, desenvolvido na UFRGS para aplicar a reintegração de servidor. Os métodos de atualização de arquivos para a reintegração do servidor foram implementadas no ambiente UNIX. / Distributed systems are an ideal platform to develop high reliable computer applications due to the redundancy supplied by a great number of interconnected workstations. Failed stations can be masked reconfiguring the system. However, sequential faults, that affect multiple stations, not just decrease the performance of the system, but also affect the continuity of the service and its reliability. Thus, failed stations working as servers, that have been isolated from the system, should be reintegrated as soon as possible to not impair the system availability. This work is exactly about methods to update the state of failed servers. It deals also with the change of information that the recovered server accomplishes to be integrated to the other members of the service group through a process called reintegration of server. It is assumed a distributed environment that guarantees high reliability in conventional applications through replication of files. The server to be reintegrated is part of a replication group and it participates actively of the service group again as soon as it is reintegrated. Our approach is based on a primary copy. The file actualization methods to the reintegration of server were implemented in an UNIX environment. To illustrate our approach we will describe how the integration of repaired server can be made a fault-tolerant system. The experimental distributed system, compatible with NFS, was designed at the UFRGS.

Sistemas distribuídos representam uma plataforma ideal para implementação de sistemas computacionais com alta confiabilidade e disponibilidade devido a redundância fornecida por um grande número de estações interligadas. Falhas de um servidor podem ser contornadas pela reconfiguração do sistema. Entretanto falhas em seqüência que afetem múltiplas estações comprometem não apenas o desempenho do sistema, mas também a continuidade do serviço e sua confiabilidade. Assim, servidores falhos, que tenham sido isolados do sistema, devem ser reintegrados tão logo quanto possível para não comprometer a disponibilidade do sistema computacional. Este trabalho trata da atualização do estado de servidores e da troca de informação que o servidor recuperado realiza para integrar-se aos demais membros do sistema através de um procedimento chamado reintegração do servidor. E assumido um ambiente distribuído que garante alta confiabilidade em aplicações convencionais através da técnica de replicação de arquivos. O servidor a ser reintegrado faz parte de um grupo de replicação e volta a participar ativamente do grupo tão logo seja reintegrado. Para tanto, considera-se a estratégia de replicação por copia primaria e um sistema distribuído experimental, compatível com o NFS, desenvolvido na UFRGS para aplicar a reintegração de servidor. Os métodos de atualização de arquivos para a reintegração do servidor foram implementadas no ambiente UNIX. / Distributed systems are an ideal platform to develop high reliable computer applications due to the redundancy supplied by a great number of interconnected workstations. Failed stations can be masked reconfiguring the system. However, sequential faults, that affect multiple stations, not just decrease the performance of the system, but also affect the continuity of the service and its reliability. Thus, failed stations working as servers, that have been isolated from the system, should be reintegrated as soon as possible to not impair the system availability. This work is exactly about methods to update the state of failed servers. It deals also with the change of information that the recovered server accomplishes to be integrated to the other members of the service group through a process called reintegration of server. It is assumed a distributed environment that guarantees high reliability in conventional applications through replication of files. The server to be reintegrated is part of a replication group and it participates actively of the service group again as soon as it is reintegrated. Our approach is based on a primary copy. The file actualization methods to the reintegration of server were implemented in an UNIX environment. To illustrate our approach we will describe how the integration of repaired server can be made a fault-tolerant system. The experimental distributed system, compatible with NFS, was designed at the UFRGS.

In a society, the idea is that a person who performs criminal acts should receive a second chance of reintegrating into society after a penalty. Legally, the criminal becomes a regular citizen again after a penalty, but is the punishment really served? Nowadays background checks of the jobseekers have become increasingly common and are an aspect that is crucial in employment. Statistics from the police department show that the government left out 740,000 registry extracts during the first 11 months of 2017, which is 10,000 more than the corresponding period in 2016. In ten years, requests have tripled. The purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of how ex-criminals experience their reintegration into society through the labor market. The data has been collected through qualitative semistructured interviews with seven ex-criminals and has been interpreted on the basis of hermeneutical methodology. The analysis of the material has been done in support of the theories stämplingsteorin by Becker, hänsynsemotionssystem och sociala band of Scheff, as well as stigma of Goffman. The result of the analysis showed that when the ex-criminals take the big step to leave the crime, they are not given a chance to prove that they have changed. The visualization of their criminal background makes constraints and feelings of shame, both in working life and in the ability to build safe and strong social ties. / I ett samhälle är tanken att en människa som utfört brottsliga handlingar ska efter avtjänat straff få en andra chans att återintegreras till samhället. Juridiskt sett blir brottslingen en vanlig medborgare igen efter avtjänat straff, men är straffet verkligen avtjänat? Numera har bakgrundskontroller av den arbetssökande blivit allt mer vanligt och är en aspekt som är avgörande vid anställning. Statistik från polisens rättsavdelning visar att myndigheten lämnade ut 740 000 registerutdrag under de 11 första månaderna 2017, vilket är 10 000 fler än motsvarande period 2016. På tio år har förfrågningarna tredubblats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en djupare förståelse för hur f.d. kriminella upplever deras återintegrering till samhället genom arbetsmarknaden. Empiri samlades in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju f.d. kriminella och har tolkats utifrån den hermeneutiska metodologin. Analysen av materialet har gjorts med stöd i teorierna stämplingsteorin av Becker, hänsynsemotionssystem och sociala band av Scheff samt stigma av Goffman. Resultatet av analysen visade på att när de f.d. kriminella tar det stora steget att lämna kriminaliteten ges dem inte en chans att bevisa att dem förändrats. Synliggörandet av deras brottsliga bakgrund gör att begränsningar och skamkänslor skapas, både i arbetslivet och i möjligheten att bygga upp trygga och starka sociala band.