La réduction de la consommation en carburant des voitures est une préoccupation importante. L'objectif est de réduire les frottements entre pièces mobiles du moteur à travers la formulation du lubrifiant.Un lubrifiant est composé d'une huile de base et d'additifs afin d'ajuster les propriétés de l'huile moteur. En particulier, des polymères sont utilisés pour limiter la perte de viscosité avec la température afin de protéger au mieux les pièces du moteur. Le fonctionnement de ce type d'additifs, appelés améliorants de viscosité (AVI), est basé sur le gonflement avec la température des chaines polymères. Le paramètre le plus important à prendre en compte dans la formulation d'un lubrifiant est sa viscosité ainsi que sa dépendance en température. Le but de ce travail a été d'étudier l'influence de polymères AVI récemment commercialisés afin de sélectionner le plus efficace dans le cadre d'une application moteur, tout en éclaircissant les mécanismes d'action en jeu à l'échelle moléculaire dans ce type de systèmes. Les propriétés rhéologiques de poly(alkyle méthacrylates) en solution ont été étudiées à l'aide de tests standards dans le but de comprendre l'influence des lubrifiants sous pression et dans des conditions confinées. La dégradation de ce type de polymère a également été considérée à travers un test standard afin de vérifier si les performances du polymère sont conservées dans le temps. Les comportements en dégradation et en tribologie ont pu être rationalisés par des considérations de volume occupé par le polymère. / The reduction of car fuel consumption is one of the biggest concerns for oil companies. It involves the reduction of friction between moving parts through the formulation of lubricants.A lubricant is composed of base oil and several additives used to improve the properties of engine oils. Polymeric compounds are used to limit the decrease of viscosity with temperatures to efficiently protect the motor. This type of additives, called Viscosity Index Improver (VII), is based on the swelling of polymer chains with temperature. The most important parameter in the lubricant formulation is the viscosity and its dependance on temperature. The aim of the work was to study the influence of recently developed families of VII additives in different base oils in ordrer to select the most efficient type of polymer for engine lubricant uses, by understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible of the VII behavior. Various polyalkylmethacrylates were investigated to establishing the rheological properties of the solutions, namely as a function of temperature (dependence of intrinsic viscosity). For a given base oil, the efficiency of a VII varies with its chemical structure, its molecular weight and its concentration. Then, tribological properties were investigated using standard tests with the aim to obtain an overview of the lubricant's behavior under pressure. We also considered the degradation of this kind of polymers in a representative test in order to check the performance's durability. Degradation and tribological behaviors were rationalized in terms of volume occupied by polymer chains.

O Smallanthus sonchifollius também conhecido como Yacon é uma planta de origem andina que armazena em suas raízes tuberosas os carboidratos frutose, glicose, e, principalmente frutooligossacarídeos e inulina. Os frutooligossacarídeos e a inulina têm sido designados como prebióticos e fibras alimentares solúveis por sua não digestibilidade pelas enzimas do trato digestivo humano, estímulo seletivo do crescimento e atividade de bactérias intestinais promotoras de saúde. Neste trabalho foram estudados propriedades físico - químicas do suco de yacon concentrado e da polpa de yacon. As raízes foram descascadas, cortadas em rodelas de 0,5+0,2cm, branqueadas mediante vapor por 4 minutos seguido por resfriamento em banho de gelo por 3 minutos e posteriormente passadas em um processador de frutas para extração do suco que foi concentrado na faixa de 10 a 50ºBrix em rotavapor a vácuo. Foi estudado o comportamento reológico, composição química e atividade de água e o ponto de inicio de congelamento do suco de yacon em função da concentração de sólidos solúveis. Para as medidas reológicas foi empregado um viscosímetro rotacional, as medidas da atividade de água foram realizadas através de leitura direta em medidor eletrônico e a determinação do ponto de início de congelamento dos sucos foi obtida a partir das curvas de congelamento. O teor de açucares foi quantificado através de HPLC. Os resultados indicaram que o teor de inulina manteve-se constante, enquanto a concentração dos açucares redutores glicose e frutose aumentaram com o aumento da concentração. O suco de yacon comportouse como um fluido newtoniano, observando-se que a viscosidade manteve-se constante para cada concentração independente da taxa de deformação aplicada. Para os sucos com concentrações de 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30ºBrix os valores de viscosidade não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si e para as concentrações maiores que 30ºBrix, a viscosidade aumentou significativamente. No caso do ponto de início congelamento, este diminuiu à medida que o suco de yacon foi concentrado não existindo diferenças significativas entre os valores que correspondem às concentrações de 10º com 15º Brix, de 20º com 25ºBrix e de 40º com 45ºBrix. A atividade de água diminuiu significativamente apenas na concentração de 50ºBrix. A seguir foi estudado o comportamento da secagem do suco de yacon concentrado sem branqueamento a 40ºBrix, empregando amido de milho como encapsulante, e da polpa de yacon. Os ensaios experimentais foram conduzidos em um secador de ar forçado, nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70°C por um tempo de 5 horas. Foi observado que com o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem diminuiu o tempo necessário para as amostras atingirem o equilíbrio. Os valores de umidade no equilíbrio foram de 0,0071; 0,0052 e 0,0050 para a polpa de yacon e de 0,0075; 0,0030 e 0,0030 para o suco encapsulado nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC respectivamente, resultando em valores de atividade de água menores que 0,25. O suco de yacon encapsulado e da polpa de yacon em pó obtidos a temperatura de 70ºC foram visualizados em microscópico eletrônico de varredura. O pó de suco de yacon demonstrou um bom encapsulamento pelo amido de milho e na polpa de yacon em pó verificou-se a presença de estruturas microscópicas com formato alongado características do açúcar inulina. A temperatura de transição vítrea do suco encapsulado obtido à temperatura de 50, 60 e 70ºC e da polpa de yacon em pó obtida à temperatura de 70ºC foi determinada pela técnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura. As temperaturas de transição vítrea para o pó de suco concentrado encapsulado foram de 44,74; 45,14 e 49,72ºC para valores de atividade de água de 0,15; 0,07 e 0,03 respectivamente e para o pó da polpa de yacon foi de 48,78ºC em atividade de água de 0,13. / The Smallanthus sonchifollius also known as Yacon is a plant of Andean origin which stores the carbohydrates fructose, glucose, and mainly fructooligosaccharides and inulin. The fructooligosaccharides and the inulin have been designed as pre-biotic and alimentary fibers soluble for their no digestibility by enzymes from human digestive tract, selective stimulus of growth and activity of intestinal bacteria promoters of health. In this work, the yacon juice concentrated and the yacon pulp physicochemical properties were studied. The roots were peeled, cut and sliced in 0.5 +0.2cm, bleached by steam for 4 minutes followed by ice bath for 3 minutes and later passed into fruit processor in order to extract the juice which was concentrated in a range from 10 to 50°Brix in a vacuum Rota-stea m. The rheologic behavior, chemical composition and water activity and the initial freezing point of yacon juice according to the soluble solid concentration. A rotational viscosimeter was employed for the rheologic measures, the water activity measurements were carried out through the direct reading in an electronic measurer and the determination of the initial freezing point of juice was obtained from the freezing curves. The sugar content was quantified through HPLC. The results indicated that the inulin content remained constant, while the concentration of the reducer sugars glucose and fructose increased with the increase of the concentration. The yacon juice behaved as a Newtonian fluid, it was observed that the viscosity kept itself constant for each concentration independent from the applied deformation rate. For the juices with concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°Brix the vi scosity values didn’t present significant differences among themselves and for concentrations higher than 30°Brix, the viscosity increased significantly. In the case of the initial freezing point, this decreased as the yacon juice was concentrated. There weren’t significant differences among the values which correspond to concentrations of 10° with 15°Brix, of 20° with 25°Brix and of 40° with 45°Brix. The water activity decreases significantly only in the concentration of 50°Brix. Next the behavior of the drying of the juice of yacon concentrated without bleaching at 40°Brix, using co rn starch as encapsulant, and yacon pulp. The experimental essays were conducted in a forced air dryer, at the temperatures of 50, 60 and 70° C during 5 hours. It was observed that with the increasing of the drying air temperature, the period of time necessary for the samples reach the balance decreases. The moisture values in the balance were of 0.0071; 0.0052 and 0.0050 for the yacon pulp and of 0.0075; 0.0030 and 0.0030 for the encapsulated juice at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70° C respectively, resulting in values of water activity lower than 0.25. The yacon juice encapsulated and yacon pulp in powder obtained at a temperature of 70° C w ere visualized in the scanning electron microscope. The powder of yacon juice demonstrated a good encapsulation by corn starch. And in the powdered yacon pulp one verifies the presence of microscopic structures with elongated shape features of inulin sugar. The glass transition temperature of the encapsulated juice obtained at the temperature of 50, 60 and 70° C and of the yacon pulp in powder obtain ed at the temperature of 70° C was determined by the differential scanning calorimetry technique. The glass transition temperatures for the powder of encapsulated concentrated juice were of 44.74; 45.14 and 49.72° C for the values of water a ctivity of 0.15; 0.07 and 0.03 respectively, and for the yacon pulp powder was of 48.78° C in water activity of 0.13.

O uso de asfaltos modificados com polímeros tem crescido significativamente nas últimas décadas em função do aumento da densidade de tráfego, da carga por eixo nos veículos e da pressão dos pneus. Estes ligantes proporcionam o aumento a vida útil e a redução do custo de manutenção das rodovias. Os polímeros mais utilizados na modificação de asfalto são os copolímeros em bloco de estireno-butadienoestireno. Esta tese avaliou os efeitos de diferentes agentes compatibilizantes (óleos) e agentes de ligação no comportamento reológico de misturas asfálticas modificadas com copolímeros de estireno-butadieno-estireno, bem como a influência da sua estrutura, se linear ou radial. Para isto foram realizados análises convencionais e testes em reômetro de cisalhamento dinâmico. Os dados obtidos permitiram evidenciar a eficácia do óleo de xisto como agente compatibilizante, proporcionando excelente dispersão do polímero na matriz asfáltica e estabilidade a estocagem a altas temperaturas. Este óleo apresenta-se como uma opção tecnicamente viável para o óleo aromático atualmente em uso no mercado. Foi também verificado que o uso de enxofre como agente de ligação tem um efeito altamente positivo nas propriedades do ligante modificado, com significativa redução da tan ō, da deformação após aplicação de cargas cíclicas e elevação do módulo complexo, o que contribui para obtenção de pavimentos com maior resistência a deformação e ao trincamento por fadiga. / The use of polymer modified asphalts has grown significantly in the last decades due to the increase in traffic density, axle loading in vehicles and tyre pressure. These binders favor the increase of pavement life and the reduction of its maintenancement costs. The most used polymer for asphalt modification is styrene-butadiene-styrene blocked copolymers. This thesis evaluated the effects of different compatibilizers and crosslinkers on rheological behavior of styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer modified asphalt binders, as well as the influence of its structure, linear or radial. Binder’s characteristics were determined by conventional analysis and tests in dinamic shear rheometer. Data obtained provided evidence of the positive effect of sulfur as crosslinker in modified binders properties, with high tan ō reduction, complex modulus increase and deformation reduction after application of cyclic loads, characteristics that turn possible the existence of pavements with greater rutting and fatigue resistance. It was also verified the shale oil efficacy as a compatibilizer agent, providing an excellent polymer dispersion inside asphalt matrix and a stable storage binder at high temperatures. This oil can be considered as a technical available option to aromatic oil presently in use at pavement industry.

A falta de controle tecnológico e conhecimento técnico na produção de argamassas resultam muitas vezes no aparecimento de manifestações patológicas, o que compromete o adequado cumprimento de suas principais funções: proteção, estanqueidade e acabamento estético das edificações. Buscando-se um melhor entendimento dos parâmetros que influenciam na resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento dos revestimentos argamassados aos substratos de concreto, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em verificar a influência da interação entre a área potencial de contato do substrato e a reologia das argamassas de revestimento no desempenho quanto a estas propriedades. Ainda, verificou-se a influência das propriedades reológicas das argamassas afetadas pelo teor de aditivo incorporador de ar na resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento de revestimentos argamassados, bem como o controle da rugosidade durante a confecção de substratos de concreto, proporcionando um aumento da área potencial de contato da argamassa de revestimento assentada sobre ele, visando melhorar o desempenho do revestimento quanto à resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento. Para que fosse possível alcançar estes objetivos foram realizados procedimentos laboratoriais que compreenderam a moldagem de prismas de concreto, com resistência à compressão de 35MPa, de 25x35x5cm, sobre placas de borracha que estamparam três diferentes tipos de rugosidades em suas superfícies. Sobre estes prismas, foram assentadas três diferentes tipos de argamassas de proporcionamento 1:1:4 (cimento:cal hidratada:areia, em volume, material seco), variando-se o comportamento reológico destas através de diferentes adições de aditivo incorporador de ar. Este assentamento ocorreu com o uso de caixa de queda, visando uma maior uniformidade da energia de aplicação. Para analisar as diferentes características reológicas das argamassas foram realizados ensaios de caracterização no estado fresco e endurecido conforme as normas vigentes. Os substratos de concreto foram caracterizados quanto à sua rugosidade com Scanner 3D a laser, além de ensaios de controle tecnológico. Ao final desta pesquisa pode-se concluir que nem sempre um acréscimo da área de contato proporcionado pela rugosidade do substrato é sinônimo de aumento da extensão de aderência e consequentemente da resistência de aderência. A reologia da argamassa possui grande influência sobre estes fatores, sendo essencial uma compatibilidade entre rugosidade do substrato e reologia das argamassas para que se tenha um incremento na resistência de aderência dos revestimentos ao substrato. / and the shear bond strength of mortar rendering applied to concrete surfaces, this work intended to verify the influence of the interaction between surface potential contact area and mortar renderings’ rheology on these performance properties. Moreover, this work has the objective to verify the influence of the mortar’s rheology affected by the air-entraining agents in bond strength and the concrete surface roughness control in this property. In this study, three different pre-defined surface roughnesses were stamped with rubber plates (25x35x5cm) in a concrete mold then concrete prisms were molded. The surface concrete has a fix compressive strength of 35MPa. Three mortars with the 1:1:4 (cement: hydrated lime:sand, in volume, dry material) mix proportion, changing the air-entraining proportion to modify the rheology behavior were placed on these concrete surfaces, using a drop box for mortars. Tests of tensile bond strength (Ra), according to the requirements of Brazilian Standard - NBR 13528 (2010) and shear bond strength (Rc) had been carried out with these samples. Additionally characterization tests in fresh and hardened mortars had been done. The surfaces roughnesses were characterized by a 3D laser scanner and by technologic tests control. The results indicated that the increasing of the surface contact area is not an indicative that the bond strength will also increase. The mortar’s rheology has a very important influence in these factors, and it is essential the compatibility of the system to rise the contact area and consequently the bond strength.

[pt] Uma combinação de fatores geológicos e econômicos exige que as empresas produzam petróleo e gás em campos com profundidades de água cada vez maiores. Muitas das vezes não é econômico, ou no pior dos casos impraticável, instalar uma plataforma sobre os cabeçotes dos poços, por isso acaba se tornando comum transportar petróleo e gás através de amarras submarinas que podem ser de até 145km ou mais. Geralmente isso significa que as temperaturas são baixas o bastante e as pressões altas o suficiente para tornar aquele ambiente dentro do que chamamos de envelope de formação de hidrato e ações deverão ser tomadas afim de evitar os plugs de hidrato. Como resultado, a indústria foi forçada a intensificar sua pesquisa em químicos e sistemas que evitasse a formação da estrutura cristalina. Uma dessas pesquisas em estudo é a avaliação de um fluido modelo, emulsão A/O, analisando suas principais características e verificando as propriedades reológicas da estrutura cristalina em formação. Para tornar a pesquisa viável, este hidrato é formado a pressão atmosférica utilizando moléculas hóspedes que proporcionam essa formação em tal pressão e baixa temperatura. Logo, é utilizada uma substância líquida chamada ciclopentano, que substituirá o gás natural e irá proporcionar a formação do hidrato nestas novas condições. Dessa forma, este trabalho apresentou diferentes emulsões A/O, de acordo com a porcentagem de água, e reologia do hidrato formado para cada uma delas. / [en] A combination of geological and economic factors requires companies to produce oil and gas in fields with increasing water depths. It is often impractical to install a platform over the heads of the wells, so it is becoming common to transport oil and gas through underwater moorings that can be up to 145 km or more. Usually this means that the temperatures are low enough and the pressures high enough to make that environment into what we call a hydrate formation envelope and actions should be taken to avoid the hydrate plugs. As a result, the industry was forced to intensify its research into chemicals and systems that prevented the formation of the crystalline structure. One of these researches is the evaluation of a model fluid, A / O emulsion, analyzing its main characteristics and checking the rheological properties of the crystalline structure in formation. To make the search feasible, this hydrate is formed at atmospheric pressure using guest molecules that provide such formation at such pressure and low temperature. Therefore, a liquid substance called cyclopentane is used, which will replace the natural gas and will provide the formation of the hydrate under these new conditions. In this way, this work presented different A / O emulsions, according to the percentage of water, and rheology of the hydrate formed for each of them.

L'attention de la communauté scientifique, ainsi que le développement, pour les bioprocédés dédiés à la culture et à l'expansion de cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSCs) pour la thérapie cellulaire et la médecine régénérative a considérablement grandi pendant ces dernières décennies. Une plus ample compréhension du lien entre la structure, la fonction et les propriétés des suspensions de cellules mésenchymateuses est devenue de première importance. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons tout d'abord les résultats d'une étude expérimentale portant sur l'écoulement de suspensions concentrées de cellules vivantes d'origine mésenchymateuse pour une grande gamme de concentration cellulaire. Nous caractérisons l'évolution de la viscosité relative en fonction de la contrainte de cisaillement appliquée pour des fractions volumiques cellulaires allant de 20 à 60%. Ces matériaux ont des empreintes rhéologiques compliquées mais très reproductibles, incluant des comportements de fluide à seuil, rhéofluidifiants ainsi que des fractures liées à la contrainte de cisaillement. Les propriétés rhéologiques de la suspension sont ensuite étudiées avec l'addition d'acide hyaluronique (HA), une biomolécule avec des séquences d'adhésion pour des récepteurs à la surface des cellules étudiées. Nous montrons que l'addition d'acide hyaluronique modifie substantiellement le comportement de la suspension et nous permet de contrôler les propriétés d'écoulement de la suspension à toutes les fractions volumiques. Cytométrie de flux et imagerie confocal à l'appui, nous montrons que l'effet observé est dû à un important changement dans la formation d'agrégats cellulaires dans la suspension, et donc dans l'envergure du réseau correspondant. La troisième partie de cette thèse porte sur l'ajout de polyéthylène glycol, une molécule qui n'est pas naturellement présente dans l'organisme mais fréquemment utilisée dans la formulation d'hydrogel. En utilisant trois types de PEG, l'influence de la charge des molécules est étudiée. Les résultats montrent que la charge est un paramètre important dans le contrôle des propriétés d'écoulement de suspensions cellulaires, car déterminant dans la formation et la compacité des agrégats. En considérant les agrégats comme des objets fractals, nous montrons qu'en prenant en compte les modifications de fractions volumiques avec le cisaillement, nous pouvons obtenir une courbe maitresse pour l'ensemble des conditions testées, et en extraire la force d'adhésion moyenne entre les cellules, au travers une population de plusieurs millions de cellules. Cette étude livre de nouveaux aspects sur la complexité des propriétés en écoulement de suspensions de cellules méchymateuses, adhérentes et concentrées, sur leur sensibilité à l'ajout de molécules, qu'elles soient naturellement présentes dans les tissues ou non, ainsi qu'une nouvelle méthode pour mesurer la force d'adhésion entre les cellules. / With the rapidly growing interest in the development of bioprocess systems to culture and expand mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications, greater understanding of the structure-function-property characteristics of mesenchymal cell suspensions is required. In this thesis, the results of a detailed experimental study into the flow behaviour of concentrated suspensions of living mesenchymal cells over a wide range of cell concentrations and in the presence of two macromolecules (hyaluronic acid and polyethylene glycol) often used in cellular therapy applications are presented. The change in the shear viscosity as a function of shear stress and shear rate for cell volume fractions varying from 20 to 60% are firstly presented, showing that these suspensions exhibit highly complex but reproducible rheological footprints, including yield stress, shear thinning and shear-induced fracture behaviours. The rheological properties of the suspension with the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA), a biomolecule with adhesion sequences for receptors on these types of cells, was then investigated. With the addition of HA, the rheology of these cell suspensions is significantly modified at all volume fractions. Using FACS and confocal imaging, we show that the observed effect of HA addition is due to it significantly modulating the formation of cellular aggregates in these suspensions, and thus the resultant volume spanning network. This understanding permits the rheology of concentrated mesenchymal cell suspensions to be tailored to suit particular processing scenarios. The third part of this project focused on the addition of polyethylene glycol, a molecule which is not naturally present in tissues but commonly utilised in hydrogels as injectable delivery vehicles for cells to sites of tissue damage. Using three different kinds of PEG, the influence of the charge of the molecules is investigated. The results show the charge is also a crucial parameter to tailor the flow behaviour of cell suspension when biomacromolecules are added, influencing the formation and the compactness of the cellular aggregates. Considering the aggregates as fractal structures, and by taking into account the changes in volume fractions with shear, a master curve for the range of conditions investigated was successfully achieved through the use of an analytical model. Critically, this model also permitted the estimation of the average adhesion force between cells, across a population of millions of cells. The outcomes of this study not only provide new insight into the complexity of the flow behaviours of concentrated, dynamically adhesive mesenchymal cell suspensions, and their sensitivity to associative biomolecule and synthetic molecule addition, but also a novel, rapid method by which to estimate adhesion forces between cells.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est consacré à l'étude de la dynamique et la rhéologie d'une suspension de particules denses qui se comportent comme des fluides complexes. La premier partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la déformation, le comportement dynamique et la rhéologie d'une suspension de vésicule (un modèle simple pour les globules rouges) sous l'action d'un écoulement externe appliqué (cisaillement simple et Poiseuille confiné) dans la limite de faible nombre de Reynolds. L'étude basée sur des simulations numériques en utilisant la méthode des intégrales de frontière. Cette étude est inspirée par le comportement des globules rouges dans le système microvasculaire. Notre étude est ensuite consacrée aux effets du confinement et du nombre capillaire sur la forme, le comportement dynamique et la viscosité effective d'une suspension de vésicules. Nous avons montré que pour des membranes rigides (nombre capillaire petit), on peut observer en plus de la forme parachute et pantoufle, les formes suivantes : (i) forme d'oscillation centrée, (ii) forme d'oscillation décentrée et (iii) la forme cacahuète. Egalement, nous avons examiné l'influence du contraste de viscosité sur la dynamique et la rhéologie d'une vésicule. Nous avons montré qu'il existe une phase de "coexistence" entre la forme pantoufle et la forme parachute. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons proposé un modèle analytique et une étude numérique pour étudier les propriétés dynamiques et rhéologiques d'une suspension de particules rigides sous écoulement de Poiseuille confiné. Le débit, la dissipation et la viscosité apparente sont étudiés en fonction de la structure des plaques dans le canal. Egalement, l'étude numérique d'une suspension de particules sphériques (formes des chaînes de particules) est en accord qualitatif avec le modèle analytique qui considère les longues plaques. Cette étude numérique est basée sur une méthode de la dynamique des particules du fluide, où les particules sont représentées par un champ scalaire ayant une viscosité élevée à l'intérieur. / The principal objective of this thesis is devoted to study the dynamics and rheology of a suspension of dense particles which behave as complex fluids. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the deformation, the dynamic behavior and rheology of a single neutrally buoyant suspended vesicle (a closed phospholipid membrane), as a response to external applied flows (simple shear and confined Poiseuille flows), is studied in the limit of small Reynolds. The study based on numerical simulations using the boundary integral method. This study is inspired by the behavior of red blood cells in the microvasculature. Our study is then dedicated on the effects of confinement and capillary number on the shape, the dynamic behavior and the effective viscosity of a vesicles suspension. We have shown that for rigid membranes (small capillary number) may be exist other shapes parachute and slipper, these shapes are : (i) Centered Snaking, (ii) Off-Centered Snaking and (iii) Peanut-shaped. Equally, we examined the influence of viscosity contrast on the dynamics and rheology of a vesicle. We have shown that there is a phase of "coexistence" between the slipper and parachute shape. The coexistence of shapes seems to be supported by experiments, though a systematic experimental study is lacking. In the second part of this thesis, we proposed an analytical model and a numerical study for study the dynamics and rheology properties of a rigid particles suspended in a confined Poiseuille flow. The flow rate, the dissipation and the apparent viscosity are studied as a function of the underlying structure. Equally, the numerical study is in good qualitative agreement with the analytical theory considering long plates. The numerical study is based on a fluid dynamic particle method where the particles are represented by a scalar field having high viscosity inside.

À l'échelle industrielle, la métallisation de la face avant des cellules photovoltaïques est réalisée grâce au procédé de sérigraphie depuis plus de 40 ans. Une pâte à base d'argent est imprimée avant d'être recuite à haute température. La robustesse, la simplicité et la haute cadence de production de ce procédé ont largement contribué à son succès. L'étape de métallisation est critique dans la chaîne de fabrication des cellules. D'un côté, les propriétés des contacts déposés déterminent les performances finales des cellules. D'un autre côté, plus de 7% de la consommation mondiale d'argent sont déjà destinés à l'industrie photovoltaïque. Avec les prévisions de croissance exponentielle de ce secteur, la quantité d'argent déposée lors de cette étape devient de plus en plus cruciale car elle régit le coût final des cellules. Elle dépend également de la qualité des contacts imprimés. Il est donc important d'optimiser le procédé de sérigraphie pour limiter la masse d'argent imprimée et maximiser le rendement des cellules. Les travaux présentés dans la première partie de cette thèse sont focalisés sur ces deux aspects. Dans un premier temps, le comportement rhéologique des pâtes de sérigraphie est étudié. Par la suite, une étude multifactorielle combinée à des simulations des pertes de puissance permet d'évaluer l'influence des paramètres de la sérigraphie sur le rendement des cellules et la masse d'argent déposée. Ces travaux ont conduit à la fabrication de cellules caractérisées par un rendement moyen de 19,0% à l'échelle industrielle. Le procédé de sérigraphie reste couteux et de nombreuses solutions alternatives sont à l'étude. En effet, la microstructure hétérogène des contacts cause des pertes électriques non négligeables en comparaison des cellules à haut rendement. Par ailleurs, la résolution limitée de ce procédé ne permet plus de réduire les dimensions des impressions, ce qui a un impact direct sur les pertes optiques et la masse d'argent déposée. Enfin, l'optimisation simultanée des propriétés électriques et géométriques des contacts complexifie son contrôle à l'échelle industrielle. Le concept double couche est une alternative innovante qui permet de s'affranchir de ces limitations. Une première couche est d'abord imprimée pour limiter la largeur initiale des contacts et améliorer l'interface avec la cellule. Une seconde couche de métal pur, déposée par voie électrolytique, vient épaissir cette dernière pour optimiser la hauteur et la conductivité de la grille de métallique. Dans le même temps, cette étape permet de contrôler précisément la masse d'argent déposée. Plusieurs solutions sont disponibles pour réaliser l'impression de la première couche. Grâce à sa flexibilité et à sa très haute cadence de production, le procédé de flexographie semble répondre au cahier des charges d'un tel dépôt dans des conditions industrielles. La seconde partie des travaux exposés dans cette thèse traite du développement de cette technique d'impression. Tout d'abord, le comportement rhéologique de plusieurs encres dérivées d'une pâte de sérigraphie classique est étudié. Dans un second temps, le procédé de flexographie est adapté au dépôt de lignes pouvant être épaissies par voie électrolytique (procédé LIP). Le potentiel de ce procédé est ensuite évalué à l'aide de modélisations du rendement et de la masse d'argent déposée. Finalement, la faisabilité du concept est démontrée grâce à la fabrication d'une cellule caractérisée par un rendement prometteur de 17,9%. / At an industrial scale, the front side metallization of solar cells is performed by screen printing for 40 years. A silver-based paste is printed before a high temperature annealing. This simple and robust process enables a high throughput. However, the metallization is a critical step in production lines. On the one hand, the contact properties affect the final cell performances. On the other hand, the photovoltaic industry already accounts for 7% of the world's silver consumption. With the expected exponential growth of this sector, the mass of silver per cell becomes crucial as it governs their final cost. Consequently, it is mandatory to optimize the screen printing process to limit the amount of deposited silver and maximize the solar cell efficiency. The first part of this study focused on these two aspects. First, the rheological behavior of screen printing pastes is investigated. Then, a multifactorial study is combined with power loss simulations to assess the effect of screen printing parameters on the cell efficiency and the deposited silver mass. Besides, these studies have lead to an average cell efficiency of 19,0% at an industrial scale. To ensure the photovoltaic industry growth, the screen printing process should be replaced in coming years. Indeed, the heterogeneous contact microstructure causes significant electrical losses in comparison to high-efficiency cells. Moreover, the limited resolution of this process does no longer allow a contact width reduction, which has a direct impact on the optical losses and the silver mass per cell. Finally, the simultaneous optimization of the electrical and geometrical contact properties is difficult at an industrial scale. The seed and plate concept is an innovative solution that overcomes these limitations. First, a seed layer is printed to reduce the initial contact width and improve its interface with the cell. Then, a second layer is electrolytically grown to improve the conductivity and the height of the metal grid. Besides, this step enables an accurate control of the deposited silver amount. Several solutions are available to print the first layer. Because of a high throughput and flexibility, the flexographic printing process seems particularly well suited to meet the seed layer requirements at an industrial level. The second part of this study focuses on the development of this process. First, the rheological behavior of several inks is studied. Secondly, the flexographic printing process is adapted to print fine lines that can be thickened by light induced plating (LIP). The potential of this metallization scheme is then assessed using a simulation of cell performances and silver consumption. Finally, a promising 17,9% cell efficiency demonstrates the concept feasibility.

L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en français / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais

Les vésicules sont des bicouches fermées de molécules tensioactives, remplies de liquide, à l'intérieur d'un autre liquide. Leur taille peut être comprise entre dix et 100 microns : elles sont alors dites géantes. Nous nous intéressons à la dynamique de deux de ces objets dans un cisaillement simple, c'est à dire l'écoulement d'un liquide situé entre deux plaques planes se translatant l'une par rapport à l'autre à vitesse et distance constante. Nous commençons par une étude asymptotique, pour des vésicules quasi-sphériques en interaction lointaine. Nous utilisons ensuite un code de calcul basé sur la méthode des éléments de frontière pour étudier le cas de vésicules moins sphériques et plus proches, et comparons les résultats obtenus avec des expériences. Nous présentons enfin comment cette étude peut être utilisée pour prédire certaines propriétés de diffusion d'une suspension de vésicules, dans le régime semi-dilué, où seul le détail des interactions à deux corps est considéré. / Vesicles are closed bilayers of tensioactive molecules, filled with liquid, inside another liquid. Their size can be between 10 and 100 microns : in this case, they are called giant vesicles. We study the dynamic of two of these objects in a simple shear flow, which is the one of a liquid sheared between two walls translating with respect to each other at a constant speed and distance. We begin by an asymptotic study, for quasispherical vesicles in the far field interacting regime. We then use a numerical code based on the boundary element method to study the case of less spherical and closer vesicles, and compare our results with experiments. We finish by presenting how this study can be used to predict some diffusing properties of a sheared suspension of vesicles, in the semidilute regime, where only the details of two body interactions are considered.