[pt] Nas operações de testemunhagem o acunhamento é uma preocupação permanente. Denomina-se acunhamento quando a amostra de rocha não prossegue adentrando no barrilete de testemunhagem devido à fricção entre a rocha e superfície interna do barrilete. Em formações resistentes é indesejável por causar perda de tempo e prejuízo econômico, principalmente caso ocorra logo no início da corrida. Em formações inconsolidadas o prejuízo vai além, pois pode causar a perda da rocha a ser testemunhada, uma vez que a baixa resistência compressiva causa o colapso da rocha. Sendo em muitos casos não detectado na superfície, a operação não é interrompida e o trecho seguinte da rocha-reservatório passa a ser destruído. Uma previsão do comprimento a ser testemunhado até que esse evento ocorra pode ser uma maneira importante de minimizar a destruição de rocha, maximizando sua recuperação, sem o ônus de ser conservador demais. Este trabalho descreve os passos e resultados de se estabelecer um modelo para prever o acunhamento em formações inconsolidadas. Esses passos incluem: experimentos para determinar o coeficiente de fricção entre a areia e os tubos de alumínio, modelagem analítica e análise por elementos finitos para a avaliação dos resultados dos experimentos e para estabelecer o modelo de previsão. / [en] In coring operations core jamming is a permanent concern. It takes place when the core sample becomes stuck within the inner core barrel, preventing further acquisition. In hard formations it is undesirable because it stops bit penetration, and results in loss of time and money, especially if it occurs at the beginning of the core run. In unconsolidated formations the damage goes further, as the jam may become solidary to the coring bit and wash the formation away instead of acquiring it. This phenomenon is unnoticeable at surface and thus gives the operators no indicative of a premature pull out of hole need. The reservoir rock characterization will be permanently incomplete due to the unrecovered washed away material. Hence, a good prediction of a safe maximum coring length could be an important way to avoid washing the sample, maximizing recovery, without risking to be too conservative. This work describes the steps and results of establishing a model to predict jamming in unconsolidated formations. These steps includes: experiments to determine friction factor between sand and the aluminum tubes, analytical modeling, and FEM analysis to evaluate the experiment results and to establish the prediction model.

No description available.

[pt] O trabalho propõe uma análise comparativa de modelos numéricos computacionais para simulação de processos de queda de blocos de rocha, assim como um estudo paramétrico com diferentes geometrias para avaliar trajetória dos blocos e a dissipação de energia cinética durante o evento. Para as simulações foram utilizados o software RAMMS Rockfall e o Método do Ponto Material (MPM). Ambos os métodos serão aplicados na análise de casos hipotéticos e reais de quedas de blocos na região sudeste do Brasil. módulo Rockfall do RAMMS, utiliza um algoritmo de corpo rígido para simular a queda dos blocos sobre um terreno tridimensional. utilizando-se de conceitos de dinâmica não suave com uma modelagem de contatos com restrições unilaterais e considerando a penetração do bloco na superfície através de uma abordagem simplificada. O MPM é um método numérico que combina as abordagens Lagrangeana e Euleriana, no qual o domínio geomecânico é discretizado em um conjunto de pontos materiais que armazenam as informações Lagrangeanas do problema, tais como velocidade e tensão, durante o processo de deformação e o espaço de análise é definido por uma malha Euleriana. Uma vez que, a cada passo de tempo, a malha retorna à configuração inicial, o MPM é livre de distorções, sendo adequado para análise de problemas de grandes deformações como queda de blocos de rocha. Para a resolução dos problemas através do Método do Ponto Material, será utilizado o simulador numérico computacional MPM- PUCRio, desenvolvido por Fernández (2020), onde as equações de movimento são resolvidas por meio de integrações explícitas. / [en] This dissertation puts forward a comparative analysis of computational numerical models to the simulatioh of rockfall processes, as well as a parametric study with different geometries, to evaluate the trajectory of the blocks and the dissipation of kinetic energy during the event. For the simulations, the RAMMS: Rockfall software and the Material Point Method (MPM) are operationalized. Both methods are applied in the analysis of hypothetical and real cases of rockfalls in Southeast Brazil. The RAMMS:Rockfall module employs a rigid body algorithm to simulate the rockfall on a three-dimensional terrain, exploring concepts of non-smooth dynamics with a contact modeling with unilateral constraints and considering the penetration of the block in the surface through a simplified approach. MPM is a numerical method that combines the Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, in which the geomechanical domain is discretized into a set of material points that store the Lagrangian information of the problem, such as velocity and tension, during the deformation process, and the analysis space is defined by an Eulerian mesh. Once at each time step, the mesh returns to the initial configuration, MPM is distortion-free, being suitable for the analysis of large deformation problems, such as rockfalls. In order to solve problems using the Material Point Method, the numerical computational simulator MPM-PUCRio, developed by Fernández (2020) is mobilized. In this equipment, the equations of motion are solved through explicit integrations.

Exploitation of difficult potash deposits requires the adaption of mining procedures to the specific local situation. Based on geomechanical models describing the expected rock mechanic behavior the mining procedure is planned and realized. Both mining surveying results and validation of geomechanical models are essential for a safe mining process. The text gives an overview about the current state of mining survey techniques and the procedure to ensure a successful Sylvinite mining process. The interaction of geomechanical prognosis, adapted mining techniques and proactive mining survey support the safe exploitation of difficult potash deposits. / Für die Gewinnung von Kalisalzen in anspruchsvollen Lagerstättenbereichen müssen vorhandene Abbauverfahren an die lokalen Verhältnisse angepasst werden. Auf der Grundlage standortspezifisch entwickelter, geomechanischer Modellvorstellungen zur Vorhersage des Gebirgsverhaltens wird der Abbau geplant und durchgeführt. Vorbereitende und begleitende messtechnische Beobachtungen ermöglichen die Validierung und ggf. erforderliche Anpassung der Modelle und schaffen so die Voraussetzung für einen sicheren Abbau. Der Beitrag soll einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der im Werk Werra eingesetzten Messtechnik geben sowie das gesamte Vorgehen am Beispiel eines erfolgreich durchgeführten Sylvinitabbaus in drei Phasen vorstellen. Das dargestellte Zusammenwirken von geomechanischer Prognose, Abbauanpassung und messtechnischer Beobachtung erlaubt die Durchführung eines sicheren Abbaus bei der Gewinnung anspruchsvoller Lagerstättenbereiche.

The behavior of jointed rock mass is very complex and is influenced by many factors such as location of joints, joint frequency, joint orientation and joint strength. A thorough review of literature on different aspects of jointed rock mass indicate that the discontinuities or planes of weakness present in rock mass significantly influence its behavior. Numerous experimental tests were conducted to study the behavior of natural as well as artificial joints in rocks. Laboratory tests are time consuming and give results applicable to specific joint fabric and confining pressure. Numerical methods are the best alternative to laboratory tests to study the behavior of jointed rock mass. With the advent of computers numerical methods of analysis have become very popular, as they are highly flexible and can represent all complex geometries and material behavior. The accuracy of a numerical model depends upon the how well constitutive relations for the jointed rock mass are defined in the analysis. Empirical relationships for describing the mechanical behavior of discontinuities obtained from scaling the laboratory data is crucial unresolved problem, which will affect the quality of results obtained. One more important aspect in the numerical model is strength criteria used for jointed rock mass. The applicability of existing strength criteria to a particular jointed rock has to be carefully examined before they are used. Equivalent continuum approach simplifies the modeling of jointed rock mass as the joints are not modeled separately. Instead in equivalent continuum approach the jointed rock mass is represented by an equivalent continuum whose properties are defined by a combination of intact rock properties and joint properties. The accuracy of this kind of modeling depends upon the relationships used to define the jointed rock mass properties as a function of intact rock properties and joint properties. In the present study, an effort has been made (i) to establish empirical relations to define the properties of jointed rock mass as a function of intact rock properties and joint factor (ii) to develop a numerical model based on equivalent continuum approach using the empirical relations derived above, for easy and efficient modeling of jointed rock mass (iii) comparison of existing strength criteria for jointed rock masses using the equivalent continuum model developed above (iv) Modeling of joints explicitly and comparing these results with the equivalent continuum model results. Empirical relationships expressing the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of jointed rock as a function of corresponding intact rock properties and joint factor have been derived based on the statistical analysis of large amount of experimental data of uniaxial and triaxial tests collected from the literature. The effect of joints in the jointed rock is taken in to account by the joint factor. A comparative study of the empirical relationships arrived by the above analysis has been made to choose the best relation for the numerical analysis. Empirical relationships thus arrived for jointed rock mass are used in the equivalent continuum approach to represent the jointed rock properties as a combination of intact rock properties and joint factor. Equivalent continuum model developed is thoroughly tested, validated and applied for single, multiple and block jointed rocks. The equivalent continuum model developed has been applied for analysis of the power cavern for Shiobara power station. Different strength criteria available for jointed rock namely Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek and Drown, Yudhbir et al. and Rarnamurthy are incorporated in the equivalent continuum model to evaluate their applicability for jointed rock masses. Ramarnurthy's strength criterion gives the best values of failure stress for almost all the test cases and hence used in the equivalent continuum model. Alternatively, the joints in jointed rock mass are represented explicitly using interface element in the nonlinear finite element analysis. The explicit finite element model has been tested and validated using the experimental stress strain curves and failure stress values. Comparison of results obtained using equivalent continuum analysis and explicit modeling of joints has been given in the form of stress strain curves and failure stress plots for jointed rock masses along with the experimental results. Some of the major conclusions from the present study are as follows. Statistical relationships arrived to express the properties of the jointed rock as a function of intact rock and joint factor give a fair estimate of jointed rock in the absence of experimental data. Equivalent continuum model developed using statistical relations arrived above simplifies the numerical modeling of jointed rock to a large extent and also gives a fair estimate of jointed rock behavior with minimum input data. From the equivalent continuum analysis of Shiobara power cavern, it can be concluded that this approach is very advantageous for modeling highly discontinuous systems provided the joint factor is estimated properly so that it represents the real fabric of the joints present in the system. Comparison of different strength criteria shows that Ramamurthy's strength criterion is the best for jointed rocks. When the rock mass has one or two major joints it is advantageous to model it explicitly so that the behavior of the joint can be studied in detail. Explicit representation of the joints in the finite element analysis gives a lair estimate of the zones most susceptible to failure in a jointed rock. From comparison of experimental values, equivalent continuum model results and the explicit joint model results, it can be concluded that results obtained using equivalent continuum model are nearest to the experimental results in almost all the cases.

No description available.

A lifetime prediction scheme is proposed based on the assumption that the lifetime (time to failure) of rocks under load is governed by the growth of microstructual defects (microcracks). The numerical approach is based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. The numerical calculation scheme is implemented as a cellular automat, where each cell contains a microcrack with length and orientation following certain distributions. The propagation of the microcrack is controlled by the Charles equation, based on subcritical crack growth. The zone inside the numerical model fails if the microcrack has reached the zone dimension or the stress intensity factor of the crack reached the fracture toughness. Macroscopic fractures are formed by these coalesced propagating microcracks, and finally lead to failure of the model. In the numerical approaches, elasto-plastic stress redistributions take place during the forming of the macroscopic fractures. Distinct microcrack propagation types have been programmed and applied to the proposed numerical models. These numerical models are studied under different loading conditions. Numerical results with excellent agreement with the analytical solutions are obtained with respective to predicted lifetime, important parameters for the microcracks, fracture pattern and damage evolution. Potential applications of the proposed numerical model schemes are investigated in some preliminary studies and simulation results are discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn and possible improvements to the numerical approaches and extensions of the research work are given. / 本文认为微结构缺陷（微裂纹）的扩展决定了受力岩石的寿命（破坏时间）。基于此假设，提出了岩石寿命预测方法。利用线弹性断裂力学理论，通过FLAC进行了数值模拟。数值模型中每个单元定义一条初始裂纹，其长度与方向服从特定分布。基于亚临界裂纹扩展理论，由Charles方程决定微裂纹的扩展（速度）。如微裂纹发展至单元边界，或应力强度系数到达断裂韧度，则单元破坏。宏观裂纹由微裂纹所联合形成，并最终贯穿模型导致破坏。在形成宏观裂纹的过程中，发生弹塑性应力重分布。在数值模型中，编制了不同类型的微裂纹扩展方式，并在不同的受力条件下加以分析。数值模型的岩石寿命，裂纹形状，破坏方式以及一些重要的参数的数值模拟结果与解析解有较好的一致性。对本文所提出的数值模型的初步实际应用进行了分析，并讨论了计算结果。最后讨论了本文所提出的岩石寿命预测方法的可能改良与发展，并对进一步的研究工作给出建议。

[Truncated abstract] Rocks, as the host to natural chains of coupled thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes, are heterogeneous at a variety of length scales, and in their mechanical properties, as well as in the hydraulic and thermal transport properties. Rock heterogeneity affects the ultimate hydro-carbon recovery or geothermal energy production. This heterogeneity has been considered one important and difficult problem that needs to be taken into account for its effect on the coupled processes. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of rock heterogeneity on multi-physical processes. A fully coupled finite element model, hereinafter referred to as a porosity-based model (PBM) was developed to characterise the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling processes. The development of the PBM consists of a two-staged workflow. First, based on poromechanics, porosity, one of the inherent rock properties, was derived as a variant function of the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical effects. Then, empirical relations or experimental results, correlating porosity with the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties, were incorporated as the coupling effects. In the PBM, the bulk volume of the model is assumed to be changeable. The rate of the volumetric strain was derived as the difference of two parts: the first part is the change in volume per unit of volume and per unit of time (this part was traditionally considered the rate of volumetric strain); and the second is the product of the first part and the volumetric strain. The second part makes the PBM a significant advancement of the models reported in the literature. ... impact of the rock heterogeneity on the hydro-mechanical responses because of the requirement of large memory and long central processing unit (CPU) time for the 3D applications. In the 2D PBM applications, as the thermal boundary condition applied to the rock samples containing some fractures, the pore pressure is generated by the thermal gradient. Some pore pressure islands can be generated as the statistical model and the digital image model are applied to characterise the initial porosity distribution. However, by using the homogeneous model, this phenomenon cannot be produced. In the 3D PBM applications, the existing fractures become the preferential paths for the fluid flowing inside the numerical model. The numerical results show that the PBM is sufficiently reliable to account for the rock mineral distribution in the hydro-mechanical coupling processes. The applications of the statistical method and the digital image processing technique make it possible to visualise the rock heterogeneity effect on the pore pressure distribution and the heat dissipation inside the rock model. Monitoring the fluid flux demonstrates the impact of the rock heterogeneity on the fluid product, which concerns petroleum engineering. The overall fluid flux (OFF) is mostly overestimated when the rock and fluid properties are assumed to be homogeneous. The 3D PBM application is an example. As the rock is heterogeneous, the OFF by the digital core is almost the same as that by the homogeneous model (this is due to that some fractures running through the digital core become the preferential path for the fluid flow), and around 1.5 times of that by the statistical model.

[pt] O objetivo deste estudo foi ampliar o conhecimento em mecânica de rochas evaporíticas e aplicar a mecânica computacional na modelagem numérica do comportamento estrutural de poços de petróleo em zonas de sal. Amostras de rochas evaporíticas de anidrita, halita, carnalita e taquidrita pertencentes à sequência evaporítica Ibura da Formação Muribeca, testemunhadas em poços de petróleo, foram submetidas a ensaios laboratoriais de mecânicas de rochas, em especial a ensaios triaxiais de fluência sob diferentes condições de estado de tensões e temperaturas. Nas mesmas condições de ensaio triaxial de fluência a taquidrita desenvolveu deformação axial específica de cerca de 107 vezes maior que a halita e 2,7 vezes maior que a carnalita, sendo que a anidrita permanece essencialmente indeformável. Para os ensaios triaxiais de fluência com a halita na temperatura de 86 graus Celsius foi possível definir o mecanismo duplo de deformação por fluência, enquanto que para a carnalita e a taquidrita isto ocorreu nas temperaturas de 130 e 86 graus Celsius, respectivamente. A taxa de deformação por fluência em regime permanente obtida por simulação numérica reproduziu fielmente os resultados experimentais dos ensaios triaxias de fluência, com erro relativo inferior a 1 por cento. Através dos ensaios laboratoriais foram obtidos os parâmetros geomecânicos de fluência das rochas ensaiadas e a seguir aplicados nos modelos numéricos de simulação, construídos para avaliar a influência de diversos parâmetros nos estudos de estabilidade de poços e integridade de revestimentos. A desconsideração da interação geomecânica entre estruturas salíferas e o maciço hospedeiro pode conduzir a falhas na perfuração de poços próximos a tais estruturas devido ao processo de halocinése do sal que altera o estado de tensões gravitacional. / [en] The aim of this study was to increase knowledge of evaporitic rock mechanics and apply computational mechanics in numerical modeling of structural behavior of oil wells in areas of salt. Evaporitic rock samples of anhydrite, halite, carnallite e tachyhydrite and belonging to the evaporitic sequence Ibura from the Muribeca formation, coring in oil wells, were subjected to laboratory tests of rock mechanics, especially the triaxial creep under different states of stress and temperature. Under the same conditions of triaxial creep tachyhydrite developed specific axial strain rate about 107 times that of halite and 2.7 times that of carnallite, and anhydrite remains essentially undeformed. For the triaxial creep of halite in the temperature of 86 degrees Celsius it was possible to define the double mechanism creep law, while for carnallite and tachyhydrite this occurred at temperatures of 130 and 86 degrees Celsius, respectively. The creep rate in steady state condition obtained by numerical simulation accurately reproduced the experimental results of the triaxial creep tests, with a relative error less than 1 percent. Through laboratory tests geomechanical creep parameters of the tested rocks were obtained and then applied in numerical simulation models, designed to evaluate the influence of various parameters in the well stability and casing design. The lack of consideration of the geomechanical interaction between the salt structures and the host rock can lead to drilling failures in wells near such structures due to the salt halokinesis process that changes the gravitational stress state.

The thesis describes the application of anchors in mining and tunneling and gives an up-to-date overview about anchor types, design principles and the interaction mechanisms between anchors and rockmass. A constitutive model was developed, implemented and tested for the 2- and 3-dimensional numerical codes FLAC and FLAC3D to simulate non-linear anchor behaviour including unloading and reloading. The interaction between rockbolts and rockmass was studied in detail via numerical simulations for 5 Vietnamese coal mines. An extended version of the so-called c-Φ reduction method and a new introduced reinforcement factor were applied to quantify the effect of bolting. Mine specific and generalised relations were deduced to quantify the influence of anchor length and distance between anchors on the effect of bolting.