Village secretaries (VSs) are civil servants designated by the government to fulfill services at the basic-level administration unit- district office. As a bridge between the government and public, VSs assist village directors to set administrative affairs of their villages/neighborhoods into action. However, whether the administrative operation is successful or not has much to do with the achievements of VSs, because they contact the most frequently with the public as the executive staff at the front line. Along with the transition of social environment, the increased extent of urbanization and the advance of information technology, the role and function of village secretary should be reinforced simultaneously to meet actual demands. This study investigates the role recognition, role expectation and role fulfillment of village secretary and related problems confronted by VSs in actual situations. Methodologies utilized in this study include institution investigation, literature review, and profundity interview. Conclusions and recommendations drawn from this study based on the integrated pointview of theory and practical run are expected to be useful for strengthening the function of village secretary, improving the quality of civil services and reaching further toward the goal of government reform. This thesis is comprised of six chapters. Statements pertaining to research objective, research subject and problem, theoretical basis and literature review, and research design and methodology are presented in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses the understanding of organizational position of village by investigating the institutional transition of village/neighborhood. Chapter 3 discusses the role consciousness of village secretary. Chapter 4 describes the role expectation and functional operation of village secretary in details. Chapter 5 discussed the role fulfillment of village secretary and related problems confronted by VSs in actual situations. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the research findings and recommendations learnt from this study. Main findings of this study are summarized as follows: 1. As a communication bridge between the government and public, VSs did a good job on fulfilling the duty of servicing the people. 2. Contents of the duty and in-charge affairs of village secretary are excessively many and messy. The related standard operating procedure is not well established and unsuitable to meet actual need. 3. To effectively integrate and utilize the non-governmental resources, the public is encouraged to actively involve in solving public affairs within one¡¦s village/neighborhood. 4. To upgrade to have the efficiency concept of e-government, VSs need to take in-service training courses for improving their ability to use computer and information technology. 5. The duty and in-charge affairs of both village director and village secretary are highly overlapped, thus resulting in a phenomenon that one specific task was undertaken by two discordant persons simultaneously. 6. Due to the low post grade and limited personnel quota, the promotion channel of VSs is really narrow, thereby depressing the working morale of VSs tremendously. Recommendations from this study are summarized as follows: 1. The work items of VSs need to be flexibly adjusted and simplified. Related work scope should be demarcated as clear as possible. 2. It is recommended to upgrade the post grade of village secretary for purposes of inspiring their working morale, letting them embody themselves and keeping them enjoy in job.

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Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/09/07). Includes bibliographical references.

Ingeniero Civil Matemático / El Problema de la Secretaria (SP) (por Secretary Problem), un problema con mucho interés desde los años 50, se trata de encontrar una manera de procesar las entrevistas de N candidatos a un puesto de secretaria para maximizar la probabilidad de contratar al mejor de ellos, bajo el supuesto que las entrevistas se realizan en orden aleatorio y que las decisiones tomadas: rechazar o aceptar, son irrevocables. Esto permite modelar directamente la versión discreta del problema. También se puede considerar una versión contínua con una infinidad de candidatos, suponiendo que los instantes de entrevista son tiempos aleatorios uniformes sobre el intervalo [0,1]. Este problema y sus variantes tienen muchas aplicaciones. Esta memoria se enfoca en el estudio de la variante llamada Problema de la Secretaria con Restricciones de Tiempo (TCSP). En la formulación discreta del (TCSP) se rechazan k candidatos y luego se quiere contratar al mejor de los N−k que quedan, mientras que en su formulación contínua se rechazan todos los candidatos entrevistados antes de un tiempo T y luego se quiere contratar al mejor de los candidatos entrevistados después del tiempo T. En ambos casos los candidatos rechazados al principio forman un sampleo, y se puede utilizar la información acumulada en este sampleo inicial para mejorar la toma de decisión durante la fase de aceptación que sigue. Después de familiarizarse con esta variante, se demuestran propiedades que cumple la regla óptima que resuelve el (TCSP) discreto. Basándose en esto, se estudia la siguiente estrategia para el caso contínuo. Se selecciona una sucesión creciente de constantes absolutas {T_i} en [0,1] o tiempos barreras, independientes del tiempo T del sampleo. El proceso de selección se realiza del siguiente modo: sólo se acepta un candidato entrevistado entre los tiempos T_i y T_{i+1} si es mejor que todos los ya entrevistado después del tiempo T y mejor que el i-ésimo mejor del sampleo inicial. Se encuentran fórmulas explícitas para calcular dichas barreras. La regla óptima para resolver el (TCSP) discreto tiene una forma similar, donde en vez de tiempos barreras, se usan candidatos barreras. Se comprueba que a medida que N tiende a infinito, las razones entre la posición del candidato barrera i-ésimo y el número de candidatos tienden al valor encontrado para los tiempos barreras en el caso contínuo. Finalmente, se estudia una variante del (TCSP) en la cual el empleador sólo puede recordar un candidato del periodo del sampleo (no necesariamente el mejor) y al mejor candidato entrevistado luego del sampleo. Se deduce en el caso discreto la forma de la regla óptima en la situación donde el algoritmo guarda el i-ésimo mejor candidato de la zona sampleada. Esta regla interpretada en el caso contínuo consiste en: rechazar a todos los candidatos hasta un tiempo T_1 > T, luego aceptar un candidato entrevistado entre los tiempos T_1 y T_0 > T_1 si es mejor que ambos miembros en memoria, y luego si no se aceptó a nadie, aceptar a un candidato entrevistado después del tiempo T_0 solamente si es mejor que el mejor entrevistado después del tiempo T. Se encuentran fórmulas explícitas para las barreras T_1 y T_0 como función de T y del rango i del candidato del sampleo guardado en memoria.

The purpose of this study is to present an account of the early career of Daniel Finch from 1679 to 1693. The investigation begins with an account of Finch's rise to prominence in parliament and at the Admiralty. It subsequently traces his role and involvement in the revolution settlement, and, after the accession of William III, Finch's responsibility as Secretary of State dealing principally with ecclesiastical affairs and naval affairs until his dismissal in 1693.

This thesis explores the roles played by secretaries in Athens and the Peloponnese. Secretaries are present in some form in all documents produced by the Athenian boule. They are often named as the writer of a stele, or their existence is inferred from the existence of the document itself. However, little is known about the daily duties of these individuals, as the means of writing and setting up of inscriptions is limited to brief, epigraphic formulae lacking in procedural detail, and any other information about an office is confined to passing references in ancient authors and bald statements in ancient lexica. These issues are even more pronounced in the Peloponnese, where the existence of a secretary can be limited to a single word – his job title or designation – in an inscription, and many unique types of Peloponnesian secretary are absent from ancient historical works and lexica altogether. This thesis takes both a quantitative, and analytical approach to the question ‘what does it mean to be a secretary in ancient Greece?’. It examines all sources from Athens and the Peloponnese which refer to any type of secretary, or specify that an officer is to write something (i.e. perform some or all of the duties of a secretary). It categorises secretaries using various criteria (such as their activities, the duration of their appointment and collegial environment, and their public profile), and thus provides a catalogue of characteristics and duties which fall under the remit of the secretary. Using these criteria, these offices are analysed both geographically and chronologically, to illustrate how the work of the secretary could differ from location to location, and over time. This thesis constitutes the first comprehensive work on the secretaries of Athens in over one hundred years, and the first work of its kind on the secretaries of the Peloponnese.

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Civil servants with close access to monarchs have often been seen as influential advisers. A specific group of civil servants were the Royal Secretaries in Sweden and Spain, and the Secretaries of State in England and France. They all held offices which gave them close and continuous access to their masters. In all the above-mentioned countries these civil servants were recruited from among groups divergent from the political, social and economic elite. This discrepancy in social status was most apparent in Sweden and Spain. In Spain this led to a political conflict between secretaries and the aristocracy, which in turn led to the marginalization of the secretaries; in Sweden a similar political conflict remained unresolved throughout the century. In England and France the old establishment was able to enclose both the administration and its members. In Sweden the aristocracy failed to integrate this new office-holding nobility, thus laying the foundations for the strengthening of a homogeneous group which politically was strongly supportive of the monarchs. In France, England and Sweden the secretaries could use their offices to influence political decisions. This became a problem in Sweden since the Royal Secretaries within their own group were well-integrated by family and friendship connections. By supporting the monarchs, they themselves gained support and towards the end of the century these socially inferior civil servants had grown in importance and formed a politically important group alongside the established nobility. / digitalisering@umu

The aim of the study was to examine if and how the social service and the social welfare secretary provides against threat and violence in the encounter with clients. The study is qualitative and carried out with six semi-structured interviews with social welfare secretaries and participation observations at the social welfare offices in three municipalities. The theoretical starting points used were symbolic interactionism and strange loops. The result shows that social service and social welfare secretaries both use measures to prevent threat and violence to occur. The precautionary measures mainly used by social services are ; looked doors, alarm device, loose objects removes and interview rooms are furnish in purpose for the social welfare secretary to flee the room at urgent need. Measures used by the social welfare secretary where focusing on their manner of behaving in their encounter with clients. Some of the important factors where to act respectful, professional, calmly, honestly and to posses`knowledge. The result also shows that measures such as looked doors, removing loose objects and the use of alarm device might be perceived by clients as insulting, provocative, a feeling of being inferior and losing control of their situation. The study implies that an increased knowledge of if and how the surroundings and the precautionary measures used by social service affect clients. The aim should be to create a more open then closed social service office.

With the transformation of economic development and change of social structure, Taiwan is now facing the problem of M-social trend, the gap between the rich and poor. Disadvantaged minorities hence rely on social welfare polity to maintain basic needs for daily life. Village secretary¡¦s duty includes various tasks. The study, from the perspective of social assistance, explores the role function of village secretary on social assistance. Village secretary¡¦s role as social assistance has received much attention for that they should not only passively serve public, but also proactively uncover assist-required cases. In this study, Cijin District of Kaohsiung City is taken as subject for exploration. Cijin District has specific geography and environmental condition, such as inconvenient traffic and residents¡¦ living rely on ocean. It is also the district with the lowest income and highest rate of foreign spouse in Kaohsiung, hence require more social welfare then any other districts. The purpose of the study is to investigate the administrative behavior that promote social assistance from policy and implement perspectives. Issues such as factors that affect village secretary¡¦s qualification examination procedures and discovery of social assistance examination systems are also discussed as reference for further policy implementation. The research method of the study includes system research, literature review and focus group. At the end, it is suggested that secretary function to be strengthened and concrete solution to be proposed as the reference for government to examine social assistance welfare policy, so that disadvantage minorities¡¦ actual need could be fulfilled.