No description available.

No description available.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2001.

The general purpose of this study was to duplicate research conducted by Beverley Joyce Miller Pitts, Ph.D., regarding the newswriting process of practicing journalists. (Future reference regarding this study will be termed the Pitts study.) In an effort to update previous research, this study sought to: review literature published between 1981 and 1987, update research conducted since 1981, support or disprove previous findings as documented in the Pitts study, and provide further research regarding the journalist's newswriting process. The study was conducted separately from previous research; thereby adopting an objective atmosphere in which research and data were obtained. The methodology and procedure of this study were replicated from the Pitts study to ensure consistency in research methods. All analyses, discussions, summaries, conclusions, observations, and recommendations, presented in this study, are based solely on data gathered during the research and presentation phases of this study.Although the Pitts study, 1981, consisted of protocol analysis case studies of three practicing journalists, the study contained herein focuses on the case study of one isolated journalist. As with the Pitts study, this study sought to gather data which describes the overall thought process as executed by a practicing journalist. The primary research tool utilized was protocol analysis. During taped sessions, these verbal protocols required the journalist to "think out loud" while composing the news story.Three protocol case studies were comprised. The first protocol session, the journalist was provided with a fact sheet from which to write. In the second and third protocol sessions, the journalist composed news stories based upon events covered on the daily beat. All three stories were composed on a video display terminal (VDT). The three protocol transcripts, follow-up interviews, reporter's notes, and the completed stories provided the data for analysis. These may be found in the Appendix. The coding scheme used in the Pitts study, which isolated and labeled activities of the newswriting process, was utilized; thus, deciphering the thought process evoked from the journalist when composing newsworthy articles.Journalist Kristi Stone, reporter for the Muncie Star, was selected to participate in this study.Findings indicated that the selection and writing of the lead was the most time-consuming task, that the writer wrote in a patterned sequence, that the writercomposed the story in small units, that goals, planning, and evaluations were short-term in nature, and that the writer created sentences as they were being typed into the VDT. In addition, the writer demonstrated recursiveness in her writing style, and had difficulty in composing stories when the newsgathering element was omitted.A major finding was that the task of writing the lead was the initial step in the writing process and had to be completed before any other writing could take place. The selection of the lead determined the direction of the story; thus, it was the most important act the writer performed. The story was organized as it was written, not planned in advance. The writer planned and wrote one sentence at a time incorporating a series of activities aimed at completing an immediate task. Editing was an important part of the writing process as well as a tool for refining. Memory was an important tool for obtaining information during the writing process. Recall was used for the purposes of remembering information from the newsgathering process, while notes provided the specific details of the incident. The newsgathering task was an integral part of the newswriting process, serving as a catalyst for the story's composition. Difficulty in writing occurred when the newsgathering process was omitted; thus, the newsgathering and newswriting tasks worked in unison and were so closely related they could not easily be separated.The findings documented in this research paper support the previous findings by Pitts conducted in her 1981 port the previous findings by study in that:the lead was the most important taskselection and writing of the lead took place first editing was an integral part of the writing process, not a separate act of refining memory served to recall overall story ideas and informationnotes provided a tool for obtaining specific pieces of informationwriters planned and wrote one sentence at a time by orchestrating a complex set of activities directed at completion of an immediate task.l1Beverly Joyce Miller Pitts, "The Newswriting Process: A Protocl Analysis Case Study of Three Practicing Journalists," Ed.D. Dissertation, Ball State University, pp. 2-3. / Department of Psychological Science

The Methodics of Investigation of the Sexual Crime Acts (chosen issues) Summary This submitted diploma thesis deals with procedures of investigation of crimes rape and sexual abuse, which are two most serious offences within sexual criminal acts. In this work I analyze only some of the most essential moments of investigation, because the theme as a whole exceeds the required extent of the diploma thesis. Most attention is paid to contacts of the prosecuting and adjudicating bodies with the victim and to the acts in which the victim is involved. The introductory part analyzes basic contemporary and previous legal regulation of all sexual criminal acts given in the present criminal codes. Offences of rape and sexual abuse are explicated in more detail. Then the work brings a criminalistic characteristics of these offences with basic statistical data. It points out the fixed detection rate of these crimes over the last nine years. Within the criminalistic characteristics, the thesis shows typical ways of committing these crimes, typical offenders, victims and typical traces. It points out that most offenders committing rape and sexual abuse come from the backgrounds close to the victim. The work discusses the approach to the victims of rape and sexual abuse. It analyzes the reasons that lead to secondary...

This diploma thesis deals with specificity in interrogation of children during the legal proceedings. This topic is not interesting just from the legal and criminalistic point of view, but also from the view of investigative practice. The aim of this work is to map in detail situation that deals with repeated examination of children under the age of fifteen in position of victim or witness. I mainly focused on child victim of sexual abuse, because child is the most vulnerable and it is essential to conduct the examination as sensitively as possible. However, the person who conducts the examination needs to get necessary information, because during these criminal acts child is often the only one who can provide testimony. The first chapter deals with legislation of children as witnesses. In the first part of the chapter I define the term child according to various legal sources. Secondly I deal with the legal point of view dealing with the topic of interrogation of child as a witness which is according to the Criminal Procedure Code. I evaluate it, suggest and justify possible modifications. The second chapter deals with issues related to the topic of interrogation of children mainly from the criminalistic and psychological point of view. I also describe development of children's psyche and its differences...

Cizojazyčné resumé The diploma thesis deals with the methods of investigation of sexual crimes. Because the topic is too broad I've decided to focus only on selected issues of methods of investigation of child sexual abuse. Investigation of child sexual abuse is very specific in comparison to other sexual crimes. During the investigation the child victim must be handled very sensitively in order to avoid secondary victimization. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the specifics of investigation of child sexual abuse and other problems connected with it. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to historical and current legal regulations of child sexual abuse. At the same time it describes occurrence of this crime in the area of the Czech Republic. The second chapter provides criminalistics characteristic of child sexual abuse. The chapter consists of three parts. The first one is dedicated to the typical ways of committing this crime with focus on cybergrooming. The second part describes different types of perpetrators and also specifics of female perpetrators. The third part deals with victims of crimes and it is focused on short-term and long-term consequences of child sexual abuse. I pay attention mostly to the issue of secondary victimization because I consider it as...

The aim of the diploma thesis is to determine the issue of a child interrogation as a crime victim. The reason for my research is the fact that despite of all the Criminal Procedure amendments the methodology of systematic child interrogation and its real usage is still not properly defined. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of sexual abuse of the child's interrogation. Chapter One is introductory and the chapter is subdivided into four parts. Part One and Part Two contain a short historical excursion define sexual abuse terminology and its forms. Part Three deals with Child Abuse and Neglect Syndrome and its five categories. Part Four is concerned with an occurrence of the Sexual abuse phenomenon in the Czech Republic, latency and status of educational institutions. Chapter Two examines relevant Czech legislation and European Union. First and second part characterise a statutory offence in Penal Code. Part Three and Four explain international agreements and European intervention issues. The last part contains the comparison of Czech and French child protection system with a short evaluation. Chapter Three deals with more details of Sexual abuse of the child in family environment. The chapter is subdivided into five parts. The first part explores...

Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been shown to differ depending on the relationship between child complainant and defendant, yet no found studies have compared intra-familial and extra-familial CSA in Sweden. The present thesis aimed to study quantitative differences between alleged intra-familial and extra-familial cases of CSA. Cases from Swedish District Courts (n = 174) of sexual abuse against children up to 7 years old were analyzed. In line with previous research, several differences in characteristics between alleged intra- and extra-familial cases were found. A significant difference in juridical decision to convict or acquit was also shown, with more intra-familial cases resulting in acquittal and more extra-familial cases resulting in conviction. Extra-familial relationship was also a significant predictor to conviction. Future studies may want to further examine whether an explanation for the difference in juridical decision could be found in differences in evidence provided. / Fall rörande sexuella övergrepp på barn har visats vara olika beroende vilket förhållande det målsägande barnet och den anklagade har. Trots det har inga svenska studier hittats som jämför rättsfall som berör sexuella övergrepp på barn med avseende på skillnader mellan fall som skett inom och utom familjen. Syftet med denna examensuppsats var att undersöka kvantitativa skillnader mellan påstådda rättsfall av sexuella övergrepp som skett inom och utom familjen. Rättsfall som berörde sexuella övergrepp på barn upp till 7 år från svenska tingsrätter (n = 174) analyserades. I linje med tidigare forskning påvisades flertalet skillnader mellan fall som skett inom och utanför familjen. Det påvisades även en signifikant skillnad i domstolens beslut att fria eller fälla, med fler friade fall som skett inom familj och fler fällda fall där det påstådda brottet skett utanför familj. En utom-familjär relation mellan målsägande och anklagade var dessutom en signifikant prediktor för en fällande dom. Förslag på framtida forskning kan vara att vidare undersöka huruvida skillnaden i beslutet att fria eller fälla kan förklaras av skillnader i tillgången på bevis.

D.Litt. et Phil. / The sexual molestation of children is one of the most pressing problems of our times. Considering that as many as one in every four girls, and one in every ten boys are sexually victimized as children, the sexual molestation of children seems to be a common occurrence. Child sexual abuse results in emotional symptoms such as depression, low self esteem, sexual disfunction, impaired health, eating disorders and other emotional disturbances. The vast number of children being subjected to sexual molestation, as well as the cost in terms of human suffering, necessitates studies that focus on determining why certain individuals violate sexual boundaries with children. Mainstream theories and research to date only focus on the conscious functioning of men who sexually molest children. The focus is therefore only on the description of the outward manifestation of symptoms. Research to date does not succeed in describing the mechanisms or processes that culminate in the sexual molestation of children. This study represents a first step in addressing this void in the body of knowledge pertaining to men who sexually molest children. By means of a method of analysis, namely Medical Hypnoanalysis, the subconscious thought patterns of two males, which culminated in the molestation of children, were revealed, described and explained. The problem statement and purpose of the study, namely to reveal, describe and explain the dynamic development and course of the subconscious thought patterns which eventually culminated in the molestation of children, inspired a qualitative multiple case study as a research design. After an in-depth analysis of each individual case, the dynamic development and course of the subconscious thought patterns of the two cases were integrated with each other by means of a cross case analysis. The cross case analysis enabled the researcher to develop detailed explanations, better insight and theories pertaining to the subconscious thought patterns underlying the sexual molestation of children. The cross case analysis was integrated with the theory of Medical Hypnoanalysis to form a general psychological structure consisting of the dynamic development and course of the subconscious thought patterns of men who molest children. The general psychological structure was subsequently integrated with previous literature, which allowed for the development of new theory. This study has found that the absence of love, which was experienced since the prenatal period, and intensified throughout, resulted in the perception of worthlessness. The absence of love led to an insecurity with regards to the self and a feeling of spiritual emptiness, a death-like feeling. Without love a person cannot survive; without love life is just not worthwhile. The subconscious mind is genetically programmed to survive, and is therefore compelled to engineer ways to establish survival. For various reasons, sexual interaction became the proof to the two molesters in this study that they were loved, that they were worthy, and thus alive. Sexual interaction was therefore the way in which survival was established. For both molesters, sexual interaction developed into a compulsion. Their emotional and spiritual survival were threatened whenever they were deprived of sexual interaction. This led to severe anxiety, which was provided by the subconscious mind in order to compel the men to have sexual interaction, and survive. It is this compulsion, together with the fact that both respondents’ emotional development was arrested at an earlier age, which led to the sexual molestation of children. The study was concluded with recommendations to psychologists on how to treat men who molest children.