A complexidade dos sistemas de distribuição é uma característica intrínseca dos mesmos, isso dificulta a aplicação de ferramentas convencionais para localização de faltas, cuja eficiência é determinante para melhoria dos índices de qualidade de energia e serviços prestados por concessionárias de energia. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar uma abordagem alternativa para a localização de faltas em alimentadores de distribuição aéreos com topologia radial. A proposta consiste no desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de auxílio à decisão para técnicas convencionais de localização de faltas, capaz de reduzir o problema da múltipla estimação. Esta proposta se dá num contexto onde é vislumbrado uma infraestrutura de Smart Grids consolidada. A ferramenta consiste em um pré-processamento de sinais analógicos e extração de parâmetros para posterior uso da técnica DAMICORE (do inglês Data Mining of Code Repositories) a fim de encontrar relações entre os eventos, agrupando aqueles que forem similares, de modo a auxiliar na localização de faltas. O sistema utilizado para a simulação de curtos-circuitos foi o alimentador-teste IEEE 34 barras em que os testes preliminares do algoritmo para este sistema resultaram em uma redução considerável para a múltipla estimação. / The complexity of distribution systems is an intrinsic characteristic from them, making it difficult to apply conventional fault locating methods, whose efficiency is decisive for the improvement of power quality and service indexes provided by the utilities. This work aims to present an alternative approach for fault location in aerial distribution feeders with radial topology. The tool consists of the development of a decision aid algorithm for conventional fault location techniques capable of reducing the multiple estimation problem. This proposal takes place in a context where a Smart Grids-based infrastructure is envisaged. This tool consists of a pre-processing of analog signals and feature extraction for later use of the DAMICORE (Data Mining of Code Repositories) technique to find connections between events, forming groups of similar events, and helping the Fault Location. The system used to simulate short circuits was the IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder and, for this system, the algorithm responded with a significant reduction of multiple estimations.

In recent years, power systems are facing with various challenges arising from the increased share of renewable energy systems. Among all sections of power systems, distribution grids are affected the most since the majority of renewable energy sources are connected to distribution grids. As the penetration of Variable Energy Sources increases in electric grids, energy storage systems have become more influential. In this context, this thesis presents a new algorithm for the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in distribution grids. The proposed algorithm aims to define the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems considering the network topology, the output power of Variable Energy Sources and the electricity prices from the one-day ahead electric market as well as real time control of the batteries through smart appliances. In order to do this, firstly a comprehensive study on the existing Optimal Power Flow methods is carried out. Then, AR-OPF which is a novel Optimal Power Flow method for radial distribution systems is presented and the required mathematical constraints, equations and parameters of Battery Energy Storage Systems for modelling in distribution systems are described. Then, the problem formulation and the proposed algorithm are discussed in detail. Further to energy storage as the main function of Battery Energy Storage Systems, the impact of the proposed method on other functions of Battery Energy Storage Systems such as voltage control, grid support and loss reduction will be investigated. In order to do so, the proposed algorithm is applied to the IEEE 34 node test system as a case study. This will be carried out through defining several different scenarios. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the size of the existing batteries and the electricity price. The thesis will be concluded by the findings and possible future works.

The electric power sector is undergoing significant changes with the development of Smart Grid technologies and is rapidly influencing the way we consume energy. Demand Response (DR) is an important element in the emerging smart grid paradigm and is paving way for the more sophisticated implementation of Energy Hub Management Systems (EHMSs). Utilities are looking at Demand Side Management (DSM) and DR services that allow customers to make informed decisions regarding their energy consumption which in return, can help the energy providers to reduce their peak demand and hence enhance grid sustainability. Ice rinks are large commercial buildings which facilitate various activities such as hockey, figure skating, curling, recreational skating, public arenas, auditoriums and coliseums. These have a complex energy system; in which an enormous sheet of ice is maintained at a low temperature while at the same time the spectator stands are heated to ensure comfortable conditions for the spectators. Since indoor ice rinks account for a significant share of the commercial sector and are in operation for more than 8 months a year, their contribution in the total demand cannot be ignored. There is significant scope for energy savings in indoor ice rinks through optimal operation of their climate control systems. In this work, a mathematical model of indoor ice rinks for the implementation of EHMS is developed. The model incorporates weather forecast, electricity price information and end-user preferences as inputs and the objective is to shift the operation of climate control devices to the low electricity price periods, satisfying their operational constraints while having minimum impact on spectator comfort. The inside temperature and humidity dynamics of the spectator area are modeled to reduce total electrical energy costs while capturing the effect of climate control systems including radiant heating system, ventilation system and dehumidification system. Two different pricing schemes, Real Time Pricing (RTP) and Time-of-Use (TOU), are used to assess the model, and the resulting energy costs savings are compared. The expected energy cost savings are evaluated for a 8 month period of operation of the rink incorporating the uncertainties in electricity price, weather conditions and spectator schedules through Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed work can be implemented as a supervisory control in existing climate controllers of indoor ice rinks and would play a significant role in the enforcement of EHMS in Smart Grids.

Avec la convergence de plusieurs tendances profondes du secteur énergétique, lesréseaux électriques intelligents (smart grids) émergent comme le paradigme principal pourla modernisation des réseaux électriques. Les smart grids doivent notamment permettred'intégrer de larges proportions d'énergie renouvelable intermittente, de stockage et devéhicules électriques, ainsi que donner aux consommateurs plus de contrôle sur leur consommationénergétique. L'atteinte de ces objectifs repose sur l'adoption de nombreusestechnologies, et en particulier des technologies de l'information et de la communication.Ces changements transforment les réseaux en des systèmes de plus en plus complexes,nécessitant des outils adaptés pour modéliser, contrôler et simuler leur comportement.Dans cette thèse, l'utilisation des systèmes multi-agents (SMA) permet une approchesystémique de la gestion de l'énergie, ainsi que la définition d'architectures et d'algorithmesbénéficiant des propriétés des SMA. Cette approche permet de prendre en compte lacomplexité d'un tel système cyber-physique, en intégrant de multiples aspects commele réseau en lui-même, les infrastructures de communication, les marchés ou encore lecomportement des utilisateurs. L'approche est mise en valeur à travers deux applications.Dans une première application, un système de gestion de l'énergie pour centrales àturbines à gaz est conçu avec l'objectif de minimiser les coûts de fonctionnement et lesémissions de gaz à effet de serre pour des profils de charge variables. Un modèle de turbineà gaz basé sur des données réelles est proposé et utilisé dans un simulateur spécifiquementdéveloppé. Une métaheuristique optimise dynamiquement le dispatching entre les turbinesen fonction de leurs caractéristiques propres. Les résultats montrent que le systèmeest capable d'atteindre ses objectifs initiaux. Les besoins en puissance de calcul et encommunication sont également évalués.Avec d'autres mesures de gestion de la demande, l'effacement diffus permet de réduiretemporairement la charge électrique, par exemple dans la cas d'une congestion du réseaude transport. Dans cette seconde application, un système d'effacement diffus est proposéet utilise les ressources disponibles chez les particuliers (véhicules électriques, climatisation,chauffe-eau) pour maintenir la demande sous une valeur limite. Des aggrégateursde capacité de réduction de charge servent d'interface entre les opérateurs du réseau etun marché de l'effacement. Un simulateur est également développé pour évaluer la performancedu système. Les résultats de simulations montrent que le système réussit àatteindre ses objectifs sans compromettre la stabilité du réseau de distribution en régimecontinu.

Electricity production from renewable energy resources such as wind energy and photovoltaics is variable. Integration of these intermittent resources into the electricity system leads to new challenges in how to manage imbalance between supply and demand on the grid. One way to meet these challenges is to develop so-called smart grid solutions. One idea, called demand response, is to adjust the amount or timing of energy consumption, e.g. by control of household appliances, to provide flexibility that could be used to balance the grid. In aggregate, when applied to many units across the system, large volumes of energy could be made available when needed and this grid flexibility can be used as a product on the electricity regulation market. Despite the potential benefits, the number of demand response bids is currently low. The aim of this thesis is to identify barriers in the Swedish regulation market, and togive Sweden's transmission system operator, Svenska kraftnät, recommendations on how to facilitate implementations of the technique. This has been done throughliterature studies and a wide range of interviews with people within the electricity market sector. The results indicate that a combination of several elements in the complex energy system impede the introduction of demand response. The main issues are related to market regulations and profitability difficulties. The authors recommend that Svenska kraftnät lowers the minimum bid size in all of the Swedish bidding areas, and adjusts the balance responsibility agreement and the system of balancing settlement.

The electric power sector is undergoing significant changes with the development of Smart Grid technologies and is rapidly influencing the way we consume energy. Demand Response (DR) is an important element in the emerging smart grid paradigm and is paving way for the more sophisticated implementation of Energy Hub Management Systems (EHMSs). Utilities are looking at Demand Side Management (DSM) and DR services that allow customers to make informed decisions regarding their energy consumption which in return, can help the energy providers to reduce their peak demand and hence enhance grid sustainability. Ice rinks are large commercial buildings which facilitate various activities such as hockey, figure skating, curling, recreational skating, public arenas, auditoriums and coliseums. These have a complex energy system; in which an enormous sheet of ice is maintained at a low temperature while at the same time the spectator stands are heated to ensure comfortable conditions for the spectators. Since indoor ice rinks account for a significant share of the commercial sector and are in operation for more than 8 months a year, their contribution in the total demand cannot be ignored. There is significant scope for energy savings in indoor ice rinks through optimal operation of their climate control systems. In this work, a mathematical model of indoor ice rinks for the implementation of EHMS is developed. The model incorporates weather forecast, electricity price information and end-user preferences as inputs and the objective is to shift the operation of climate control devices to the low electricity price periods, satisfying their operational constraints while having minimum impact on spectator comfort. The inside temperature and humidity dynamics of the spectator area are modeled to reduce total electrical energy costs while capturing the effect of climate control systems including radiant heating system, ventilation system and dehumidification system. Two different pricing schemes, Real Time Pricing (RTP) and Time-of-Use (TOU), are used to assess the model, and the resulting energy costs savings are compared. The expected energy cost savings are evaluated for a 8 month period of operation of the rink incorporating the uncertainties in electricity price, weather conditions and spectator schedules through Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed work can be implemented as a supervisory control in existing climate controllers of indoor ice rinks and would play a significant role in the enforcement of EHMS in Smart Grids.

Orientador: Dionízio Paschoareli Júnior / Resumo: No planejamento da integração de fontes de geração distribuída no sistema de distribuição em baixa tensão é fundamental que haja a investigação dos efeitos provocados nas condições operacionais da rede, tais como níveis de tensão e carregamento de transformadores. Com vista ao potencial aumento da geração fotovoltaica no cenário brasileiro e à iminente migração tecnológica das redes tradicionais para as chamadas redes inteligentes, a resposta da demanda se apresenta como uma das estratégias para possibilitar uma integração eficiente de recursos energéticos distribuídos. Na aplicação de um programa de resposta da demanda, especificamente para o cenário de uma distribuidora, permitiu-se concluir, através da utilização de dados reais, que no processo de planejamento de integração de novas fontes de geração de natureza fotovoltaica, a aplicação de uma estrutura tarifária com custos diferenciados horários baseados no custo marginal de capacidade do sistema, possibilita que sejam observadas melhores condições operacionais da rede. A aplicação da nova estrutura tarifária horária indica uma significativa alteração no perfil de carga esperado dos consumidores de baixa tensão o que refletiu em melhores valores de níveis de tensão e aumento da capacidade livre do transformador em integrar novas fontes distribuídas no sistema. / Abstract: In planning the integration of distributed generation sources in the low voltage distribution system, it is essential to investigate the effects caused by the network operating conditions, such as voltage levels and transformer loading. By the point of view of the potential increase in photovoltaic generation for the Brazilian scenario and the imminent technological migration of traditional networks to the so-called Smart Grids, demand response is one of the strategies to enable the efficient integration of distributed energy resources. By applying a demand response program, specifically for the scenario of a distribution company, it was possible to conclude, by using real data, that in the integration planning process of new photovoltaic based generation sources, the application of a tariff structure with hourly differentiated costs based on the system's marginal cost of capacity, allows better operational conditions of the network to be observed. The application of the new hourly tariff structure indicates a significant change in the expected load profile of the low voltage consumers, which reflected in better values of voltage levels and rising of the free capacity of the transformer to integrate new distributed sources into the system. / Doutor

L'architecture physique des réseaux électriques et les structures organisationnelles des industries électriques survenues à la suite des réformes ont principalement été conçues en fonction des caractéristiques relatives aux infrastructures de transport et aux parcs de production. Or, les nouveaux enjeux de transition énergétique, associés aux progrès réalisés dans les équipements de communication et d'automatisation, plaident pour une plus grande participation des activités décentralisées de production et des consommateurs finals. Nous constatons que les systèmes électriques sont à l'aube d'évolutions majeures qui partagent une double caractéristique. La première et que ces évolutions nécessiteront des apports en capitaux considérables pour adapter et moderniser les réseaux de distribution. La seconde est que l'activation de l'aval de la chaîne électrique libère des gains d'efficacité économique actuellement inexploités, mais est également porteuse de contraintes nouvelles.Partant de ce constat, l'objectif de cette thèse est double. Il s'agit dans un premier temps de proposer une analyse théorique des instruments de régulation qui encadrent et orientent les dépenses des opérateurs réseau. Nous cherchons en nous appuyant sur la littérature à caractériser les outils de régulation les mieux adaptés à l'investissement en smart technologies. Puisqu'il est nécessaire de confronter l'analyse théorique aux faits, nous entreprenons de recenser les gains clés d'efficacité économique escomptés de la généralisation des smart grids. Nous illustrons chacun de ces gains par une étude empirique qui nous permet de comparer les résultats issus de notre analyse théorique aux schémas de régulation existants et de formuler un certain nombre de recommandations.Le second objectif de la thèse se concentre sur les impacts de la diffusion de programmes de la gestion de la demande. Le raisonnement adopté s'articule autour de deux constats. D'importants bénéfices sont attendus des réductions substantielles des pointes de demande, réductions qui se traduisent par de moindres opportunités de profit pour les producteurs. Il s'agira de réaliser une estimation des gains et pertes que l'on peut attendre de la gestion de la demande. Pour cela, nous développons et utilisons un modèle d'optimisation dans lequel nous intégrons plusieurs pays interconnectés dotés de parcs de production différenciés.La thèse montre que les cadres de régulation dominants actuellement sont limités dans leur portée incitative pour favoriser un investissement efficace dans la technologie, ce qui est susceptible de retarder son introduction. La quantification des impacts de la gestion de la demande montre quant à elle que des efficacités significatives peuvent être activées via la généralisation de ces mesures. Toutefois, elles posent des problèmes nouveaux dans la rémunération de l'existant, l'adéquation future des capacités, et souligne l'antagonisme potentiel entre perte de revenus pour les unités de pointe les plus réactives et développement des énergies bas carbone.De toute évidence, les interrogations soulevées par le développement des smart grids nécessitent que soit mené un débat politique éclairé puisque l'industrie électrique est indispensable à nos sociétés. Parmi le nombre considérable d'éléments à aborder, arriveront en bonne place les questions relatives au financement des projets d'investissement et à l'inclusion des nouvelles sources de flexibilité induites par l'adoption de la technologie dans les marchés électriques libéralisés. / The physical architecture of electricity grids and the organizational structure of power systems implemented after the reforms have traditionally be achieved according to the characteristics of the transmission infrastructures and power mixes. However, the new challenges related to energy transition favor a greater participation of decentralized generation and final consumers to system exploitation and competitive markets. This latter participation is made possible thanks to recent innovations in the fields of communication and remote control technologies.Significant evolutions are expected in power industries that share common characteristics. First, these evolutions suppose massive capital investments to modernize and adapt current power distribution grids. Second, it is expected the activation of distribution grids and final consumers will unleash substantial unexploited economic efficiency gains as well as impose new constraints.Taking these simple facts as a starting point, the objective of the thesis is twofold. In the first place, we provide a theoretical analysis of the regulatory instruments that monitor the system operators' expenses. Relying on the literature, we aim at characterizing what regulatory tools and incitation are suitable for investing in smart grids technologies. Since it is necessary to compare theoretical formulation to facts, we use an empirical approach that allows us to designate key benefits pursued by the development of smart grids and to compare our theoretical results with practical regulatory applications. Our findings eventually allow us to formulate recommendations.In the second place, the thesis focuses on the impacts of demand-side management during peak periods. We structure our approach around two general observations. Large benefits should be generated in lowering substantially peak demand. However, such situation also creates losses of profit for generators. We provide an estimation of efficiency gains and revenue losses induced by peak shedding. To this end, we develop and use a linear optimization model and expand our analysis to interconnected countries endowed with differentiated generation means.The thesis shows dominant regulatory frameworks are unsuited to provide the necessary sets of incentive to efficiently develop smart technologies. This can cause delays in their integration to power grids. The quantitative evaluation of the impacts generated by demand-side management shows significant efficiency gains are achievable through final consumers' flexibility. However, such measures create new discrepancies regarding installed capacities profitability, future capacity adequacy, and highlight potential antagonism between missing money for flexible peak capacities and the development of low carbon energies.It is clear the issues raised by the development of smart grids call for informed public debate as power industries are essential to our societies. Among the considerable amount of elements to discuss, issues relative to financing the investment projects and the inclusion of the new sources of flexibility induced by the technology in competitive markets will be of priority.

[pt] A sociedade está vivendo em uma época de forte convergência tecnológica, onde novas tecnologias são descobertas e extintas em um prazo cada vez menor. Esta revolução tecnológica também já chegou para o setor de infraestrutura de distribuição de energia que são as Redes Elétricas Inteligentes, sendo o medidor inteligente o principal equipamento desta revolução. Apesar da evolução do parque de medidores brasileiros, a regulação comercial não acompanhou esta modernização e continua tendo como referência o sistema de medição convencional com a atuação de leituristas e não considerando as oportunidades de usar dados de consumo, mesmo que não sejam da data do faturamento nos casos de falhas de transmissão da informação e aplicação de ferramentas estatísticas para estimação no faturamento. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar as regras regulatórias de faturamento considerando as ausências de leituras, propor uma nova metodologia para definir como realizar o faturamento na ausência de leituras considerando consumos anteriores e usar ferramentas estatísticas para a definição do valor a ser faturado. A metodologia pode ser dividida em duas fases: (i) imputação de dados faltantes na base de dados decorrentes de possíveis erros de transmissão dos medidores; (ii) previsão do consumo de energia elétrica por cliente. O presente trabalho cumpriu os objetivos aos quais se propôs e apresentou uma alternativa promissora para o faturamento com medidores inteligentes e que utilize tecnologias de comunicação de baixo custo e que possam apresentar uma efetividade de medição abaixo da ideal, no caso, 100 por cento. / [en] Society is living in a time of strong technological convergence, where new technologies are discovered and extinguished in an ever shorter time frame. This technological revolution has also arrived for the energy distribution infrastructure with the Smart Grid, in which the smart meter being the main equipment of this revolution. Despite the evolution of the Brazilian meter park, the commercial regulation did not go along with this modernization and continues with reference to the conventional metering system and not considering the opportunities to use consumption data comes from out of the billing date, in cases of data transmission failures, being thus possible use statistical tools for billing estimation. In this context, this dissertation aims to evaluate the regulatory rules of billing considering the absences of readings, proposing a new methodology to define how to estimate the billing in the absence of readings, considering previous consumption and using statistical tools to define the value to be billed. The methodology can be divided into two phases: (i) imputation of missing data in the database, resulting from possible transmission errors of the meters; (ii) forecast of electricity consumption per customer. The present work fulfilled the objectives proposed and presented a promising alternative for billing with smart meters using low cost communication technologies that could have low measurement effectiveness, in this case, 100 percent.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-24T11:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5459157 bytes, checksum: e363929cf9a6a71b88515b8a24c12af6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T11:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5459157 bytes, checksum: e363929cf9a6a71b88515b8a24c12af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Amid a scenario, that contrasts the increasing demand for electricity, and decreased ability to generation from conventional sources, which is creating serious problems for the energy sector, the concept of smart grids popularizes up and presented as an alternative to, among other possibilities, minimize the effects of power outages in the design of distributed generation from alternative sources. In order for alternatives to that end, it will develop a data acquisition system, low cost and high performance for applications in smart grids, which facilitates monitoring of electricity in real time, where the user can manage their own control avoiding waste and consequently saving. The system will be developed based on the standards of ANEEL (Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency), body responsible for determining the minimum parameters a measuring equipment must possess. The data acquisition system showed results with a high degree of agreement when compared with the reference instrument, the fluke 434/435. A response curve of voltage and current, showing the system behavior compared to other instruments of measurement was introduced. Still, it is objective of the work that the signs Conditioning Unit can be adapted for multiple microprocessor platforms, using simple settings, without the need for hardware reconfiguration. This fact has been proven to be used with Black BeagleBone with satisfactory results. / Em meio a um cenário que contrasta o aumento da demanda por energia elétrica, e a diminuição da capacidade de geração a partir das fontes convencionais, o que vem gerando sérios problemas para o setor energético, o conceito de smart grids populariza-se e apresenta-se como uma alternativa para, entre outras possibilidades, minimizar os efeitos da falta de energia elétrica, na concepção de geração distribuída a partir de fontes alternativas. Com vistas em alternativas com esse fim, será desenvolvido um sistema de aquisição de dados, de baixo custo e alto desempenho, para aplicações em smart grids, que viabilize o monitoramento da energia elétrica em tempo real, onde o usuário possa gerir o seu próprio controle evitando o desperdício e, consequentemente, economizando. O sistema será desenvolvido com base nas normas da ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), órgão responsável por determinar os parâmetros mínimos que um equipamento de medição deve possuir. O sistema de aquisição de dados apresentou resultados com alto grau de concordância ao ser comparados com o instrumento de referência, o fluke 434/435. Foi apresentado uma curva resposta da tensão e corrente, mostrando o comportamento do sistema em comparação a de outros instrumentos de medições. Ainda, é objetivo do trabalho que a Unidade de Condicionamento dos Sinais, possa ser adaptada para múltiplas plataformas microprocessadas, através de simples ajustes, sem a necessidade de reconfiguração de hardware. Esse fato foi comprovado ao ser utilizada com a BeagleBone Black, apresentando resultados satisfatórios.