Wind power is expanding rapidly in Sweden. Increasing amounts of wind power sets higher requirements on balancing power and grid expansions and would affect the whole Swedish electricity system. The aim of this report is to examine the factors affecting the wind power expansion in Sweden. How many wind power plants projects will obtain building permissions and what costs and revenues can be expected? How much balancing power will be required and does a changing geographical distribution of the wind power plants reduce the need of balancing power? A survey of the county board’s official applications has been made and out of all the applications, corresponding to 80 TWh produced per year, about half of the applications are expected to obtain a permit with a major portion of them located in the north of Sweden. Especially older wind power plants, deriving revenue from Nord pool, find themselves today in a complicated financial situation. However new wind power plants with favorable wind conditions and with revenues from fixed prices are likely to be more commercially viable and less dependent on electricity certificates. The power production can be expected to even out with a greater geographical dispersion and the balancing power requirement can be estimated to 60-80 % of the totally installed wind power. During short periods, of the order of hours, the power gain or loss is usually less than 10% but during longer periods, of the order of day, the wind power can in extreme cases experience losses and gains in power up to 70 % of the installed capacity.

Short term regulation, or hydropeaking, provides useful grid services and can be economically beneficial. However, hydropeaking is also associated with environmental impacts concerning flows and water levels. In the south of Sweden, where the electricity demand is greater than the supply, balance regulation from small hydropower plants can contribute to local grid stability. The objective of this report is to evaluate the possibilities for hydropeaking within Mälarenergi’s hydropower plants, with regards to possible power increase and environmental consequences. The report aims to conclude whether there is potential to optimize the operation of the power plants for production of balancing power. A literature study was conducted, as well as a survey of Mälarenergi’s hydropower plants and regulation dams. To describe potential flow regimes, three scenarios for hydropeaking in Kolbäcksån were created in joint consulation with Mälarenergi. The results show that the total increase in available power will vary from around 5 – 11 MW. It is indicated that the largest environmental impact will occur in the scenario with the greatest difference between base flow and peak flow. It can be concluded that several forms of hydropeaking are possible to utilize in Kolbäcksån. The available balancing power is enough to be able to contribute secondary frequency control for Svenska kraftnät. Flow parameters indicate that environmental and ecological impacts will be relatively mild, although this needs to be investigated further. To complement the findings in this report, an evaluation of the economic conditions for the proposed hydropeaking scenarios is proposed as a future project.

Vattenkraft står för stor del av energiproduktionen i Sverige och är nödvändig för elsystemet med sin reglerförmåga. Vattenkraft som inte uppfyller moderna miljövillkor ska komma att omprövas enligt den nationella omprövningsplanen. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur miljöanpassning i Ljungan påverkar energiutvinningen och reglerförmågan som ett underlag med åtgärder för en omprövning. Miljöanpassningar i form av fiskvägar och miljöanpassade flöden syftar till att förbättra den ekologiska statusen. Med data på vattenföringen från SMHI har det undersökts hur stora flödesförluster miljöanpassningarna bidrar till, men också huruvida en utrivning av Storsjödammen påverkar reglerförmågan.  Resultatet visar att vattenföringen i Flåsjön är omvänd mot den naturliga vattenföringen. En utrivning av Storsjödammen skulle innebära att in och utflöde i Flåsjödammen inte går jämt upp och sätter därför krav på magasineringsförmåga. Magasineringsförmågan i Flåsjön skiljer sig mellan åren, Storsjön fylls däremot upp varje år. Fiskvägar och miljöanpassade flöden vid Storsjödammen ger relativt jämna förluster, en energiförlust som motsvarar ett snitt på elva hushåll per månad.  Efterlikna det naturliga flödet är inte möjligt, det skulle innebära stora förluster för reglerförmågan. Utrivningen av Storsjödammen kräver att Flåsjödammen används på ett annat sätt än nuläge. Utrivningen förväntas vid normalår inte ha någon nämnvärd påverkan på reglerförmågan, men kan under torrår påverka negativt. Fiskväg och miljöanpassade flöden har förutsägbara och relativt små energiförluster och de är justerbara över tid. / Hydropower accounts for a large part of the electricity production in Sweden and is necessary for the system due to its fast ability to regulate the electricity production. Old hydropower plants do not meet the modern environmental terms and need new permissions. Purpose with this study is to estimate how adaption to the environment will affect the energy production and regulation capacity in the river of Ljungan. Fish paths and environmental adapted waterflows expect to improve the ecological status. Data of water level from SMHI is used to calculate the difference between now and environmental adaption, and how demolition of the dam of Storsjön affects the regulation ability.  The result presents that there is a reverse waterflow in Flåsjön. Demolition of the dam of Storsjön would mean inflow and outflow in the dam of Flåsjön will differ and to not imply energy loss the water needs storage. The ability of storage in the magazine is different between years when it comes to Flåsjön but is constant in Storsjön. Fish paths and environmental adapted waterflows result in constant losses which represent about eleven households each month.  Simulation of natural waterflow is not possible due to the affect on the regulation ability. Demolition of the dam of Storsjön requires a different way of using Flåsjön as a magazine. A normal year no affect of the regulation ability is expected, but years with low precipitation it can have a negative impact. Fish path and environmental adapt waterflows have predictable and relatively small energy losses and is adjustable over time.  Simulate natural flow is not possible. Demolition have no direct effect of the electricity production. Environmental flow and fish paths give relatively low energy losses and energy production is affected to a small extent. / <p>2020-06-05</p>

Electricity production from renewable energy resources such as wind energy and photovoltaics is variable. Integration of these intermittent resources into the electricity system leads to new challenges in how to manage imbalance between supply and demand on the grid. One way to meet these challenges is to develop so-called smart grid solutions. One idea, called demand response, is to adjust the amount or timing of energy consumption, e.g. by control of household appliances, to provide flexibility that could be used to balance the grid. In aggregate, when applied to many units across the system, large volumes of energy could be made available when needed and this grid flexibility can be used as a product on the electricity regulation market. Despite the potential benefits, the number of demand response bids is currently low. The aim of this thesis is to identify barriers in the Swedish regulation market, and togive Sweden's transmission system operator, Svenska kraftnät, recommendations on how to facilitate implementations of the technique. This has been done throughliterature studies and a wide range of interviews with people within the electricity market sector. The results indicate that a combination of several elements in the complex energy system impede the introduction of demand response. The main issues are related to market regulations and profitability difficulties. The authors recommend that Svenska kraftnät lowers the minimum bid size in all of the Swedish bidding areas, and adjusts the balance responsibility agreement and the system of balancing settlement.

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Increased use of variable energy and integration of electricity markets in the European Union have led to new challenges when balancing supply and demand in the grid. Load management is a possible way to manage these challenges by adjusting electricity consumption in order to balance the power system. Household appliances can be used for this purpose, for example by providing automatic frequency control. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the potential of load management from private households and to examine how the power system is affected by a more flexible electricity consumption. The thesis focuses on fridges as automatic frequency control reserves and the ability of fridges to balance the power system. Attributes such as capacity, activation time, persistence and the effect of load reconnection has been modelled in Simulink, Matlab. Complementary interviews with actors from the electricity industry have been done to summarize their insights on demand response. The results indicate that fridges can be used as a part of the automatic frequency controlled reserve FCR-N, based on assumptions made in this study. However, current requirements imposed on balancing resources are not fully met by the fridges. In order for household appliances to provide the needed flexibility, some requirements might need to be rephrased. The results also show that the capacity for providing balancing services differs for positive and negative imbalances, as consumption can be reduced with 30 MW and increased with 66 MW. When controlling the fridges by moving the reference temperature, there is a risk that the appliances will synchronize with each other, i.e. reconnect or disconnect at the same time, resulting in frequency oscillations. It is therefore important that load management is designed to avoid this kind of behavior.

Increased use of variable energy and integration of electricity markets in the European Union have led to new challenges when balancing supply and demand in the grid. Load management is a possible way to manage these challenges by adjusting electricity consumption in order to balance the power system. Household appliances can be used for this purpose, for example by providing automatic frequency control. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the potential of load management from private households and to examine how the power system is affected by a more flexible electricity consumption. The thesis focuses on fridges as automatic frequency control reserves and the ability of fridges to balance the power system. Attributes such as capacity, activation time, persistence and the effect of load reconnection has been modelled in Simulink, Matlab. Complementary interviews with actors from the electricity industry have been done to summarize their insights on demand response. The results indicate that fridges can be used as a part of the automatic frequency controlled reserve FCR-N, based on assumptions made in this study. However, current requirements imposed on balancing resources are not fully met by the fridges. In order for household appliances to provide the needed flexibility, some requirements might need to be rephrased. The results also show that the capacity for providing balancing services differs for positive and negative imbalances, as consumption can be reduced with 30 MW and increased with 66 MW. When controlling the fridges by moving the reference temperature, there is a risk that the appliances will synchronize with each other, i.e. reconnect or disconnect at the same time, resulting in frequency oscillations. It is therefore important that load management is designed to avoid this kind of behavior.