In the past decade, a new entrepreneurial phenomenon aimed at seeding start-up companies has emerged across the globe: the social enterprise (SE) accelerator program. These accelerators focus on scaling social entrepreneurs by accelerating their journey to the market. Different actors like business reporters, entrepreneurs, and angel investors have expressed skepticism around the viability of the accelerator model. To research this sustainability, this thesis studied the revenue models of SE accelerators. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts working at SE accelerators in Stockholm. These four identified getting revenue from partnerships, government institutions, and philanthropy and donations. Consulting contracts, equity shares and fees were not used by these four but were discussed as potential revenue streams. All respondents emphasized the importance of revenue model diversification and were currently working on strategies to act on this. Diversifying the revenue models of SE accelerators will increase the sustainability of their revenue models. This might be the first step from the focus of monetary gain towards a society where business is created to do good.

Due to their innovative capacity and social mission, social enterprises build resilience and cohesion in communities by providing for vulnerable groups that governments and markets tend to overlook. In the recovery from COVID-19, while countries attempt to regain lost ground towards their sustainable development goals, protections and support to social entrepreneurship will be vital. This study examines this issue in the context of Ukraine, where the social and economic effects of the pandemic had been exacerbated by the war in Donbas and a decades-long history of unstable economic development. The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which occurred while this research was concluding, is factored into the analysis. Social entrepreneurship presented an opportunity to contribute towards the development priorities laid out by the Ukrainian government, but various challenges - including a lack of corresponding legislation and negative public perception - stood in the way of the sector’s progress. By analyzing scholarly articles, policy documents, and news reports related to Ukrainian social enterprise, as well as the responses of 13 social enterprises to an electronic survey, this study explores the experiences of self-identified social enterprises in Ukraine during COVID-19, before the Russian invasion. This inquiry brings awareness to the socially-oriented businesses that were working towards sustainable development in Ukraine before the country was forced into the newest iteration of war at the hands of Russia.

There has been an unexpected wave of growth in social entrepreneurship globally (Bornstein, 2004). This growth is followed by the number of research in the field. Academic research has been mainly focused on defining what it is, what it does and does not have in common with commercial entrepreneurial activity (Nicholls, 2006). Thus, there has not been many studies related to the business model of social enterprise. Osterwalder & Pigneur (2010) believes that every organization has a business model, regardless the word ‘business’ not used as descriptor. This description includes social enterprise. Social enterprise, not unlike business enterprise, creates and delivers value and it must generate enough revenue to cover its expenses. By acknowledging that social enterprise has a business model, it opens itself to business model innovation with advantages to optimize its operations, deliver more values through effective channels, capture more values through profits and growth and drive innovation. This research is conducted on Indonesia Mengajar, a social enterprise in Indonesia that has no experience in business model design or Business Model Canvas using qualitative methods and interpretive paradigm. Primary data is collected from interviews with Indonesia Mengajar. Secondary data comes from books, articles, journals and websites. The data are analysed with grounded theory method. By completing Business Model Canvas (Osterwalder & Pigneur) complemented with literature review and critical analysis of Indonesia Mengajar, the objective of this research to understand business model of social enterprise can be achieved. From this research it is found that adjustments are necessary for Business Model Canvas to capture the business model of social enterprise and based on the findings, it is concluded how social enterprise creates, delivers and captures value.

In the final qualifying work, the main approaches to social entrepreneurship and the factors of its development are considered. The resource centers of the Ural Federal District are analyzed and their role in the development of social and entrepreneurial initiatives is demonstrated. As a result, a conclusion was drawn on the uneven development of institutions supporting social entrepreneurship at the regional level. / В работе рассмотрены основные подходы к социальному предпринимательству и факторы его развития. Проанализированы ресурсные центры Уральского федерального округа и продемонстрирована их роль в развитии социально-предпринимательских инициатив. В качестве вывода было сделано заключение о неравномерности развития институтов поддержки социального предпринимательства на региональном уровне.

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В выпускной квалификационной работе рассмотрены различные теоретические подходы к социальному предпринимательству и гендеру, выделены основные тенденции развития социального предпринимательства в целом и женского в частности. В рамках собственного эмпирического исследования были отмечены специфические черты ведения социального бизнеса в России мужчинами и женщинами, структурированы проблемы и трудности, с которыми сталкиваются социальные предпринимательницы в процессе ведения бизнеса. / The final qualifying work examines various theoretical approaches to social entrepreneurship and gender, highlighting the main trends in the development of social entrepreneurship in general and women's entrepreneurship in particular. As part of our own empirical research, the specific features of running social business in Russia by men and women were noted, and the problems and difficulties that social entrepreneurs face in the process of doing business were structured.

Today’s the concept of social entrepreneurship; social capital and venture capital are defined by several experts. This case study sets out to gain an understanding of the relation between social capital and venture capital in Uppstart Malmö, a new social entrepreneurial organization which focuses on creating job opportunities in the city of Malmö, where unemployment rate is comparatively high. Analyzing empirical data from interview and other documentation, the results show that Uppstart Malmö is concentrating in the social dimension of enterprise and emphasizing on social capital more than venture capital. While by some means, the foundation is going toward achieving social goal. Uppstart Malmö is not yet an ideal model for completely social organization and commercial signs can be seen in their plans.

In recent years, programs designed to promote financial literacy among lowincome populations have proliferated. However, such programs have largely been developed by small community-based organizations operating in isolation from one another. Most have been conducted in absence of guidance explaining how to ensure that the program meets the needs of the target audience. Very few studies have been able to link the program to subsequent increases in financial understanding or improvements in financial behaviors among participants. This thesis serves as a guidebook for community organizations that intend to provide financial literacy training to low-income audiences. The subject is introduced by offering a working definition of financial literacy, a brief overview of the state of financial literacy education in the United States, and a discussion of the importance of financial literacy. The political and social climates surrounding financial literacy are then discussed, followed by a summary of previous research studies that have found financial education to be effective. The subsequent chapters provide financial educators with practical guidance on the program's design, content, delivery, evaluation, and administration. The final chapter provides insights from the fields of economics and psychology. Supplemental resources for financial educators are found in the appendices.

[EN] The main purpose of this thesis consisted on trying to establish the existing relationships between social entrepreneurship, market orientation, crowdsourcing, and organizational performance. One of the main reasons that led to undertake this research on these relationships is referred to the extant interest on the effect of the information technologies (IT) related to market orientation and organizational management as part of a quest for a better organizational performance by the companies that adopt them. One of the organizational phenomena where market orientation and innovation have been exhibited has been through social entrepreneurship, which applies many elements that are common to entrepreneurship but which, unlike traditional entrepreneurship, has fundamentally social objectives. With regards to them and especially due to limitations (mainly financial ones), social entrepreneurs have refined their ingenuity with regards to financing and operation modes, having been found that social entrepreneurship generates value in several dimensions, from a personal level up to a general social level. On the other hand, it was found that crowdsourcing as an IT use intensive activity is turning into a form of value generation for companies as well as for the individuals that carry out work. For the first ones, because it allows them to achieve solutions to corporate and innovation (including R&D) problems at lower cost (and higher speed), and for the second ones, because it allows them to be part of a challenging and fulfilling (not only on a financial level) labor market, which allows them to exploit their specific skills. As the research process was carried out, a relevant theory study and research, as well as literature review, has been undertaken with respect to: social entrepreneurship, crowdsourcing and market orientation. Based on the theoretical foundation that was studied, hypothesis about the theoretical relationships have been formulated and the theoretical model was enunciated, which were later empirically verified in order to prove the formulated hypothesis as well as (consequently) the theoretical model. In order to undertake the empirical work, companies in the biotech and telecommunications sectors have been selected, based on both sectors' economic importance, as well as the IT adoption intensity in both. The study was carried on 223 companies among both sectors and the structural equations technique was used to prove the hypotheses, as well as to prove the model, finding that the results allowed to prove right the proposed hypothesis and model, having found that the results permitted proving right both the proposed hypothesis and the model. In the final part of this work, conclusions about the thesis' components were formulated, research limitations were outlined, finishing with future research lines proposal. / [ES] RESUMEN El principal propósito de esta tesis consistió en tratar de establecer las relaciones existentes entre el emprendimiento social, la orientación al mercado, el crowdsourcing y el desempeño organizativo. Una de las principales razones que llevó a realizar la presente investigación sobre estas relaciones se refiere al interés existente por el efecto de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) con relación la orientación al mercado y la gestión organizacional como parte de la búsqueda de un mejor desempeño organizacional, por parte de las empresas que las adoptan. Uno de los fenómenos organizaciones en los que la orientación al mercado y la innovación se han puesto de manifiesto ha sido el emprendimiento social, mismo que aplica muchos elementos comunes con el emprendedurismo pero que, a diferencia del emprendedurismo tradicional, tiene objetivos fundamentalmente sociales. Al respecto, y debido a las limitaciones (principalmente financieras), los emprendedores sociales han aguzado su ingenio en cuanto a financiación y sus formas de operación, viéndose que el desarrollo del emprendimiento social genera valor en varias dimensiones, desde el nivel personal hasta a nivel social general. Por otra parte, se ha encontrado que el crowdsourcing como actividad intensiva en el uso de las TIC se está constituyendo en una forma de generación de valor tanto para las empresas como para los individuos que realizan el trabajo. Para las primeras, porque les permite lograr soluciones a problemas empresariales y de innovación (incluyendo I+D) a un costo menor (y mayor velocidad) y, para los segundos, porque les permite incorporarse a un mercado de trabajo desafiante y satisfactorio (no solamente a nivel financiero), que les permite explotar sus destrezas particulares. En el proceso de realizar el estudio se ha llevado a cabo un relevamiento de la teoría relevante y una revisión bibliográfica con relación al emprendimiento social, el crowdsourcing y la orientación al mercado. Sobre la base teórica estudiada se formularon las hipótesis con respecto a las relaciones teóricas entre las variables y se enunció el modelo teórico, que luego se procedió a verificar de forma empírica para comprobar las hipótesis planteadas, así como (en consecuencia) el modelo teórico. Para llevar a cabo el trabajo empírico, se ha seleccionado a las empresas de los sectores de biotecnología y de telecomunicaciones, en base a la importancia económica de ambos sectores, así como la intensidad de la adopción de las TIC en ambos. El estudio se llevó a cabo sobre 223 empresas de ambos sectores y se empleó la metodología de ecuaciones estructurales para comprobar las hipótesis, así como para para probar el modelo, encontrando que los resultados permitieron demostrar las hipótesis y el modelo planteados. En la parte final del trabajo, se procedió a formular conclusiones con relación a los componentes de la tesis, se plantearon las limitaciones de la investigación, concluyendo con la proposición de futuras líneas de investigación. / [CA] El principal propòsit d'esta tesi va consistir a tractar d'establir les relacions existents entre l'emprendimiento social, l'orientació al mercat, el crowdsourcing i l'exercici organitzatiu. Una de les principals raons que va portar a realitzar la present investigació sobre estes relacions es referix a l'interés existent per l'efecte de les tecnologies de la informació (TI) amb relació l'orientació al mercat i la gestió organitzacional com a part de la busca d'un millor exercici organitzacional, per part de les empreses que les adopten. Un dels fenòmens organitzacions en què l'orientació al mercat i la innovació s'han posat de manifest ha sigut l'emprendimiento social, mateix que aplica molts elements comuns amb l'emprendimiento però que, a diferència de l'emprendimiento tradicional, té objectius fonamentalment socials. Respecte d'això, i a causa de les limitacions (principalment financeres), els emprenedors socials han agusat el seu enginy quant a finançament i les seues formes d'operació, veient-se que el desenrotllament de l'emprendimiento social genera valor en diverses dimensions, des del nivell personal fins a nivell social general. D'altra banda, s'ha trobat que el crowdsourcing com a activitat intensiva en l'ús de les TIC s'està constituint en una forma de generació de valor tant per a les empreses com per als individus que realitzen el treball. Per a les primeres, perquè els permet aconseguir solucions a problemes empresarials i d'innovació (incloent I+D) a un cost menor (i major velocitat) i, per als segons, perquè els permet incorporar-se a un mercat de treball desafiador i satisfactori (no sols a nivell financer), que els permet explotar les seues destreses particulars. En el procés de realitzar l'estudi s'ha dut a terme un relevamiento de la teoria rellevant i una revisió bibliogràfica amb relació a l'emprendimiento social, el crowdsourcing i l'orientació al mercat. Sobre la base teòrica estudiada es van formular les hipòtesis respecte a les relacions teòriques entre les variables i es va enunciar el model teòric, que després es va procedir a verificar de forma empírica per a comprovar les hipòtesis plantejades, així com (en conseqüència) el model teòric. Per a dur a terme el treball empíric, s'ha seleccionat a les empreses dels sectors de biotecnologia i de telecomunicacions, basant-se en la importància econòmica d'ambdós sectors, així com la intensitat de l'adopció de les TIC en ambdós. L'estudi es va dur a terme sobre 223 empreses d'ambdós sectors i es va emprar la metodologia d'equacions estructurals per a comprovar les hipòtesis, així com para per a provar el model, trobant que els resultats van permetre demostrar les hipòtesis i el model plantejats. En la part final del treball, es va procedir a formular conclusions amb relació als components de la tesi, es van plantejar les limitacions de la investigació, concloent amb la proposició de futures línies d'investigació. / Barrientos Ferrufino, RC. (2016). La orientación de mercado y las nuevas tecnologías de la información en las empresas intensivas en conocimiento [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62222