abstract: Education abroad participants worldwide are often positively transformed by their experiences and, as a result, gain a great deal of knowledge, resources, ideas, and high levels of inspiration which can positively impact the individual, and local and global communities—contributing to global development. However, education abroad participants face challenges and are often not prepared for making lasting positive change in their local and global communities post-education abroad, known as the reentry phase. Moreover, they do not fully understand the potential positive impacts they can have on society as a result of their education abroad experiences. This is of significant importance for a world that continues to rapidly globalize, advance technologically faster than ever before, and faces challenges and opportunities that require globally experienced people. Through surveys and interviews with 156 participants from 32 countries, this transformative mixed methods research provides strong evidence for the high levels of benefits participants gain, and how they are positively transformed and motivated to make local and global impacts after their education abroad experiences. The data provides insights into participant perceptions, ideas, opportunities, and challenges surrounding these topics, and identifies differences and similarities in participant and program types that best prepare, support, and enable participants during the re-entry phase. It also provides insights on how stakeholders (e.g. educational, public, private, non-governmental, civil society, and personal support systems) can transform current research, models, and policies to be able to support participants in becoming social entrepreneur change agents, and forge a more holistic approach towards global education mobility and global development. The more than 4.5 million people that currently engage in education abroad annually is a population projected to increase to more than 8 million participants by 2025. They represent only 0.06% of the world’s 7 billion population from almost all countries, including developing, emerging, and highly developed. Therefore, this unique population of highly educated and globally exposed future world leaders and decision-makers represents a comparatively uniquely privileged group that have the potential (and responsibility) to make important global development impacts after their education abroad experiences. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Global Technology and Development 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar aspectos individuais e organizacionais associados com o processo de aprendizagem organizacional em organizações empreendedoras sociais dos países Colômbia e Brasil. O trabalho realizado caracteriza-se como qualitativo e comparativo, e utilizou-se o estudo de caso como estratégia de pesquisa. A coleta de dados foi realizada, por sua vez, por entrevistas, observações participantes e análise de documentos oficiais nos dois estudos de casos. A análise de conteúdo dos dados mostraram que há um processo de aprendizagem organizacional em estas organizações predominantemente pela coerência entre objetivos pessoais e organizacionais representado em uma intencionalidade por parte dos sujeitos e a organização de transformação social, harmonia que facilitou o processo de aprendizagem organizacional de forma semelhante nas duas organizações pesquisadas. Em quanto aos aspectos organizacionais associados ao processo de aprendizagem mostrou que está associado a padrões culturais organizacionais, memoria, comunicação, estratégia e estrutura organizacional. A constatação da natureza psicossocial do processo de aprendizagem organizacional permeia os processos e procedimentos na organização, sendo transversal em todos os projetos desenvolvidos por estas organizações. Finaliza o documento apresentando algumas reflexões sobre a importância dos elementos individuais na construção de organização e da aprendizagem organizacional nestes contextos / This study centered towards comparing individual and organizational aspects associated with the organizational learning process in social entrepreneurial organizations from Colombia and Brazil. The study developed here characterizes as qualitative and comparative, in which case study is used as the main research methodology. Data collect was done through interviews, participant observations and official document analysis from the case studies organizations. Data analysis demonstrates that there is an organizational learning process with predominance of certain coherence between personal and organizational which manifest itself through a common social transforming intention in the individuals and the organization. This intention made the learning process easier for both organizations alike. About the organizational aspects associated to the learning process it is shown that it it is itself associated with corporate culture patterns, memory, communication, strategy and organizational structure. The establishment of the psychosocial nature of the learning process permeates the processes and procedures of all projects developed across the organization. This work concludes presenting some comments on the importance of individual elements in the construction of the organization and organizational learning on such contexts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The society we live in faces several conflicting situations. While the technology and innovation develop every day new products that promote significant progress in the conditions of human existence on the planet, frighteningly grows the gap between its availability and the possibilities of access to most humans inhabit it. In this context arises the movement of social inclusion through classical music provided by youth orchestra projects. The research problem that guided this research is: What are the organizational characteristics and the management ways of youth orchestras that promote their sustainability? Its general purpose is: To analyze the organizational characteristics and the management way of youth orchestras Projects that promote their sustainability, in the light of social entrepreneurship and the creative economy. The references focus on creative economy and social entrepreneurship. The object of investigation was the youth orchestra Projects and it was held an exploratory qualitative research. The studied projects were: Baccarelli Institute (Sao Paulo); Neojibá Program (Bahia); Youth Orchestra of Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Orchestra Villa Lobos (Porto Alegre); Orchestrarium Program (Santa Maria). The research was structured in three stages (i) documentary; (ii) observation; and (iii) interviews. Data analysis was performed by text analysis, protocols and records analysis, content analysis and triangulation. The main evidence in relation to the projects is its central mission of social transformation in the context of the community where they are inserted. / A sociedade em que vivemos enfrenta diversas situações contraditórias. Ao mesmo tempo em que a tecnologia e a inovação desenvolvem a cada dia novos produtos que promovem avanços expressivos na melhoria das condições de existência humana no Planeta, cresce assustadoramente o vácuo entre a sua disponibilidade e as possibilidades de acesso à maior parte dos seres humanos que nele habitam. Nesse contexto surge o movimento de inclusão social por meio da música clássica proporcionado pelos Projetos de orquestras infantojuvenis. O problema de pesquisa que norteou esta investigação é: Quais as características organizacionais e a forma de gestão das orquestras infantojuvenis que promovem a sua sustentabilidade? Seu objetivo geral é: Analisar as características organizacionais e a forma de gestão dos Projetos de Orquestras Infantojuvenis que promovem a sua sustentabilidade, à luz do empreendedorismo social e da economia criativa. O referencial concentra-se na economia criativa e no empreendedorismo social. O objeto de investigação foram os Projetos de orquestra infantojuvenil e realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa. Os projetos pesquisados foram: Instituto Baccarelli (São Paulo); Programa NEOJIBA (Bahia); Orquestra Jovem do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Orquestra Villa Lobos (Porto Alegre); Programa Orchestrarium (Santa Maria). A pesquisa foi estruturada em três etapas (i) documental; (ii) observação; e (iii) entrevistas. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise textual, análise de protocolos e registro, análise de conteúdo e triangulação de dados. A principal evidência em relação aos projetos é a sua missão central de transformação social no contexto da comunidade em que estão inseridos.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to analyze the Social Entrepreneurship in the Rural Context in organizations in the countryside of Paraíba. To achieve this goal, the following specific objectives were established: i) characterize social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Ii) identify determining factors in the configuration of social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Iii) identify links between social entrepreneurship and the traits of solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context; and iv) delimit the elements that characterize the solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context. Therefore, a review of literature on a critical analysis of economic entrepreneurship was carried out, the question of citizenship in a historical-conceptual perspective, the Social Entrepreneurship (ES) as concept and unfolding, as well as from bibliometric studies, the possible links between the ES and citizenship, and, finally, solidarity entrepreneurship and possible articulations with the ES, since its peculiar aspects are closer to the empirical context studied. The analysis process was guided by the interpretative paradigm and adopted a qualitative approach, since the discussion of the theme was constructed from the analysis of narratives from presidents and participants of organizations originated or belonged to the rural context. The emerged categories, classified in this work as tension mediators, complemented the analysis of social entrepreneurship in the investigated environment in some aspects: the role of the association leader, the community space, the family succession and the role of public agents. The main contributions of this study were: a) the elaboration of a continuum of social entrepreneurship, which presents in an integrated way several unfoldings of the phenomenon and situates one that was evidenced from the empirical studies developed; b) the identification that Solidarity-based Entrepreneurship in the Rural context (ESR) is a phenomenon that dialogues with other variations of the central phenomenon studied, so that we can understand it as a combination of perspectives on the theme, adding as factors of distinction the influence of the stress mediators that play a major role in the (non) development of ESR; c) the elaboration of a framework of reference for a better understanding of the studied phenomenon, which presents the links of the phenomenon itself with elements of other perspectives of social entrepreneurship. The theoretical novelty is also realized in the way the phenomenon is presented, which was not seen in the specific literature related to the subject. So this research offers a contribution that can lead to the development of new reference structures. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Empreendedorismo Social no Contexto Rural em organizações do interior da Paraíba. Para alcançar este propósito, foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) caracterizar o empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; ii) identificar fatores determinantes na configuração do empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; iii) identificar vínculos entre o empreendedorismo social e os traços do empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural; e iv) delimitar os elementos que caracterizam o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura acerca de uma análise crítica do empreendedorismo econômico; da questão da cidadania em uma perspectiva histórico-conceitual; do empreendedorismo social (ES) enquanto conceito e suas manifestações, bem como a partir de estudos bibliométricos; de possíveis vínculos do ES com a cidadania; e, por fim, do empreendedorismo solidário e possíveis articulações com o ES, visto que seus aspectos peculiares estão mais próximos do contexto empírico estudado. O processo de análise orientou-se pelo paradigma interpretativo e adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, uma vez que a discussão da temática foi construída a partir da análise de narrativas realizadas com presidentes e participantes de organizações oriundas ou pertencentes ao contexto rural. Emergiram categorias que complementam a análise do empreendedorismo social no meio investigado, classificadas neste trabalho como mediadores de tensão: o papel do líder da associação, o espaço comunitário, a sucessão familiar e o papel dos agentes públicos. As principais contribuições deste estudo foram: a) a elaboração de um continuum do empreendedorismo social, o qual apresenta de forma integrada diversos representações do fenômeno e situa aquele que foi evidenciado a partir dos estudos empíricos desenvolvidos; b) a constatação de que o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural (ESR) é um fenômeno que dialoga com outras variações do fenômeno central estudado, de forma que podemos entendê-lo como uma combinação de perspectivas a respeito do tema, acrescentando como fatores de distinção teórica a influência dos mediadores de tensão que exercem papel de grande relevância para o (não) desenvolvimento do ESR; c) a elaboração de uma estrutura de referência para melhor compreensão do fenômeno estudado, o qual apresenta os vínculos do fenômeno com elementos de outras perspectivas de empreendedorismo social. Percebe-se o ineditismo teórico também na forma como o fenômeno é apresentado, a qual não foi vislumbrada na literatura sobre o tema, contribuição que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novas estruturas de referência.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar os fatores contributivos e os fatores limitadores para negócios sociais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, por meio do atingimento dos seguintes objetivos específicos: (a) descrever os principais modelos conceituais existentes para negócios sociais, identificando similaridades e diferenças; (b) identificar as percepções dos principais atores sobre negócios sociais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil; e (c) desenvolver um framework com as principais dimensões de análise, fatores contributivos e fatores limitadores para negócios sociais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa de abordagem direta e de análise descritivo-interpretativa, em duas fases. Na primeira, com pesquisa documental, na segunda por meio de trinta e seis entrevistas semi-estruturadas com atores-chave para negócios sociais no Brasil – empreendedores, suas equipes e organizações apoiadoras. Os dados coletados foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo e os resultados são apresentados de forma descritiva e sintetizados no framework de análise. Foram identificados oito fatores contributivos e dezoito fatores limitadores, distribuídos em cinco dimensões de análise. / The main objective of this research is to identify the contributing and limiting factors for social businesses in the Brazilian South and Southeast regions. The specific objectives are: (a) to describe the key existing social business conceptual models, making explicit their similarities and differences; (b) to identify the perception of the main players in the field of social business in the Brazilian South and Southeast regions; and (c) to develop an analytical framework with the main analysis dimensions, contributing and limiting factor. It was a two phases exploratory research, qualitative with a direct approach, with descriptive-interpretative analysis. On the first phase, the focus was on a documental research, on the second, the focus was on thirty-six semi-structured interviews with the main players in the field – entrepreneurs, their teams, and supporting organizations. The collected data processed according to the content analysis technique, and the results are presented in descriptive format, being sintetized in the analytical framework. The result were eight contributing factors and eighteen limiting factors, spread across five analytical dimensions.

nÃo hà / O empreendedororismo social à uma abordagem que trata da superaÃÃo de limites impostos pela escassez de recursos, por meio do reconhecimento e exploraÃÃo de novas oportunidades e o contexto em que as organizaÃÃes do Terceiro Setor, como as ONGs, se encontram à caracterizado pela dificuldade em obter os recursos necessÃrios ao desenvolvimento de suas aÃÃes e projetos sociais. Diante disto, esse trabalho tem como finalidade identificar como as ONGs cearenses tem desenvolvido sua sustentabilidade econÃmica por meio do empreendedorismo social, como forma de dar prosseguimento a sua missÃo, nÃo se limitando ao contexto de escassez de recursos. Foram realizados estudos de caso em quatro ONGs cearenses, sendo observadas as aÃÃes habituais e inovadoras no Ãmbito dos trÃs critÃrios de sustentanbilidade econÃmica em ONGs (nÃo-mercantil, nÃo-monetÃrio e mercantil). Por meio da utilizaÃÃo da anÃlise do conteÃdo como tÃcnica investigativa chegou-se a conclusÃo de que a ONGs cearenses tem desenvolvido sua sustentabilidade econÃmica por meio do empreendorismo social atravÃs, principalmente, do intenso desenvolvimento de atividades comerciais, ligadas ao critÃrio mercantil, tanto relacionadas a prÃticas habituais, como a aÃÃes inovadoras e que isto tem ocorrido de forma totalmente diversificada e diretamente relacionada à missÃo organizacional. Quanto ao critÃrio nÃo-mercantil de sustentabilidade econÃmica verificou-se que pouco se tem empreendido neste Ãmbito, tendo sido percebido que o desgaste que a imagem destas organizaÃÃes tiveram apÃs a exposiÃÃo de ONGs que se utilizaram irregularmente de doaÃÃes gerou desgaste e desconforto em sua relaÃÃo com empresas e indivÃduos. Quanto aos recursos pÃblicos, apenas uma das ONGs tem estratÃgia estabelecida voltada a constante participaÃÃo de editais e a busca de benefÃcios fiscais, sendo considerado pelas ONGs, um recurso envolto em processo, excessivamente, burocrÃtico e desgastante. Quanto ao critÃrio nÃo-monetÃrio, a maioria das ONGs tem se utilizado, como meio mais recente de captar futuros colaboradores, as redes sociais e tem obtido grandes resultados. Mesmo as que nÃo utilizam essa ferramenta de comunicaÃÃo com este intuito, conseguem indiretamente captar voluntÃrios, pois à criada uma rede de contatos onde se compartilha as aÃÃes e atividades sociais desenvolvidas, despertando o interesse da sociedade em colaborar / The social empreendedororismo is an approach that deals with overcoming limits imposed by the scarcity of resources, by recognizing and exploiting new opportunities and the context in which third sector organizations such as NGOs, are is characterized by difficulty in obtaining the resources necessary to develop their actions and social projects. In view of this, this paper aims to identify how Cearà NGOs have developed their economic sustainability through social entrepreneurship as a way of following through on their mission, not limited to the context of resource scarcity. Case studies were conducted in four Cearà NGOs, being subject to the usual and innovative actions under the three criteria of economic sustentanbilidade in NGOs (non-commercial, non-monetary and commercial). Through the use of content analysis as an investigative technique we came to the conclusion that the Cearà NGOs have developed their economic sustainability through social entrepreneurship primarily through the intensive development of commercial activities related to commercial criteria, both related to customary practices, such as innovative actions and this has been fully diversified and directly related to the organizational mission. As for the non-market criteria of economic sustainability was found that little has been undertaken in this area, having been seen to wear the image of these organizations had after exposure of NGOs that were used irregularly donations generated wear and discomfort in their relationship with businesses and individuals. As for public resources, only one NGO has established strategy geared to constant participation notices and seeking tax benefits, being considered by the NGOs a resource wrapped in process, excessively bureaucratic and exhausting. As for the non-monetary criteria, most NGOs have been used, as the latest means of capturing future employees, social networks and has achieved great results. Even those who do not use this communication tool to that end, can indirectly attract volunteers as a network of contacts which is shared actions and developed social activities is created, arousing the interest of society to cooperate

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar os fatores contributivos e os fatores limitadores para negócios sociais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, por meio do atingimento dos seguintes objetivos específicos: (a) descrever os principais modelos conceituais existentes para negócios sociais, identificando similaridades e diferenças; (b) identificar as percepções dos principais atores sobre negócios sociais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil; e (c) desenvolver um framework com as principais dimensões de análise, fatores contributivos e fatores limitadores para negócios sociais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa de abordagem direta e de análise descritivo-interpretativa, em duas fases. Na primeira, com pesquisa documental, na segunda por meio de trinta e seis entrevistas semi-estruturadas com atores-chave para negócios sociais no Brasil – empreendedores, suas equipes e organizações apoiadoras. Os dados coletados foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo e os resultados são apresentados de forma descritiva e sintetizados no framework de análise. Foram identificados oito fatores contributivos e dezoito fatores limitadores, distribuídos em cinco dimensões de análise. / The main objective of this research is to identify the contributing and limiting factors for social businesses in the Brazilian South and Southeast regions. The specific objectives are: (a) to describe the key existing social business conceptual models, making explicit their similarities and differences; (b) to identify the perception of the main players in the field of social business in the Brazilian South and Southeast regions; and (c) to develop an analytical framework with the main analysis dimensions, contributing and limiting factor. It was a two phases exploratory research, qualitative with a direct approach, with descriptive-interpretative analysis. On the first phase, the focus was on a documental research, on the second, the focus was on thirty-six semi-structured interviews with the main players in the field – entrepreneurs, their teams, and supporting organizations. The collected data processed according to the content analysis technique, and the results are presented in descriptive format, being sintetized in the analytical framework. The result were eight contributing factors and eighteen limiting factors, spread across five analytical dimensions.

O empreendedorismo social surge como uma nova forma de empreender, preocupado acima da geração de valor econômico, com o potencial de acréscimo de valor social incutido em determinado setor da sociedade. As micro e pequenas empresas vêm sendo objeto de estudo da contabilidade ao longo do tempo, porém os negócios sociais não parecem estar recebendo atenção devida tendo em vista serem um tipo inovador de negócio, que se preocupa com a transformação de uma sociedade que cada vez mais se questiona sobre os impactos ambientais e de desigualdade social causados pelo sistema econômico vigente. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar o estado atual de interação entre a contabilidade e empreendedores sociais e, para além disso, indagar de quais formas um uso mais qualitativo da contabilidade pode assegurar o êxito deste tipo de negócios. O trabalho coletou seus dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com empreendedores sociais e profissionais de contabilidade que prestam serviços a esses empreendedores. Como resultado da análise das entrevistas, pôde-se vislumbrar um cenário de distanciamento entre a contabilidade e os negócios sociais. Porém já existem profissionais atentos a essa nova vertente de negócio, profissionais contábeis que enxergam um papel de destaque desse tipo de empreendimento por seu caráter de transformação social. Pretende-se com a pesquisa, além de outras coisas, agregar visibilidade aos negócios sociais, despertar maior interesse pelo tema nas pesquisas em contabilidade e conscientizar os empreendedores sobre os benefícios que o uso de uma contabilidade de qualidade pode trazer para seus negócios / Social entrepreneurship emerges as a new way of undertaking, preoccupied not only with the generation of economic value, but also with the potential for added social value instilled in a sector of society. Micro and small enterprises have been an increasingly research subject in accounting over time, but social businesses do not seem to be receiving proper attention due to being an innovative type of business, one that concerns itself with the transformation of a society that increasingly ponders on the environmental impacts and social inequality caused by the current economic system. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the current state of interaction between accounting and social entrepreneurs and, in addition, to question in which ways can a more qualitative use of accounting ensure the success of this type of business. This work collected its data through semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurs and accounting professionals who provide services to these entrepreneurs. Through the analysis of the interviews, we could notice a scenario in which there is still some distance between accounting and social businesses. However, there are already some professionals paying attention to this new kind of business, accounting professionals who see a prominent role in this type of enterprise for its character of social transformation. The aim of the research is to add visibility to social affairs, to raise awareness of the topic in accounting research, and to make entrepreneurs aware of the benefits that the use of quality accounting can bring to their business

Present-day development theory and practice highlight the potential of micro-entrepreneurship for poverty reduction in least developed countries. Fostered by the seminal writings of microfinance founder Muhammad Yunus and the bottom-of-the-pyramid propagator Krishnarao Prahalad, the new approach is marked by a stress on participation and sustainability, and the new, market-based development models. With the growing popularity of the new approach there has been an increased demand for research on the efficacy and impact of innovations. What has scarcely been addressed, however, is the legitimacy of the new paradigm within its contexts of application. Since engagement and participation have been made the focal point of the new approach, my research investigates how the innovative, mostly market-based models have been received by the local populations on the ground. This doctoral dissertation is looking up-close at the rural populations of Burundi, describing and explaining their perceptions, behaviors and actions in response to the market-based development innovations: microfinance, rural entrepreneurship and community social enterprise. Do the concepts of entrepreneurship, community engagement and participation find a fertile ground among the poorest rural dwellers of sub-Saharan Africa? Can subsistence farmers be entrepreneurs? How to create social value in the context of extreme resource scarcity? It is investigating these and other questions that guided the subsequent stages of my work. I based my dissertation on extensive field research, conducted periodically over the period of four years in the remote areas of rural Burundi.In the first chapter, I question the applicability of entrepreneurship-based interventions to the socio-cultural context of rural Burundi. Basing my quantitative analysis on a unique cross-section dataset from Burundi of over 900 households, I look into the entrepreneurial livelihood strategies at the near-subsistence level: diversifying crops, processing food for sale, supplementary wage work and non-agricultural employment. I find that the farmers living closer to the subsistence level are indeed less likely to pursue innovative entrepreneurial opportunities, unable to break the poverty cycle and move beyond subsistence agriculture. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on by analyzing its drivers and inhibitors in the context of a subsistence economy. It questions the idea of alleviating rural poverty through the external promotion of entrepreneurship as it constitutes ‘a denial of the poor’s capacity for agency to bring about social change by themselves on their own terms’.Drawing on these findings, the second chapter focusses on the role of local communities as shareholders of projects. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ways in which the agrarian communities in rural Burundi accommodate the model of a community social enterprise. The project understudy, implemented by the UNICEF Burundi Innovation Lab, builds upon the provision of green energy generators to the village child protection committees in the energy-deficient rural regions of the country. The electricity-producing machines are also a new income source for the groups, transforming them into economically viable community enterprises. Since the revenue earned is to directly support the village orphans’ fund, the communities in question engage in a true post-development venture: they gradually assume the role of the development-provisioning organizations.The third chapter of this work focusses on the complex interaction between the microfinance providers and the population of its clients and potential clients: the rural poor. It draws on the existing research on positive deviance among African communities and explores the social entrepreneurial potential of the rule-breaking practices of microfinance programs’ beneficiaries. Using the storyboard methodology, I examine the strategies employed by the poor in Burundi to bypass institutional rules. My results suggest that transgressive practices and nonconformity of development beneficiaries can indeed be seen as innovative, entrepreneurial initiatives to reform the microfinance system from within, postulating a more participatory mode of MFIs’ organizational governance. The three empirical chapters provide concrete examples illustrating the contested nature of the development process. In the last, theoretical, chapter, I examine how the different conceptualizations of social entrepreneurship have been shaped by the disparate socio-political realities in the North and in the South. I then analyze how the process of constructing academic representation has been influenced by the prevalent public discourses.Since doubling or tripling of the external development finance has not sufficed to bring about systemic change, the assumption that technology, managerial efficacy and the leveraging power of financial markets could be applied to solving the problem of persisting global poverty has a lot of appeal. At the same time, my findings point to the fact that if the ultimate objective of development is broadly defined value creation, the definition of what constitutes value should be negotiated among all the stakeholders. The dissertation makes an important contribution to the understanding of participation, entrepreneurship and community engagement in the context of development studies.I strongly believe that development organizations must have a quality understanding of the social and cultural characteristics of the need or problem they are targeting in order to make productive decisions about the application and scaling of interventions. I very much hope that my work can provide some guidance for their work on the ground. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract This research explores social entrepreneurship within the Islamic context through a number of perspectives. While there has been plenty of scientific research on social entrepreneurship during the last decades, non-Western settings are largely missing from academic research. Nevertheless, social entrepreneurship is also practiced in non-Western nations, no less so in the GCC countries. This research explores the multifaceted nature of social entrepreneurship within the Islamic GCC context through three qualitative research papers. The strong role and influence of social entrepreneurship was seen as the connecting theme between these three papers. Social entrepreneurship comes in many shapes and sizes and is visible at many levels of organization. Nation states display it as do even wider, shared belief systems. The multifaceted nature of social entrepreneurship is revealed when approached from several perspectives. The first paper approaches it from a social and commercial perspective, utilizing a case study method. The second paper is a conceptual paper that approaches social entrepreneurship from a more religious and philanthropic perspective by focusing on zakat. In the third paper, social entrepreneurship is studied from the perspective of leadership and state using a historical case study. The findings of these three papers reveal that the interaction between the different functions of social entrepreneurs is both complex and multifaceted. One of the reasons for this is that the boundaries within which the social entrepreneurs operate are highly multidimensional. The Islamic context encompasses both institutional entrepreneurship and Islamic philanthropy, and sees them as essential and often also inseparable parts of it - perhaps even more so than in a Western context. This research shows that the state has a strong supporting role in social entrepreneurship and even acts as social entrepreneur. Thus, in the Islamic context, the effects of social entrepreneurship (through zakat institutions) actually foster the interaction and spread of social entrepreneurs, institutional entrepreneurs and Islamic philanthropists across multiple institutional spheres. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan sosiaalista yrittäjyyttä islamilaisessa kontekstissa useasta eri perspektiivistä. Vaikka viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana on tehty paljon akateemista tutkimusta sosiaalisesta yrittäjyydestä, tutkimus länsimaiden ulkopuolisisissa konteksteissa on ollut hyvin vähäistä. Siitä huolimatta sosiaalista yrittäjyyttä on harjoitettu myös muualla kuin länsimaissa, kuten myös Persianlahden arabivaltioissa, GCC maissa. Tämä tutkimus käsittelee sosiaalisen yrittäjyyden monitahoista ilmentymää islamilaisissa GCC maissa kolmen kvalitatiivisen artikkelin kautta. Sosiaalisen yrittäjyyden vahva rooli ja sen erilaiset vaikutukset ovat yhdistävä teema näissä kolmessa artikkelissa. Sosiaalinen yrittäjyys ilmenee monessa eri muodossa ja eri kokoisissa yrityksissä ja sen vaikutus on nähtävissä useissa organisaation eri tasoissa. Sosiaalista yrittäjyyttä on havaittavissa myös valtiotasolla ja jopa suuremmissa uskomuskunnissa. Sosiaalisen yrittäjyyden monitahoisuus ilmenee, kun sitä lähestytään useasta perspektiivistä. Ensimmäinen artikkeli lähestyy tätä ilmiötä sosiaalisesta ja kaupallisesta perspektiivistä hyödyntäen tapaustutkimusta tutkimusmenetelmänä. Toinen tutkimusartikkeli on käsitteellinen tutkimus, joka lähestyy sosiaalista yrittäjyyttä enemmän uskonnollisesta ja filantropisesta lähtökohdasta keskittymällä zakat-käsitteeseen. Kolmannessa artikkelissa sosiaalista yrittäjyyttä tutkitaan johtamisen ja valtiotason näkökulmista historiallisen tapaustutkimusmenetelmän avulla. Tutkimuksen tulokset paljastavat, että vuorovaikutus sosiaalisten yrittäjien eri toimintojen välillä on sekä monimutkaista että monitahoista. Yksi selitys tälle on, että rajapinta jonka puitteissa sosiaaliset yrittäjät toimivat, on erittäin moniulotteinen. Institutionaalinen yrittäjyys ja islamilainen filantropia ovat erottamaton osa sosiaalista yrittäjyyttä islamilaisessa kontekstissa, ehkä jopa suuremmassa määrin kuin länsimaisissa konteksteissa. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa että valtiolla on vahva avustava rooli sosiaalisessa yrittäjyydessä ja valtio voi jopa käyttäytyä sosiaalisen yrittäjän tavoin. Täten sosiaalisen yrittäjyyden vaikutus islamilaisessa kontekstissa (zakat-instituution kautta) vahvistaa sosiaalisten yrittäjien, institutionaalisten yrittäjien ja islamilaisten filantrooppien vuorovaikutusta ja vaikutusvallan leviämistä yli instituutiorajojen.