Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cardia_em_dr_bauru.pdf: 6450245 bytes, checksum: 981f1254d937d381bc4026a41146b00d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral o ensaio de uma Didática da Matemática, embasada na Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica, utilizando a Seguridade Social como tema político-social estruturador. O método de abordagem adotado foi o da Dialética Materialista Histórica e a pesquisa desenvolveu-se com a participação de professores e alunos de escolas públicas na aplicacao da proposta que enfocou conteúdos matemáticos selecionados para compreensão dos conteúdos político-sociais relacionados a Seguridade Social. O reconhecimento da Previdencia Social como componente da Seguridade Social e desta como Direito Humano e importante para todos os cidadãos mas o conhecimento que se tem desses temas ou da Matemática neles contidas é, muitas vezes, insuficiente e pouco científico. Para interessar aos estudantes, é necessário abordá-lo de forma adequada, apoiando-se nos fundamentos da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica. A proteção social, da forma como foi desenvolvida pelos homens, tem sua sustentabilidade econômico-financeira dependente de inúmeros fatores como envelhecimento da população, níveis de emprego, níveis de faixas salariais e outros. Os conhecimentos matemáticos e atuariais desenvolvidos até nossos dias permitem que os sistemas existentes nos diversos países sejam constantemente avaliados de modo a se determinar, de tempos em tempos, se as regras sociais acordadas estão adequadas ou se há necessidade de reformá-las, no todo ou em parte. Mas, o imenso volume de dinheiro movimentado pela Seguridade Social, um dos maiores do planeta, desperta outros interesses nas reformas, nem sempre compromissados com a proteção social. A Matemática pode ajudar-nos a compreender as intenções explícitas e implícitas de cada uma das reformas ocorridas ou a ocorrer e os resultados da pesquisa mostram que é possível levar esse conhecimento para a Educação Básica. / The general purpose of this research was essay of Mathematics’ didactics based on historical-critical pedagogy focusing the Social Security as structural sociopolitical theme. The Historical-materialist dialectic approach method was applied and the research was developed by the public schools´ teachers and students participation in the proposal´s application that focused selected mathematical contents for understanding the sociopolitical contents relating to Social Security. The recognition of the social welfare and Social Security as Human Right is important for all the citizens but their knowledge on these subjects or about the Mathematics they contain is many times insufficient and poorly scientific. To the students’ interest, it is necessary to approach it adequately, supporting itself in the grounds of Social-Historical Psychology. The social protection, the manner by which it was developed by the humanity has its economic-financial sustainability dependent of several factors as population aging, level of employment, income strata and others. The mathematical and actuarial knowledge developed so far allows that the existing systems in the several countries be constantly evaluated in order to determine between times if the dealt social rules are appropriate or there is need to remodel them, in whole or in part. However, the huge quantity of money moved up by the Social Security, one of the greater of the planet, stimulate other interests toward to restructures, not always compromised with the social protection. The Mathematics can help us to understand the explicit and implicit intentions of each one of the implemented or to implement changes and research´s results they shows that it is possible bring this knowledge for the Elementary Education.

Esta monografia tem por objetivo delimitar natureza jurídica, eficácia e conteúdo da não-cumulatividade da Cofins e do PIS, prevista no art. 195, §12, da Constituição, bem como avaliar a legislação em vigor quanto a sua compatibilidade com a Constituição. Para tanto, inicia-se com histórico acerca da introdução da não-cumulatividade das contribuições. Após, avalia-se a aplicabilidade do art. 195, §12, definindo-se-lhe como norma de competência, limitadora ao poder de tributar, servindo como parâmetro de controle de constitucionalidade, inclusive em relação à legislação anterior a sua promulgação. É analisado o conteúdo do art. 195, §12. Verifica-se a quais contribuições a norma se aplica, bem como o que deve ser entendido por “setores da atividade econômica” e por “não-cumulativas”. Então, é avaliada a natureza jurídica da norma que prevê a não-cumulatividade das contribuições, verificando-se tratar de regra, contendo o conceito jurídico indeterminado não-cumulatividade. São analisados critérios para concretização do conceito não-cumulatividade. Após, são verificados outros critérios de delimitação do espaço de decisão do legislador na configuração das contribuições que não decorrem diretamente do conceito jurídico indeterminado não-cumulatividade, mas de sua articulação com a estrutura das contribuições em questão, ou com o princípio da igualdade. Na segunda parte do trabalho, é verificada a compatibilidade da legislação em vigor com a Constituição. Avalia-se a constitucionalidade das escolhas do legislador quanto ao método de cálculo, tipo e modalidade de tributo e alíquota de apuração de créditos. / This work aims to define the legal nature, content and effectiveness of the non-accumulation clause, provided in art. 195, § 12 of the Constitution, for the social security taxes Cofins and PIS, levied on incomes, and to evaluate the current legislation regarding its compatibility with the Constitution. To do so, it starts with a brief history of the non-cumulative contributions. Afterwards, evaluates the applicability of art. 195, § 12, defining it as a standard of competence, limiting the taxation power, serving as a control parameter of judicial review. After that, it analyzes the content of art. 195, § 12. Inquires to which taxes it applies, as well as what is meant by "economic sectors" and "non-cumulative." Then, it evaluates the legal nature of the constitutional statute in which the non-cumulative contributions are state. The non-accumulation clause is defined as a rule that contains the indeterminate legal standard non-accumulation. Afterwards, it analyzes the criteria for establishing the area of decision of the legislature in filling the standard. Following, are checked other criteria to define the scope of the legislature's decision. The second part of the work verifies the compatibility of existing legislation with the Constitution. It evaluates the constitutionality of the legislature's choices regarding the method of calculation, type and form of tax rate and calculation of credits.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo estudar a previdência social no Brasil. Um estudo das reformas previdenciárias adotadas na Argentina e no Chile serve como parâmetro de comparação para analisar o caso brasileiro. Através da literatura e dos dados pesquisados, procura-se conhecer a história, a composição, a constituição, assim como as principais fragilidades do sistema previdenciário e seus impactos nas economias em questão (chilena, argentina e brasileira). Foram pesquisadas soluções e estratégias, tanto econômicas quanto legais, adotadas nas reformas previdenciária do Chile e da Argentina. Tenta-se responder se estas estratégias foram bem sucedidas nestes paises, e apresentar a relevância dessas reformas para o caso brasileiro, fornecendo sugestões para futuros trabalhos. Os resultados do trabalho apontam a previdência social brasileira como uma grande política pública de assistência social, diferente dos sistemas de previdência da Argentina e do Chile. Além disso, demonstra-se que as particularidades da população e da economia no Brasil impedem a implantação desses modelos de reforma, uma vez que isto implicaria em um altíssimo custo social. / The present dissertation has the objective of analyze the social welfare in Brazil, making a comparison with the social welfare reforms adopted in Argentina and Chile. Through the literature and researched datas, we looked forward to know its composition, constitution, and main vulnerabilities of the social welfare system in the economy of Chile, Argentina and Brazil.Were researched solutions and strategies, not just economic but also legal, adopted in the reform of social welfare in Chile and Argentina. It is tried to answer weather the strategies had been successful in these countries, and to present the relevance of these reforms to the Brazilian case, providing suggestions for future works.The results of the research, points the Brazilian social welfare as a great public politic of social assistance, different from the systems of Argentina and Chile. Besides this, it is demonstrated that the particularities of the population and of the economy in Brazil hinder the implantation of these models of reform, as it would demand a high social cost.

Esta monografia tem por objetivo delimitar natureza jurídica, eficácia e conteúdo da não-cumulatividade da Cofins e do PIS, prevista no art. 195, §12, da Constituição, bem como avaliar a legislação em vigor quanto a sua compatibilidade com a Constituição. Para tanto, inicia-se com histórico acerca da introdução da não-cumulatividade das contribuições. Após, avalia-se a aplicabilidade do art. 195, §12, definindo-se-lhe como norma de competência, limitadora ao poder de tributar, servindo como parâmetro de controle de constitucionalidade, inclusive em relação à legislação anterior a sua promulgação. É analisado o conteúdo do art. 195, §12. Verifica-se a quais contribuições a norma se aplica, bem como o que deve ser entendido por “setores da atividade econômica” e por “não-cumulativas”. Então, é avaliada a natureza jurídica da norma que prevê a não-cumulatividade das contribuições, verificando-se tratar de regra, contendo o conceito jurídico indeterminado não-cumulatividade. São analisados critérios para concretização do conceito não-cumulatividade. Após, são verificados outros critérios de delimitação do espaço de decisão do legislador na configuração das contribuições que não decorrem diretamente do conceito jurídico indeterminado não-cumulatividade, mas de sua articulação com a estrutura das contribuições em questão, ou com o princípio da igualdade. Na segunda parte do trabalho, é verificada a compatibilidade da legislação em vigor com a Constituição. Avalia-se a constitucionalidade das escolhas do legislador quanto ao método de cálculo, tipo e modalidade de tributo e alíquota de apuração de créditos. / This work aims to define the legal nature, content and effectiveness of the non-accumulation clause, provided in art. 195, § 12 of the Constitution, for the social security taxes Cofins and PIS, levied on incomes, and to evaluate the current legislation regarding its compatibility with the Constitution. To do so, it starts with a brief history of the non-cumulative contributions. Afterwards, evaluates the applicability of art. 195, § 12, defining it as a standard of competence, limiting the taxation power, serving as a control parameter of judicial review. After that, it analyzes the content of art. 195, § 12. Inquires to which taxes it applies, as well as what is meant by "economic sectors" and "non-cumulative." Then, it evaluates the legal nature of the constitutional statute in which the non-cumulative contributions are state. The non-accumulation clause is defined as a rule that contains the indeterminate legal standard non-accumulation. Afterwards, it analyzes the criteria for establishing the area of decision of the legislature in filling the standard. Following, are checked other criteria to define the scope of the legislature's decision. The second part of the work verifies the compatibility of existing legislation with the Constitution. It evaluates the constitutionality of the legislature's choices regarding the method of calculation, type and form of tax rate and calculation of credits.

Orientador: Eduardo Fagnani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T02:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neves_FernandoJunqueira_M.pdf: 2691016 bytes, checksum: 87cb3594d755a1c09d87dec0ed4af4e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os setores conservadores jamais aceitaram o notável pacto social estabelecido pela Constituição de 1988. Resistem, desde então, a aceitar o que reza a Constituição da República, sobretudo nas conquistas no campo da Seguridade Social, da qual a Previdência Social é parte integrante. O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral apresentar um contraponto à visão conservadora e refutar a tese de que o sistema previdenciário brasileiro é excessivamente oneroso para o Estado e que, em um futuro breve, será o responsável pela ingovernabilidade fiscal no país. O capítulo 1 trata das principais conquistas da Carta de 1988 e do importante papel da Seguridade Social na proteção social e na distribuição da renda - fato, esse, totalmente ignorado pelos adeptos da visão conservadora. O capítulo 2 procura desenvolver o argumento de que a natureza da questão do financiamento da Previdência Social é preponderantemente exógena, isto é, está mais relacionada ao estreitamento das fontes de financiamento do sistema, consequência das opções macroeconômicas adotadas nas últimas décadas baseadas em baixo crescimento econômico, que desorganizaram o mercado de trabalho e estreitaram as bases de financiamento da Previdência. O capítulo 3 ressalta que a trajetória de crescimento das despesas previdenciárias ocorridas nos anos 1990 e, parcialmente, na década seguinte foi atípica e que esse ritmo de crescimento não prosseguirá nas próximas décadas, como pregam os setores conservadores, o que levaria o País à catástrofe fiscal em futuro próximo. O capítulo 4 procura demonstrar como a difundida tese da falência da previdência social brasileira, devido ao seu suposto ?déficit explosivo?, não se sustenta à luz da Constituição Federal. Uma análise das contas da previdência social de acordo com os preceitos definidos em 1988 mostra como o mito do déficit na previdência social se desfaz e novas possibilidades de financiamento da previdência se abrem / Abstract: The conservative sectors have never come to terms with the remarkable social pact that was established with the Constitution of 1988. They have since resisted to accept what the Constitution of the Republic has established, especially when it comes to accomplishments in the welfare realm, which encompasses the area social security. In general terms, this study aims at presenting a counter-argument to the conservative view, and contesting the thesis that states that the Brazilian social security system is excessively burdensome to the State, and may, in the near future, become responsible for the country's fiscal ungovernableness. The first chapter deals with the main achievements of the 1988 Magna Carta, and with the important role played by the social security system in terms of social protection and income distribution - which has been completely ignored by those following the conservative point of view. The second chapter aims at developing the argument that the nature of the issue of finance is mostly exogenous, i.e., it is more closely related to the narrowing of the social security system's financing sources - a consequence of the macro-economic choices made in the last decades, with a basis on the low economic growth experienced - that disorganized the labor force and narrowed the social security financing bases. The third chapter highlights that the growth course of pension expenses which occurred in the 1990's and in part of the following decade was atypical, and that this growth rhythm will not proceed in the next decades - as the conservative sectors support -, which would lead the country to a fiscal catastrophe in the near future. The fourth chapter demonstrates that the widespread thesis of the Brazilian social security failure, due to its assumed ?explosive deficit?, is not supported under the light of the Federal Constitution. An analysis of the social security accounts as per guidelines defined in 1988 shows how the myth of the deficit comes apart, and new financing possibilities come to light for the social security system / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Gastão Wagner de Sousa Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T14:11:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monte-Cardoso_Felipe_M.pdf: 1128961 bytes, checksum: 79bf3c446afd7b22c866befd436b70ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Dentre os impasses vividos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), discutem-se atualmente questões relativas à privatização da gestão e da assistência, ao subfinanciamento, à separação entre ações de saúde curativa e de saúde preventiva e às profundas assimetrias sociais no acesso aos bens de saúde. Este estudo busca colocá-las em perspectiva histórica, ao analisar a formação do modo de produção de saúde durante a ditadura civil-militar de 1964 a 1985. Para tanto, se buscará compreender o problema da saúde nos marcos da questão social dentro do processo de formação histórica da sociedade brasileira a partir de revisão bibliográfica. O debate sobre a formação compreende o Brasil como uma sociedade capitalista dependente, caracterizada por uma dupla articulação que combina subordinação externa e segregação social, e advoga a necessidade histórica da superação deste padrão. Durante a ditadura, a lógica dos negócios como estruturante da política de saúde e a modernização dos padrões de consumo no setor foram aspectos estimulados pelo regime, reproduzindo o caráter segregador da saúde no Brasil. Com relação ao primeiro aspecto, a unificação do aparelho previdenciário favoreceu o aprofundamento do modelo de privatização, através do estímulo ao setor privado contratado, bem como aos convênios firmados com empresas, e incentivo estatal para construir e equipar hospitais privados para servir ao sistema previdenciário. O caráter dispendioso do modelo, o uso do fundo previdenciário para outros fins (grandes projetos de infraestrutura) e o acúmulo de casos de corrupção contribuiu para agravar a crise financeira da Previdência Social de fins da década de 1970. Os serviços de saúde previdenciários passaram por um processo de integração aos demais serviços do sistema público como forma de superar a crise, sem, no entanto, transformar o caráter segmentado, lucrativo, privatista e heterogêneo do sistema de saúde. Com relação ao segundo aspecto, a chegada das empresas transnacionais farmacêuticas e de equipamentos e insumos ao Brasil, potencializada pelo regime ditatorial, transformaram as práticas de saúde, aprofundando em escala inédita o trabalho centrado no médico e em procedimentos com alto grau de incorporação tecnológica e dissociados da realidade sanitária brasileira. Estas transformações, afinadas com a expansão do modelo previdenciário privatista, baseadas no mimetismo cultural dos países centrais, terminaram por agravar a dependência brasileira dos produtos das transnacionais, bem como as distorções geradas por este modelo. A crise dos anos 70 e 80 explicitou estas contradições e acelerou a maturação dos movimentos de contestação ao regime e ao modelo de saúde brasileiro, que se aglutinaram em torno da necessidade de uma Reforma Sanitária. Estes movimentos questionaram as bases das práticas sanitárias vigentes e propôs uma estratégia de mudança do setor centrada em reformas do aparelho de Estado apoiadas pela pressão popular. No entanto, a transição pelo alto que caracterizou o fim da ditadura representou a manutenção do monopólio de poder político nas mãos da burguesia dependente, sob a tutela dos organismos financeiros internacionais e em vigência de mais um ciclo de privatização da assistência à saúde, comprometendo o caráter profundamente transformador e democrático das proposições reformistas / Abstract: Among the dilemmas experienced by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), current issues are related to the privatization of management and assistance, the underfunding, the separation between health actions curative and preventive health and the profound social inequalities in access to health goods. This study tries to put them in historical perspective, to analyze the formation of the health production mode during the civil-military dictatorship (1964 to 1985). To do so, it will be tried to understand the health problem in the framework of social issues within the historical process of the Brazilian society formation from a literature review. The debate over the formation comprises Brazil as a dependent capitalist society, characterized by a double articulation that combines external subordination and social segregation, and advocates the necessity of overcoming this historical pattern. During the dictatorship, the business logic structuring of health policy and modernization of consumption patterns in the sector aspects were encouraged by the regime, reproducing the segregated character of healthcare in Brazil. Regarding the first aspect, the unification of the social security favored deepening of the privatization model, by encouraging the private sector contractor, as well as agreements with companies and state incentives to build and equip hospitals to serve the social security health system. The expensive nature of the model, the use of social security fund for other purposes (such as large infrastructure projects) and the accumulation of corruption gates contributed to aggravating the late 1970s' financial crisis of Social Security. Health services went through a process of integration with other services in the public system as a way to overcome the crisis, without, however, transforming the segregated, profitable, privatized and heterogeneous character of the health system. Regarding the second aspect, the arrival of transnational corporations (pharmaceutical and medical equipment and supplies) to Brazil, boosted by the dictatorial regime, transformed health practices, deepening in an unprecedented scale work focused on medical procedures and with a high degree of technological incorporation disassociated from reality of Brazilian health needs. These transformations, in tune with the expansion of privatizing social security model, based on cultural mimicry of central countries, ended up aggravating the dependency of Brazilian products of transnational as well as the distortions generated by this model. The crisis of the 70's and 80 made these contradictions explicit and accelerated maturation of movements against the regime and Brazilian health model, which coalesced around the need for health reform. This movement questioned the basis of the existing sanitary practices and proposed a strategy for change in the sector based on reforms of the state apparatus supported by popular pressure. However, the "transition from above" that characterized the end of the dictatorship represented maintaining the monopoly of political power in the hands of the dependent bourgeoisie, under the tutelage of international financial organizations and in the presence of another cycle of health care privatization, compromising the profoundly transformative and democratic character of the reformists' propositions / Mestrado / Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

No description available.

Loss of earning capacity is a concept that is relevant to actions in which a wrongdoer is held liable for the detrimental effect of his actions on a claimant’s capacity to generate an income.Take the example of a claimant who had worked as a shift leader in a mine but after a damage-causing event is only capable of working above ground as a clerk. By comparing his salary pre-morbid with his salary post-morbid, it is possible to calculate the difference. This difference, if the former is the greater, constitutes the damage suffered by the claimant and, as such, the amount constitutes what he can claim as compensation.In an instance where a person is not in a position to furnish evidence about his earnings pre- and post-morbid, nevertheless, the court may award compensation for the claimant’s loss of earnings.Essentially, the compensation is payment for loss of earning capacity and not for loss of earnings.In making such an award, the court recognises that the claimant experiences a partial or total impairment of his capacity to generate an income.Koch states that in such problematic cases the courts often shy away from quantifying a claimant’s estimated annual income.Instead of employing the sum-formula approach,the courts opt for a general assessment using the “some-how-or-other” approach.What seems at first like a straightforward pre- and post-morbid calculation therefore is fraught with intricate theoretical questions. Although this problem is more evident in cases of unemployed claimants and children, it may also occur in other cases where loss of earning capacity is one of the heads of damages. / Prof. J.W.G. Van der Walt

D.Phil. / Civil society organisations have and will be mentioned as partners, agents and autochthonous actors of social security. This has come about through advances in insurance products, through the kinds of social action engaged in by civil society organisations, and through the devolution of state power to citizens and civil society organisations. Rights to social security are decisively affected by the use of civil society organisations in the social policy field, and the implications of this use are investigated. This reality of the changing nature of social action needs to be brought to bear on human rights, if rights are to respond adequately to the concerns of injustice, inequality and poverty today. The thesis develops a framework within which civil society-based action could be made rights-based and justiciable, and which could guard against the retrogressive substitution of state action by civil society-based activity. Civil society-based action can be seen as upholding rights if it conforms to the fundamental requirements of human rights. These fundamental requirements derive from a performative conception of rights that sees the individual as subject of rights and as the fundamental actor of rights. This view of rights sees rights as dependent on the abilities and volition of all in society, and is presented as an alternative to a realist view of rights, as well as a view of rights as derived from basic human functionings. The intersection of this view of rights, the reality of non-state action for rights, and the legal discourse around socio-economic rights is the central problem that this thesis addresses. The legal discourse has only partially recognised this form of social action, and this thesis proposes a framework within which we may interpret and assess whether civil society action is indeed conducive to the realisation of rights. This framework includes democratic norms for conduct inside civil society organisations, for the interaction between civil society organisations and other actors, like the state and market, and also delineates the role of the court in this performative conception of rights. These interactions will shape the content, and nature of socio-economic rights, and here these insights are made applicable to the right to have access to social security in South Africa. The thesis discusses the suitability of South African civil society for this normative programme developed here. I analyse South African civil society, its historical role in transformation, in the current context, and its place in social and economic policy. There are ample opportunities for participation by civil society organisations in the further reform of the social security system. The realisation of novel ways to realise the right to have access to social security through civil society organisations for South Africans would depend on clarity on how civil society organisations could contribute to the enjoyment, realisation and performance of this right. The framework of accountability developed here has precedents and roots in law, civil society theory and in the discourse of social security. I analyse each, and I show how the social security discourse has incorporated civil society organisations in its historical development. Currently, it is a leading avenue for the further development of this discourse. However, this possibility – which intersects with the discourse of civil society – would depend on civil society being able to realise normative ends in its interaction with wider society. To gain clarity on this I analyse the civil society discourse, and critically point out problems that could stand in the way of this normative project. However, theorists of civil society have emphasised how this problem can be overcome; I draw on these writings to substantiate and legitimate the framework of accountability developed earlier. The realisation of this framework of accountability and action would enable civil society organisations to realise normative ends in society, and thus contribute to the realisation of rights. This vision of how rights could be realised is also discussed from a legal point of view, and I point out the features of the legal discourse that would support my thesis. The central objective of the thesis is to show that the South African constitution can support this reading of rights and the place of civil society action in its realisation.

The legal position of asylum seekers in South African social security system is more nuanced as a result of their transitional stay or status in the country. Asylum seekers may often be present in South Africa for a quite a long time but their social security entitlement is more restricted, and similar to that of temporary residents. For example, asylum seekers’ social security position is completely different from that of refugees. Refugees enjoy the same social security treatment similarly to South African citizens and permanent residents. Refugees qualify for the constitutionally entrenched right to have access to social security, including appropriate social assistance. Refugees also qualify for other socio-economic rights contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The exclusion of asylum seekers occurs despite the fact they are one of the vulnerable groups of noncitizens. Such exclusion forces asylum seekers to live under precarious conditions. It is fundamentally accepted that the drafters of the Constitution included the right to have access to social security, in order to ensure that everyone, irrespective of nationality and citizenship enjoys an acceptable standard of living. It is also fundamentally accepted that the right to have access to social security contained in section 27(1)(c) is limited by section 27(2) of the Constitution. Section 27(2) requires the State to take reasonable legislative measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right to have access to social security. The South African courts had on several occasions confirmed that the content of section 27(1)(c) is limited by section 27(2) of the Constitution and that the state cannot implement the right to have access to social security on demand. It had also been confirmed that the right to have access to social security is enforceable. This means the beneficiaries of this right may seek recourse from the courts of law when they are not satisfied about the progress relating to the implementation of the programmes relevant to the right to have access to social security. The right to have access to social security is also limited by section 36(1) of the Constitution. In the international arena, the right to have access to social security is recognised as the entitlement of everyone, but in some instances differential treatment can be made by the states. Such differential treatment should serve the legitimate state objective and all noncitizens should be treated equally.