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A new retail institution type has emerged in South Korea that is unique in comparison to any previous retail institution type. The study of this emergence and its growth has implications for the future structure of retail both in South Korea and in other parts of the world. To proceed with a study of this new retail institution type, appropriate theory base and research findings about past retailing in South Korea were needed; however, a search of literature indicated that South Korean retailing has been the subject of limited and mostly fragmented research. Historically, many researchers have endeavored to study retail evolution in Western countries. Although extensively studied, used in conceptual work, and applied as foundation in empirical work, some limitations exist with previous retail evolution theories: inability to cover all types of retail institutions, lack of geographic universality, and limited quantification. In conjunction with these limitations, the historic evolution and current structures of retail institution types in South Korea, on the surface, appear to be very different from the evolution and structure of retailing in the Western hemisphere. Several reasons for this difference appear to involve the unique features of South Korea and its culture: retailing types were imported to South Korea within a very compressed time period, unique geography includes small land size and high population concentration in South Korea, the government control and the political insulation of South Korea are different from Western cultures. The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of retail institution types in South Korea with a proposed model. To examine the evolution of retail institution types in South Korea and to develop a more universal research model to explain this evolution, a qualitative research design was used. Specifically, a modified grounded theory type of design, with a historical/ comparative analysis method, was used in this study. First, the grounded theory process was used to develop a graphical representation or model using information from previous research. Second, the researcher collected publicly available data in South Korea from government offices, trade and industry associations, public libraries, and websites on the Internet. Through comparative analysis, data from the South Korean retail industry were examined and compared to the working model. According to the data analysis, the CREM was partially supported. Regarding the spiral evolution, all types of indicators (e.g., sales, profit, market share, operating cost) did not continuously increase as retail institutions mature, which was in contrast to the CREM, but fluctuated whenever environmental influences interrupted the growth. Four spiral endings were found: (1) upgrade, (2) stay and eventually go out of business, (3) downgrade, and (4) change types of retail institution. In the conflict part, a new retail institution type started competing with its own type, other traditional retail institution types, and a new retail institution type; therefore, the conflict portion in the CREM was also supported. Environmental influences affected not only the emergence of a new retail institution type but also the conflict among retail institution types and the evolution process. In addition, a new reciprocal relationship was found between environmental influences and a new retail institution type and between consumer preference of store/product attributes and a new retail institution type. The environmental influence part was therefore partially supported. The consumer influence variables in the CREM were also supported. For future research, the final CREM could be the base of research in many types of retail institution and in any countries that have unique retail environments. Using the CREM from this study of retail evolution in South Korea, current and future retail institutions could predict both consumers' changes depending on environmental influences and what competitive advantages they must achieve to provide benefits to these consumers. In addition, researchers, both academic and retail, could use the final CREM to study the emergence and characteristics of a new retail institution type by analyzing current retail institution types / Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-162).

In this dissertation, I combined a scenario-based, standard-response optimization model with a stochastic simulation model to improve the efficiency of the deployment of initial attack firefighting resources on wildland fires in California and the Republic of Korea. The optimization model minimizes the expected number of fires that do not receive a standard response���defined as the number of resources by type that must arrive at the fire within a specified time limit���subject to budget and station capacity constraints and uncertainty about the daily number and location of fires. The simulation model produces a set of fire scenarios in which a combination of fire count, fire locations, fire ignition times, and fire behavior occur. Compared with the current deployment, the deployment obtained with optimization shifts resources from the planning unit with the highest fire load to the planning unit with the highest standard response requirements. Resource deployments that result from relaxing constraints on station capacity achieve greater containment success by encouraging consolidation of resources into stations with high dispatch frequency, thus increasing the probability of resource availability on high fire count days. I extended the standard response framework to examine how a policy priority influences the optimal spatial allocation and performance of initial attack resources. I found that the policy goal of a fire manager changes the optimal spatial allocation of initial attack firefighting resources on a heterogeneous landscape, especially, for the socio-economic value of a potential fire location. Furthermore, I investigated the tradeoff between the number of firefighting resources and the level of fire ignition prevention efforts mitigating the probability of human-made fires in the Republic of Korea where most fires are caused by human activities. I found that fire ignition prevention is as cost-effective as initial attack resources given the current budget in the Republic of Korea on reducing the expected number of fires not receiving the standard response. From the comparison of the California and Republic of Korea cases, I can identify "rules of thumb" to be followed when allocating IA resources in particular ecological and policy settings. / Graduation date: 2013

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Against the background of the social and economic problems of South Africa, certain aspects of the relatively successful education system of the Republic of South Korea are examined in this thesis with the purpose of gaining insight into the restructuring of the South African educational system and the influence that education has on society. The thesis is based mainly on a literature study. In the interpretation and comparison of information the structural- functional and systems approaches to educational provision were used, with the emphasis on the Confucian, African and Western ways of thinking (mentalities). In the thesis the contextual factors which influence the particularisation of the South Korean and South African educational systems are discussed, with specific reference to pre-school education, vocational and technical education, teacher training, moral education, parental involvement, distance and adult education and the financing of education. Certain conclusions and recommendations regarding South African education are also made. / Teen die agtergrond van die sosiale en ekonomiese probleme van Suid-Afrika word in hierdie verhandeling ondersoek ingestel na sekere aspekte van die relatief suksesvolle onderwysstelsel van Suid-Korea met die oog op die verkryging van moontlike insigte vir die herstrukturering van die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel en die invloed van onderwys op die samelewing. Die verhandeling berus hoofsaaklik op 'n literatuurstudie. In die interpretasie en vergelyking van gegewens is daar gebruik gemaak van 'n struktureel-funksionalistiese en sisteembenadering tot onderwysvoorsiening, met besondere klem op Confucianistiese, Afrika- en Westerse lewens- en wereldbeskouings (mentaliteite). In die verhandeling word die kontekstuele faktore wat 'n invloed het op die verbesondering van die onderwysstelsels van Suid-korea en Suid-Afrika bespreek. Daar word ook 'n ondersoek gedoen na voorskoolse onderwys, beroeps- en tegniese onderwys, onderwysersopleiding, morele onderwys, ouerbetrokkenheid, afstands- en volwassene-onderwys in die twee lande, asook die finansiering van onderwys. Sekere gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings ten opsigte van Suid-Afrikaanse onderwys word laastens gemaak. / Educational studies / M. Ed. (Vergelykende Opvoedkunde)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Against the background of the social and economic problems of South Africa, certain aspects of the relatively successful education system of the Republic of South Korea are examined in this thesis with the purpose of gaining insight into the restructuring of the South African educational system and the influence that education has on society. The thesis is based mainly on a literature study. In the interpretation and comparison of information the structural- functional and systems approaches to educational provision were used, with the emphasis on the Confucian, African and Western ways of thinking (mentalities). In the thesis the contextual factors which influence the particularisation of the South Korean and South African educational systems are discussed, with specific reference to pre-school education, vocational and technical education, teacher training, moral education, parental involvement, distance and adult education and the financing of education. Certain conclusions and recommendations regarding South African education are also made. / Teen die agtergrond van die sosiale en ekonomiese probleme van Suid-Afrika word in hierdie verhandeling ondersoek ingestel na sekere aspekte van die relatief suksesvolle onderwysstelsel van Suid-Korea met die oog op die verkryging van moontlike insigte vir die herstrukturering van die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel en die invloed van onderwys op die samelewing. Die verhandeling berus hoofsaaklik op 'n literatuurstudie. In die interpretasie en vergelyking van gegewens is daar gebruik gemaak van 'n struktureel-funksionalistiese en sisteembenadering tot onderwysvoorsiening, met besondere klem op Confucianistiese, Afrika- en Westerse lewens- en wereldbeskouings (mentaliteite). In die verhandeling word die kontekstuele faktore wat 'n invloed het op die verbesondering van die onderwysstelsels van Suid-korea en Suid-Afrika bespreek. Daar word ook 'n ondersoek gedoen na voorskoolse onderwys, beroeps- en tegniese onderwys, onderwysersopleiding, morele onderwys, ouerbetrokkenheid, afstands- en volwassene-onderwys in die twee lande, asook die finansiering van onderwys. Sekere gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings ten opsigte van Suid-Afrikaanse onderwys word laastens gemaak. / Educational studies / M. Ed. (Vergelykende Opvoedkunde)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the aim is to examine what the impact of the imbalance in the power dynamics between the state, business and labour is on corporatist institutions in South Africa and South Korea. In both countries, the corporatist institutions have failed to bring the actors together and to resolve the various issues as these institutions were expected to do. When looking at the establishment of corporatist institutions in the two countries it is clear that the state had to incorporate the interests of labour in their decision-making process due to the increasing power of labour during the democratisation process. However, the current situation proves that the corporatist institutions in South Africa and South Korea have faced various problems. Therefore why the corporatist institutions in the two countries have not functioned properly is explored in this study. It was found that labour has been placed at a disadvantage compared to the state and business. The influence of labour as an agenda setter and a representative of labour has diminished. On the other hand the state and business, which used to form a coalition under the authoritarian governments, have started gaining power along with globalisation. The adoption of neo-liberal economic policies, has resulted in the fragmentation of labour, generating unemployment and irregular jobs. The imbalance of power between the actors has negatively affected the corporatist institutions. Under the circumstances, the corporatist institutions did not ensure that the voice of labour was heard and heeded. Instead of using corporatism, labour in South Africa tends to use the tripartite alliance in order to advance its interests. Labour in South Korea is likely to use mass action, and this tendency prevails in South Africa as well. Also, the corporatist institutions have been criticised due to their lack of accountability and institutional problems; this has negatively affected their credibility. The corporatist institutions have become little more than names. In the cases of South Africa and South Korea, corporatism seems to have been adopted as a mere crisis response when the two countries faced political economic crises and it is seen as another control mechanism created by states experiencing democratisation. Furthermore, the imbalance in the relationship between actors negatively affected the corporatist institutions and in the end they collapsed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die impak van die magsbalans tussen die staat, sakesektor en georganiseerde arbeid op korporatisme in Suid-Afrika en Suid-Korea ondersoek. In beide gevalle het die korporatiewe instellings nie daarin geslaag om die nodige konsensus tussen die drie sleutel akteurs te bewerkstellig nie. As gevolg van demokratiseringsprosesse in beide state, en die toenemende invloed van arbeid, was die staat verplig om die belange van arbeid in besluitnemingsprosesse in ag te neem. Die korporatiewe instellings in Suid-Afrika, nl. NEDLAC en die KTC in Suid-Korea staar egter verskeie probleme in die gesig, Waarom die korporatiewe instellings nie behoorlik gefunksioneer het nie, word in die studie onder die loep geneem. Arbeid het in ‘n onderdanige posisie jeens die staat en die sake sektor te staan gekom aangesien die invloed van georganiseerde arbeid as ‘n agenda skepper en verteenwoordiger van arbeid afgeneem het. Aan die ander kant het die aanvanklike koalisie tussen die staat en die sakesektor gedurende die outoritere periodes - voor demokratisering - weer eens verstewig as gevolg van die invloed van globalisering. Namate neo-liberale ekonomiese beleide nagevolg is, het die vakbond beweging al meer gedisintegreer, werkloosheid het toegeneem en gelei tot werksgeleenthede wat al meer tydelik en ongereguleer is. Die ongelyke magsbalans tussen die rolspelers het die korporatistiese instellings negatief beinvloed. Onder die omstandighede, kon die korporatistiese instellings nie daarin slaag om aan die stem van arbeid gehoor te gee soos wat gehoop is nie. In plaas daarvan om dus van die korporatistiese instellings gebruik te maak, het arbeid in Suid-Afrika eerder van die vakbond beweging se rol in die regerende alliansie gebruik gemaak om beleid te probeer beinvloed. Arbeid in Suid-Korea, soos in Suid-Afrika, is ook meer geneig om van massa aksie gebruik te maak. Daarbenewens is die korporatiewe instellings daarvan beskuldig dat hulle nie deursigtig is nie en gebuk gaan onder institutionele gebreke, wat die geloofwaardigheid van die instellings ondermyn het. In die Suid-Afrikaanse en Suid-Koreaanse gevalle blyk dit dat korporatisme bloot as ‘n soort ‘krisis reaksie’ tot ekonomiese en politieke probleme ontwikkel het – in samehang met demokratisering - en nie as diepgaande beieldsprosesse in eie reg nie. Die gebrek aan ‘n magsbalans tussen die drie rolspelers het daartoe gelei dat die korporatiewe instellings in beide gevalle effektief tot niet gekom het.

日本與朝鮮半島的關係發展，在二次大戰之後始終受到歷史因素的影響，儘管日本與南韓在1965年建交，兩國關係仍稱不上友好。不過日本與南韓在1998年發表聯合宣言，宣示將建立面向未來的伙伴關係之後，兩國關係進入自1965年建交以來的高峰期，兩國交流一時間為之大盛。然而兩國的友好關係在小泉於2001年上任之後面臨危機。2001年小泉純一郎以其超高人氣獲選自民黨總裁進而成為首相，政治風格與過去首相大異其趣，其新保守主義傾向及欲使日本成為正常國家的願望都刺激南韓對過去歷史的慘痛回憶，使得歷史爭議在小泉任內成為阻礙兩國關係發展的主要因素。此外北韓飛彈試射與核武計畫也對日韓關係產生影響。小泉為後冷戰時期在任最久的一位首相，因此研究其任內日韓關係的發展及影響變數，應可協助瞭解日韓關係的本質及預測未來的變化。 本文將於第一章首先簡單介紹過去歷史中日本與朝鮮半島關係發展的糾葛，而到了小泉上任之前兩國已漸能朝向伙伴關係的建立為發展目標，其次將說明本論文的研究動機與目的、研究範圍與限制、研究方法與途徑以及論文架構安排等。第二章則討論小泉政府的外交政策與對外特徵。首先探討日本傳統對外政策的特徵，其次再由小泉所發表的就職演說、國會施政演說，與小泉任內所任用之外務省大臣、外交青書、防衛白書等來分析小泉首相個人特質及其對國際情勢之看法，以及對外政策的主要重點，第三在朝鮮半島政策方面，則希望藉由小泉個人所發表談話與國際環境的變化來分析小泉政府的朝鮮半島政策，且與過去日本的朝鮮半島政策有何異同。第三章將分析小泉時期的日韓安全關係發展，首先在1998年日韓雙方的友好宣言中曾經協議日韓雙方將定期舉行海上搜救演習，與軍事方面的合作會議，因此將討論雙方在小泉時期是否繼續進行友好宣言中所承諾的軍事安全合作行動，而這些又會否受到其他因素影響而延後、暫停或是提高層級，其次將討論北韓屢次的挑釁行為，以及北韓與日本、南韓之間的互動，將對日韓安全合作帶來何種影響，另外本章也將研究美國與中國對日韓發展安全關係有何影響。第四章為介紹小泉時期之日韓政治關係發展，小泉時期主要引發日韓政治關係惡化的因素有歷史爭議、參拜靖國神社事件、北韓問題等，將逐一介紹這些因素以及產生何種影響。第五章分析小泉時期的日韓經濟關係發展。本章將首先探討日韓雙方的貿易往來與相互投資，藉由日本經濟產業省、外務省及南韓外交通商部等公布的官方統計數據來分析雙方的經濟互賴程度，對雙方關係有何影響，其次討論經濟專屬區（EEZ）的劃界爭議，最後分析日韓建立自由貿易區的可能性，且對日韓的經濟關係有何影響。最後第六章為結論，綜合歸納出小泉時期的日韓關係發展大致走向與特徵，並嘗試推論出日韓關係發展的正負面因素各為何，對往後的日韓關係發展可能又會產生何種程度的影響，與未來的日韓關係可能會呈現何種態勢。 / The relation between Japan and Korean Peninsula was affected by historical factor after the World War II. Though Japan and South Korea have built the official relationship since 1965, their relation was not quite very well. Japan and South Korea signed the joint declaration and vowed to creat the future-oriented relationship. Thus the relationship between Japan and South Korea reached the peek. The exchange of these two countries became vigorous at that time. However, the friendship between the two countries faced the crisis when Koizumi assumes office in 2001. Koizumi’s personal style has totally different from the prime minister in the past. His neo-conservative prospect and efforts to make Japan a “normal state” reminded South Korea people those painful memories about the invaded past. In addition, North Korea’s nuclear weapon plan and missile test also influenced the relation between the two countries. Koizumi’s tenure was the longest one in the post-cold war era, hence it may helpful to understand the essence of the Japan-South Korea relations and predict the future by studying the development and variables in Koizumi’s tenure. The thesis mainly focuses on the development of Japan-South Korea relations during the Koizumi period and being divided into six chapters. Chapter one is consisted of research motive, purpose, scopes methods, limits and the background of the Japan-South Korea relations in the past. Chapter two is going to conclude the speeches, diplomacy white papers and other official papers delivered by Koizumi or his government in order to analyze Koizumi’s personality and his international prospective. Chapter three discuss the development of their security relation, including their actual military exchanges, and North Korea threat, U.S. factor and China factor would also be discussed in this chapter. Chapter four included the most controversial issue in the political dimension, including historical disputes, territorial conflict and North Korea factor. Chapter five is about the economic corporations, like deepening trade and investment interdependence, Japan-South Korea free trade agreement. But it is worthy to notice that if the unsettled Economic Exclusive Zone boundary dispute is going to be the obstacle in the bilateral partnership. In Chapter six, conclusion is made and figures out which factor is beneficial for Japan-South Korea relations and which is detrimental for the bilateral relations. Further, I would try to predict how those factors work in the future and the development of the Japan-South Korea relations in the post-Koizumi era.

This dissertation examines South Korea as an emergent middle power in East Asia, and how this is being reflected on its diplomatic behavior in relation to the processes of regionalism. The literature of middle powers suggests that countries such as South Korea can play useful roles to promote cooperation in several specific areas. In East Asia, the need for regional institutionalization became evident since the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) of 1997-98, yet the attempts of China and Japan for regional leadership are often viewed as problematic. Hence, this research confirmed its main hypothesis which points to South Korea as a capable middle power to lead East Asian regionalism. Thus, in those particular instances where Korea has chosen to display middlepowermanship – as a catalyst, facilitator and/or manager of regionalist projects – the advancement in the processes of regional institutionalization in East Asia was generally observed. In doing so, this research looked into South Korea’s foreign policy behavior towards East Asian regional processes and towards Northeast Asia as a subregion. Regional institution-building attempts, as well as the creation of regional governance were the main aspects observed; hence this research falls within the theoretical boundaries of international political economy and international relations. Neoliberal theories related to neo-functionalism, institutionalism and especially inter-governmentalism were considered to understand regionalism, while preferring a constructivist point of view to explain the relations among states. A qualitative type of methodology was favored, including interviews with policy-makers and experts, as well as archival research of primary and secondary sources. Ultimately, this study has both practical and theoretical contributions, since the literature on middle powers does not often consider applications to regionalism, a process which is usually advanced and led by great powers. Thus, study conclusions suggest several improved practical understandings of East Asian regionalism in general, recommendations for its continuing advancement and possible future strategies for South Korea’s role in it as the regional middle power. / This dissertation examines South Korea as an emergent middle power in East Asia, and how this is being reflected on its diplomatic behavior in relation to the processes of regionalism. The literature of middle powers suggests that countries such as South Korea can play useful roles to promote cooperation in several specific areas. In East Asia, the need for regional institutionalization became evident since the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) of 1997-98, yet the attempts of China and Japan for regional leadership are often viewed as problematic. Hence, this research confirmed its main hypothesis which points to South Korea as a capable middle power to lead East Asian regionalism. Thus, in those particular instances where Korea has chosen to display middlepowermanship – as a catalyst, facilitator and/or manager of regionalist projects – the advancement in the processes of regional institutionalization in East Asia was generally observed. In doing so, this research looked into South Korea’s foreign policy behavior towards East Asian regional processes and towards Northeast Asia as a subregion. Regional institution-building attempts, as well as the creation of regional governance were the main aspects observed; hence this research falls within the theoretical boundaries of international political economy and international relations. Neoliberal theories related to neo-functionalism, institutionalism and especially inter-governmentalism were considered to understand regionalism, while preferring a constructivist point of view to explain the relations among states. A qualitative type of methodology was favored, including interviews with policy-makers and experts, as well as archival research of primary and secondary sources. Ultimately, this study has both practical and theoretical contributions, since the literature on middle powers does not often consider applications to regionalism, a process which is usually advanced and led by great powers. Thus, study conclusions suggest several improved practical understandings of East Asian regionalism in general, recommendations for its continuing advancement and possible future strategies for South Korea’s role in it as the regional middle power.