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隨著經濟的全球化，外人直接投資(foreign direct investment)儼然成為國際間技術擴散的主要途徑，技術外溢也成為外人直接投資發生下的重要議題，尤其利用跨國公司的先進技術促進本國生產力的提升，為開發中國家致力於吸引外人直接投資前來投資的強大動機。其中來自港、澳、台地區的資金佔有相當程度的地位，主要原因為地理位置與中國大陸相近、文化相似度高有很大的關係，但隨著中國大陸實施改革開放政策以來，這種狀況開始有所改變，愈來愈多的大型跨國公司前進中國大陸，觀察這十年流入中國大陸的外人直接投資加總，來自香港、日本、美國和韓國的投資金額分別位居一、二、三和四名，故其造成的後續效應不容小覷。 　　本研究以中華人民共和國國家統計局進行年度工業企業數據庫的1998-2006年間的製造業廠商資料，利用STATA統計軟體進行橫斷面資料分析，再依照中華人民共和國國家統計局工業分類和黃志聰、高安邦和陳子芸(2003)的分類方法，將中國大陸製造業分成輕工業、重工業、化學工業和高科技產業，研究針對外人直接投資進度中國大陸後，衍生出產業技術外溢效果和生產效率的改變進行討論。 / With economic globalization, foreign direct investment has become a major international technology diffusion channels. The spillover effect has become an important topic under foreign direct investment, especially using their advanced technology for productivity upgrade. It is committed to developing countries to attract foreign direct investment a strong incentive to invest. The capital from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan plays an important role in China, mainly because of the highly correlative location, culture and language. The situation has changed accompanied by the implementation of the reform and open policy in China. More and more large multinational enterprises enter China. According to the sum of foreign direct investment of China within a decade, the investment amount from Hong Kong, Japan, America and Korea come in the first, second, third and forth places. Therefore, the upcoming effects cannot be underestimated. In this study, The manufacturers database of the annual industrial enterprises from National Bureau of Statistics of China in the period of 1998 to 2006 is used for cross-sectional data analysis of STATA statistical software. And then according to the classification of National Bureau of Statistics industry and Huang, Kao and Chen (2003), the manufacturing sector in China is divided into light industry, heavy industry, chemical industry and high-tech industries. This study discusses the change of spillover effects and production efficiency after the entering of foreign direct investment in China.

依據天津市於改革開放後（1978年~2010年）農業投入產出資料建立了隨機邊界生產函數模型，並對天津農業生產效率進行了測算和分析。研究結果發現天津的農業增長主要依賴流動資本的投入，另因天津市地理環境因素，溫度高低及降雨量多寡在農業生產效率中也具有關鍵影響力，農業生產技術效率水準隨時間增加有逐漸提升趨勢，政府財政支農及農業貸款的數字逐年提升，但研究結果顯示政府財政支農金額及農業貸款對於天津農業生產效率無影響。 / Based on the agricultural input and output data from Tianjin City after the reform and opening (1978~2010), a random marginal productivity function model was built. And tests and analyses regarding the agricultural production efficiency in Tianjin City were performed. According to the research results, the agricultural growth in Tianjin City mainly depended on the input of current capital. In addition, due to the geographic and environmental factors in Tianjin City, temperature and rainfall both played an important role in the agricultural production efficiency. The agricultural production technology level had been increasing with time. The amounts of the government’s financial support for agriculture and agricultural loans had been increasing year by year. However, the research results show that these amounts had no influence on the agricultural production efficiency in Tianjin City.

Este trabajo analiza el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes mediante la estimación de fronteras de eficiencia, método que permite distinguir el efecto de características del alumno y su entorno (edad, sexo, condición laboral, entre otros) del impacto de factores exógenos (características de la universidad, etc.). Entre los principales resultados, se encuentra que los alumnos que trabajan en tareas vinculadas a la carrera se ubican más cerca de la frontera de rendimientos, mientras que quienes trabajan en tareas no relacionadas se alejan de ella por factores ajenos a su comportamiento (por ejemplo, institucionales). Para los estudiantes que no trabajan, los resultados varían. / This paper analyses students' academic performance by estimating efficiency frontiers, a method that allows to distinguish the effect of characteristics of the student and his background (age, gender, employment status, among others) from the impact of exogenous factors (university characteristics, etc.). Among the main results, it is found that students who work in jobs related to their career lie closer to the performance frontier, whereas for those employed in other kinds of jobs, departures from the frontier are explained by factors beyond their behavior (e.g. institutional). For students who don't work, results are variable.

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在運動產業逐漸興起的現代，如何評比球隊或運動員的表現好壞，似乎成了現在新興的熱門話題。經濟學上用來評估一家廠商的生產績效優劣，常用的是生產效率分析，生產活動偏離生產邊界的程度代表不效率高低。而球隊比賽的過程就像廠商生產的過程，運用各種投入得到產出。在籃球比賽中，比賽的投入可為球隊的各種技術統計，例如：投籃命中率、抄截、火鍋…等等，產出則是比賽的得分數。因此，在本篇文章中，我們利用經濟學中的生產效率分析來分析球隊的表現優劣，即評估各球隊發揮其潛能的程度。 評估生產效率的模型有很多，由於比賽的性質，有時候統計誤差、運氣也佔了很重要的部份，所以在選擇模型時，選的是隨機邊界效率分析模型（Stochastic Frontier Approach, SFA），除了利用隨機邊界分析模型分析球隊的生產效率，也利用預估的效率值來預測比賽結果排名，並與一般常用來預測結果的模型PROBIT MODEL做比較。我們利用大陸男子甲A籃球聯賽2003-2004和2004-2005賽季作為實證樣本，發現隨機邊界分析模型不只可以用來評估效率，在預測比賽結果排名上，隨機邊界分析模型預測能力則與PROBIT MODEL沒有顯著統計性的差異。 關鍵字：生產效率、隨機邊界分析法、運動產業 / Today, sports industry is getting popular, and how to evaluate the performance of sports teams or players seems also to be a newly hot interesting topic. In economics, production efficiency is often applied to evaluate a firm’s production performance. The inefficiency of a production activity is measured as its deviation from the production frontier. The process of a sport game is similar to a firm’s production process, which transforming various inputs into output(s). For basketball games, inputs can be the various technical statistics, such as field goal rate, steals, blacks, assistant attack, etc. Output(s) can be the scores of the teams got. Therefore, in this paper we use the production efficiency to gauge the performance of sports teams. There are many models measuring production efficiency. In this paper we choose the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) to evaluate the sport team’s efficiency on account of the white noises which exist in the sport game obviously. We also use estimated efficiency scores to predict the outcome ranking of teams, and compare it to that of the PROBIT MODEL which is usually used to predict the outcome of a game. The sample we used are the results of the CBA men’s regular season and playoff season, and we found that the SFA is not only to evaluate efficiency but also can predict the outcome of competition, and its prediction ability is not significantly statistically different to that of PROBIT MODEL. Keywords: Production Efficiency, Stochastic Frontier Approach, Sports Industry

Despite measures on the European level to increase the compatibility between the HE sectors of the member states, the recent literature exposes variations in their efficiencies. To gain insights into these differences we split the efficiency term according to the two management levels each university is confronted with. Utilizing a recent advancement in the method to measure efficiency, we separate short-term (transient) and long-term (persistent) efficiency, while controlling for unobserved institution specific heterogeneity. While the first term reflects the efficiency of the individual universities working within the country, the second term echoes the influence of the country specific overall HE structure. The cross-country comparison displays if the overall efficiency difference between countries is related to individual performance of their universities or their HE structure. This allows more purposeful policy recommendation and expands the literature regarding the efficiency of universities in a fundamental way. Choosing Italy and Germany as two important illustrative examples we can take advantage of a novel dataset including characteristics of institutions in both countries for an exceptional long period of time from 2001 to 2011. We show that the Italian universities exhibit a higher overall efficiency value than their German counterparts. With the individual universities working at the upper bound of efficiency in both countries, the overall inefficiency as well as the gap between the countries is caused by persistent, structural inefficiency. To expedite a true European Area of Higher Education future measures should hence aim at the country specific structure, not solely at affecting the activities of single universities.

Over that past three decades, power sector reform has been a key pillar of policy agendas in more than half of the countries across the world. This thesis specifically concerns the empirical investigation of the economic performance of the international electricity generation industry. Drawing on the stochastic frontier analysis techniques, the thesis considers the influence of reform as exogenous factors in shifting frontier technology as well as shaping inefficiency function directly -determinants and heteroscedasticity variables. The first essay uses an extensive panel dataset of 91 countries over the period 1980 to 2010 to measure the impact of deregulation on efficiency and total productivity growth using stochastic input distance frontier (SIDF). Three specific issues are addressed in the first essay: (1) the relationship between deregulation and technical efficiency, (2) the extent of the rank correlation of the country intercepts with deregulation via their position on the frontier, (3) the trend of total factor productivity and its components. We establish a positive impact of deregulation on efficiency and some compelling evidence suggesting that the country intercepts equally account for the influence of deregulation aside efficiency. In particular, the technical efficiency index from the first paper reveals that most OECD European countries are consistently efficient. Building on this finding, the second essay investigates the performance in term of cost efficiency for electricity generation in OECD power sector while accounting for the impact of electricity market product regulatory indicators. Empirical models are developed for the cost function as a translog form and analysed using panel data of 25 countries during the period 1980 to 2009. We show that it is necessary to model latent country-specific heterogeneity in addition to time-varying inefficiency. The estimated economies of scale are adjusted to take account of the importance of the quasi-fixed capital input in determining cost behaviour, and adjusted economies of scale are verified for the OECD generation sector. The findings suggest there is a significant impact of electricity market regulatory indicators on cost. Cost complementarity between generation and emissions found to be significant, indicating the possibility of reducing emissions without necessarily reducing electricity generation. Finally, the third essay examines the performance of electric power industry s using consistent state-level electricity generation dataset for the US contiguous states from 1998-2014. We estimate stochastic production frontier for five competing models in order to identify the determinants of technical inefficiency and marginal effects. We find evidence of positive impacts of deregulation on technical efficiency across the models estimated. Our preferred model shows that deregulated states are more efficient in electricity generation than non-deregulated states. The result of the marginal effects shows that deregulation has a positive and monotonic effect on the technical efficiency.

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