Thesis (MComm (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current subsidy system, designed to make South Africa’s public transport more affordable, has instead contributed to a worsening of the existent neglected state of affairs. Although subsidy policies are in place, misdirected allocation renders them mostly ineffective. The implementation of the new integrated public transport systems for metropolitan areas affords an opportunity to adopt a broad spectrum approach and initiate a redesigned and improved subsidy system. The purpose of this study is to assess the South African urban public transport industry with the aim of finding by means of a system-based process a subsidy approach that will overcome the remaining inequalities of the past. This study will consequently evaluate different subsidy theories and determine which one(s) will be best suited to the demands of a specific period. The final objective is to design a product which offers government a systembased process that will help it determine, every few years, whether the subsidy regime being applied at that juncture is still relevant to the requirements of the market and/or what (new) approach is necessary to achieve social and economic wellbeing. Commuter transport in South Africa is currently in a transition phase where new public transport infrastructure is being implemented in the metropolitan cities. The current economic recession (making people’s demand more elastic to prices) present a good time to conduct the system-based process necessary for transition of the public transport system and determine an optimal subsidy approach for the new system. The first step in the system-based process was to determine the scope of work and the overall objectives that should be reached. The main public transport shortcomings are the lack of accessibility to affordable transport for the poor and increasing private transport ownership by the rich, which increases congestion and forms the second step of the systembased process. The third step stated the action plan of strategies on how the objectives could be reached. These three steps also form the basic measurement criteria against which the different subsidy approaches needed to be tested. The fourth step in the system-based process to a better subsidy approach was to evaluate different theoretical subsidy approaches. The review of different subsidy approaches has indicated that some approaches work better than others, but an optimal subsidy system is almost never found.

The thesis handles the topic ``Financial subsidies in the agriculture after the entrance into EU{\crqq}. It focuses on the subsidies and their analysis in the company ``A{\crqq} in years 2003 {--} 2006. The theoretical part describes what the subsidies are, their types, system, alternations and the institutions which ensure them. The practical part is composed as a financial analysis. Two situations were compared. The first situation describes the company{\crq}s economy without subsidies and the second describes the company{\crq}s economy with the subsidies. In the next part the structure of costs on chosen growths was summed up.

Cheung, Ka Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-57). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.ii / Acknowledgment --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.vi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- HOS and the Comparable Private Housing Market --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1. --- History and Policies in Hong Kong Housing Market --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2. --- The Emerging Subsidized Housing Market --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3. --- The Comparable Private Housing Market --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4. --- "A Tale of the 85,000 Policy" --- p.11 / Chapter 3. --- Literature Review on the Model Choice --- p.12 / Chapter 4. --- The Model --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1. --- The Basic Setting --- p.15 / Chapter 4.2. --- Basic Assumptions of the Model Setup --- p.18 / Chapter 4.3. --- Deal or no deal on a house? --- p.18 / Chapter 5. --- Model in Long Run --- p.19 / Chapter 5.1. --- Assumptions of Model in the Long Run --- p.19 / Chapter 5.2. --- Value Function of Buyers --- p.21 / Chapter 5.3. --- What do the Pricing Functions pH and pL depend on? --- p.24 / Chapter 5.4. --- Sellers' Value Function in Public Market --- p.26 / Chapter 5.5. --- The Key of our Model - Market Tightness of both Markets --- p.27 / Chapter 5.6. --- Population Flow of the Model --- p.29 / Chapter 5.7. --- Procedure of Solving the Model --- p.30 / Chapter 5.8. --- Results of Comparative Static in Long Run --- p.34 / Chapter 5.9. --- Discussion of Long Run Model --- p.34 / Chapter 5.9.1. --- Change of Public Housing Supply --- p.35 / Chapter 5.9.2. --- Change of Population Inflow --- p.36 / Chapter 5.9.3. --- Change of Owners' Value --- p.37 / Chapter 5.9.4. --- Change of Sellers' Value in Private Market --- p.38 / Chapter 5.9.5. --- Change of Search Cost --- p.40 / Chapter 5.9.6. --- Change of Bargaining Power of Sellers --- p.41 / Chapter 6. --- Model in Short Run --- p.43 / Chapter 6.1. --- Assumptions of Model in the Short Run --- p.43 / Chapter 6.2. --- Results of Comparative Static in Short Run --- p.45 / Chapter 6.3. --- Discussions of the Model in Short Run --- p.46 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Change of Numbers of Sellers --- p.47 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Change of House Owners' Value --- p.48 / Chapter 6.3.3. --- Change of Search Cost --- p.49 / Chapter 6.3.4. --- Change of Bargaining Power of Sellers --- p.51 / Chapter 7. --- Discussions --- p.52 / Chapter 8. --- Concluding Remarks and Further Extensions --- p.54 / Chapter 9. --- References --- p.55 / Chapter 10. --- Appendix --- p.57 / Chapter 10.1. --- Various Subsidized Housing Scheme in Hong Kong --- p.57 / Chapter 10.1.1. --- The Tenant Purchasing Scheme (TPS) --- p.57 / Chapter 10.1.2. --- The Home Purchase Loan Scheme (HPLS) --- p.58 / Chapter 10.1.3. --- Eligibility of HOS scheme --- p.58 / Chapter 10.2. --- Nash Bargaining Solution --- p.62 / Chapter 10.3. --- The Pricing Function in the Private Housing Market pH --- p.64 / Chapter 10.4. --- The Pricing Function in the Public Market pL --- p.65 / Chapter 10.5. --- The Market Tightness of Private Market θH --- p.65 / Chapter 10.6. --- The Market Tightness of Public Housing Market θL --- p.66 / Chapter 10.7. --- The Comparative Statics in Long Run --- p.69 / Chapter 10.8. --- Comparative Statics in Short Run Equilibrium --- p.74 / Chapter 10.9. --- What the Relationship between pi and θi ? --- p.79 / Chapter 10.10. --- Flow Chart of the Interactions between Markets --- p.84 / Chapter 10.10.1. --- The Long Run Model --- p.84 / Chapter 10.10.2. --- The Short Run Model --- p.92

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

The theoretical part describes development grants, financial analysis and farm accountancy data network. The goal of financial analysis was an implementation and consequential formulation of effects of the financial analysis. Basis of the analysis were profit and loss statements and balance sheets. The financial analysis was make on the basis of analysis of proportion indicators: profitability, activity, liquidity and insolventy. Every agricultural enterprise I compared with farm accountancy data network (FADN). The informations for processing this work was predominantly gained from Ministry of agriculture, State agricultural interventional fund, agricultural enterprise, literature and internet.

Magister Legum - LLM / It has been held that agricultural domestic support would not be such a contentious issue if its only effect was the benefit of local farmers, but this is not the case.1 It was found that several forms of domestic support have the effect of distorting the patterns of agricultural production and trade at an international level, leaving non-supported farmers elsewhere worse off.2 It was thus concluded that such support measures may indeed nullify the benefits which accrue from trade liberalisation and explains how the AoA3 regulates these measures in a way that reduces their trade distorting effects.4 It has been noted that the agricultural sector only accounted for a small percentage of the developed world's Gross Domestic Product {GDP}, yet the regulation of international agricultural trade was not an easy task.5 Smith explains that numerous attempts were made to implement some form of regulation, including a half-hearted effort in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the subsequent AoA upon the creation of the WTO in 1995.6 According to Smith, the successful regulation of international agricultural trade remained elusive, despite Desta MG and McMahon JA explain that the WTO is not very concerned with countries that provide domestic support to their agricultural sectors, as this only matters to the extent that it hopes for liberalising trade in the sector.7 affects trade in that sector.8 It is further observed that the AoA balances out the freedom to provide domestic support with the need to reduce or eliminate the trade distortive effects thereof and note that the AoA has essentially made all forms of domestic support more transparent and easier to deal with.9 A party is therefore unlikely to be challenged, successfully, if domestic support is given in accordance with the provisions of the AoA.10 The aforementioned views only seem to address the merits of the AoA and the way in which it regulates the use of agricultural subsidies. It should however be noted that the literature fails to address the fact that the WTO has not enforced the provisions of the AoA very effectively against the EU and the USA, in light of the continued misuse of subsidies within both parties. In this regard it must be ascertained whether the WTO should impose stricter penalties as a means to deter its member states, especially the EU and USA, from using subsidies in an abusive way. In addition to this, it must be determined which types of penalties can and should be imposed.

Utbudet av ekonomiskt överkomliga bostäder har varit begränsat i många delar av världen och möter inte konsumenternas efterfrågan, bland annat i Sverige, Finland, Australien och England. Till följd av detta har bostadsbrist, ökade bostadspriser,  bostäder med höga hyror och långa kötider ökat med åren. Subventioner infördes som ett försök till att minska produktionskostnader för byggherren och därmed erbjuda billiga hyresrätter genom subventioner till utbudssidan eller genom att bidra med med subventioner direkt till efterfrågesidan, vilket omfattar hyresgästerna i form av bostadsbidrag.  De här arbetet syftar till att fastställa de olika subventionerna som används i Australien, England, Sverige och Finland. Samtidigt undersöks vilka typ av direkta subventioner som används i dessa länder för att slutligen undersöka vilka konsekvenser utbudssidan subventioner har haft på respektive bostadsmarknad. Studien är en kvalitativ forskning baserad på en litteraturgenomgång av de olika länderna. Stödet till hyresbostäder skiljer sig åt i olika delar av världen. Regeringarna i var av dessa länder bestämmer hur finansieringen ska fördelas på bostadsmarknaden.Finansieringen kan gå till efterfrågesidan som hyreskompensation alternativt till utbudssida som subvention till konstruktören för att sänka sin produktionskostnad med förbehållet att den nya hyran för bostäderna är lägre än marknadshyran. Resultatet visar på att regeringarna har olika typer av av bostadsmarknader, men att samtliga undersökta länder föredrar hyres kompensationer framför subventioner till utbudssidan. Resultaten visar också att det största behovet av finansiell stöd till konstruktören är under lågkonjunktur, där den privata finansieringen är som lägst. Studien visar även de olika kraven för subventioner till utbudssidan, där Sverige och England har mer specifika krav än Australien och England. Under slutsatsen diskuteras för- och nackdelar med båda typerna av subventioner, där samtliga regeringar föredrar subventioner till efterfrågesidan eftersom dessa är lättare att utföra på en individbasis. De hjälper till med bostäder till rimliga priser men inte bostadsproblemet. Subventioner till utbudssidan har varit väl utnyttjade under lågkonjunkturer som en säkerhet för byggherren. Ett problem som lyfts upp med denna typ av subvention är dess kapitalintensiva natur då stora summor pengar går in i ett långt projekt, och anses av vissa inte vara en lösning på problemet med överkomliga bostäder eftersom den reglerade hyran övergår till marknadshyra efter en period. / The range of affordable housing prices has been limited in many parts of the world and does not meet consumer demand, such is the case in Sweden, Finland, Australia and England. As a result of this housing shortage, rising housing prices, homes with high rents and long queue times have increased over the years. Subsidies were introduced as an attempt to reduce production costs for the developer and thereby offer cheap rental apartments through subsidies to the supply side or by contributing a subsidy directly to the demand side, which includes the tenants in the form of housing subsidies. This paper aims to determine the different subsidies used in Australia, England, Sweden and Finland, while also researching what type of direct subsidies are used in these countries, and finally viewing what consequence the supply-side subsidies have had on their respective housing markets. The study is qualitative research based on a literature review of the different countries. The support for rental housing differs in different parts of the world, by where the government chooses to focus their financing. The financing can go to the demand side as rent compensation or to the supply side, as payment to the constructor to reduce their cost on the caveat that the new rent for this building is lower than the market rent. The results show that while different governments have different housing markets, they all favor the option for rent compensation over subsidies to newly produced real estate with lower market average rent. The results also show that the biggest need for financial support to the constructor is during a recession, where the private financing is at its lowest. The study also shows the differing local requirements for where the supply-side subsidies can go, with England and Sweden having certain requirements, while Australia and Finland have a lack of these.The conclusion discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both types of subsidies, where all governments prefer subsidies to the demand side as these are easier to perform on an individual basis. They help with affordable housing but not the housing problem. Subsidies to the supply side have been well utilized during recessions as a security for the house developers. A problem that is highlighted with this type of subsidy is its capital-intensive nature as large sums of money go into a long project, and is considered by some not to be a solution to the problem of affordable companies as regulated rents change to market rents after a period.

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration