L'attention de la communauté scientifique, ainsi que le développement, pour les bioprocédés dédiés à la culture et à l'expansion de cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSCs) pour la thérapie cellulaire et la médecine régénérative a considérablement grandi pendant ces dernières décennies. Une plus ample compréhension du lien entre la structure, la fonction et les propriétés des suspensions de cellules mésenchymateuses est devenue de première importance. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons tout d'abord les résultats d'une étude expérimentale portant sur l'écoulement de suspensions concentrées de cellules vivantes d'origine mésenchymateuse pour une grande gamme de concentration cellulaire. Nous caractérisons l'évolution de la viscosité relative en fonction de la contrainte de cisaillement appliquée pour des fractions volumiques cellulaires allant de 20 à 60%. Ces matériaux ont des empreintes rhéologiques compliquées mais très reproductibles, incluant des comportements de fluide à seuil, rhéofluidifiants ainsi que des fractures liées à la contrainte de cisaillement. Les propriétés rhéologiques de la suspension sont ensuite étudiées avec l'addition d'acide hyaluronique (HA), une biomolécule avec des séquences d'adhésion pour des récepteurs à la surface des cellules étudiées. Nous montrons que l'addition d'acide hyaluronique modifie substantiellement le comportement de la suspension et nous permet de contrôler les propriétés d'écoulement de la suspension à toutes les fractions volumiques. Cytométrie de flux et imagerie confocal à l'appui, nous montrons que l'effet observé est dû à un important changement dans la formation d'agrégats cellulaires dans la suspension, et donc dans l'envergure du réseau correspondant. La troisième partie de cette thèse porte sur l'ajout de polyéthylène glycol, une molécule qui n'est pas naturellement présente dans l'organisme mais fréquemment utilisée dans la formulation d'hydrogel. En utilisant trois types de PEG, l'influence de la charge des molécules est étudiée. Les résultats montrent que la charge est un paramètre important dans le contrôle des propriétés d'écoulement de suspensions cellulaires, car déterminant dans la formation et la compacité des agrégats. En considérant les agrégats comme des objets fractals, nous montrons qu'en prenant en compte les modifications de fractions volumiques avec le cisaillement, nous pouvons obtenir une courbe maitresse pour l'ensemble des conditions testées, et en extraire la force d'adhésion moyenne entre les cellules, au travers une population de plusieurs millions de cellules. Cette étude livre de nouveaux aspects sur la complexité des propriétés en écoulement de suspensions de cellules méchymateuses, adhérentes et concentrées, sur leur sensibilité à l'ajout de molécules, qu'elles soient naturellement présentes dans les tissues ou non, ainsi qu'une nouvelle méthode pour mesurer la force d'adhésion entre les cellules. / With the rapidly growing interest in the development of bioprocess systems to culture and expand mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications, greater understanding of the structure-function-property characteristics of mesenchymal cell suspensions is required. In this thesis, the results of a detailed experimental study into the flow behaviour of concentrated suspensions of living mesenchymal cells over a wide range of cell concentrations and in the presence of two macromolecules (hyaluronic acid and polyethylene glycol) often used in cellular therapy applications are presented. The change in the shear viscosity as a function of shear stress and shear rate for cell volume fractions varying from 20 to 60% are firstly presented, showing that these suspensions exhibit highly complex but reproducible rheological footprints, including yield stress, shear thinning and shear-induced fracture behaviours. The rheological properties of the suspension with the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA), a biomolecule with adhesion sequences for receptors on these types of cells, was then investigated. With the addition of HA, the rheology of these cell suspensions is significantly modified at all volume fractions. Using FACS and confocal imaging, we show that the observed effect of HA addition is due to it significantly modulating the formation of cellular aggregates in these suspensions, and thus the resultant volume spanning network. This understanding permits the rheology of concentrated mesenchymal cell suspensions to be tailored to suit particular processing scenarios. The third part of this project focused on the addition of polyethylene glycol, a molecule which is not naturally present in tissues but commonly utilised in hydrogels as injectable delivery vehicles for cells to sites of tissue damage. Using three different kinds of PEG, the influence of the charge of the molecules is investigated. The results show the charge is also a crucial parameter to tailor the flow behaviour of cell suspension when biomacromolecules are added, influencing the formation and the compactness of the cellular aggregates. Considering the aggregates as fractal structures, and by taking into account the changes in volume fractions with shear, a master curve for the range of conditions investigated was successfully achieved through the use of an analytical model. Critically, this model also permitted the estimation of the average adhesion force between cells, across a population of millions of cells. The outcomes of this study not only provide new insight into the complexity of the flow behaviours of concentrated, dynamically adhesive mesenchymal cell suspensions, and their sensitivity to associative biomolecule and synthetic molecule addition, but also a novel, rapid method by which to estimate adhesion forces between cells.

O processo de microfiltração tangencial com membranas tubulares inorgânicas e tubos microporosos, respectivamente de origem importada e nacional, foi investigado tendo-se como objeto de separação as misturas macromoleculares preparadas com os agentes polissacarídeos gomas Xantana e Guar em suspensão aquosa. São evidenciados neste processo os efeitos de sinergia compreendidos nas misturas elaboradas puras e em diferentes proporções, na concentração final de 1000 ppm. A investigação experimental acompanha o comportamento reológico de cada mistura ao longo do processo e os resultados foram investigados a partir de propriedades físico-químicas relevantes como: concentração de carbono orgânico total (Total Organic Carbon - TOC) e análise de absorbância no espectômetro de infravermelho. Resultados de TOC indicaram que em apenas um meio filtrante tubular microporoso (C1T+), o desempenho do processo na retenção dos polissacarídeos foi acima de 90%, em relação ao processo com a membrana comercial importada cuja retenção de TOC foi da ordem de 80%. De acordo com as análises de absorbância, conclui-se que as membranas com tamanho do poro nominal de 0,2 \'mü\'m e 0,4 \'mü\'m tiveram uma retenção mais eficiente do que os tubos microporosos em estudo. A temperatura foi um parâmetro significativo, pois a retenção, na maioria dos casos, foi maior na temperatura de 25ºC, independente da pressão e da velocidade média. Na análise dos procedimentos envolvendo cada mistura, foi constatada a boa sinergia entre as gomas, sem modificação de estrutura (formação de gel) ou fenômenos de superfície que impedissem o processo de microfiltração. A vazão transmembrana das misturas ficou limitada entre os máximos valores para mistura pura de Xantana e mínimos para Guar. Todas as misturas apresentaram comportamento pseudoplástico, sem mudanças na reologia, reforçando a adequada sinergia quanto a este aspecto. / The present dissertation reports cross-flow microfiltration with national and imported inorganic tubular membranes and microporous tubes. The object of separation is the macromolecular mixtures prepared with polysaccharide agents Xanthan and Guar gum in aqueous solution. The process shows the synergism effects in pure and different mixture proportions, with 1000 ppm final concentration. The experiments established the rheologic behaviour of each mixture along the process and significant physical and chemical properties, such as Total Organic Carbon concentration (TOC) and absorbency analysis in infrared spectrometer were analyzed. TOC retention shows that only one microporous tubular filtering medium (C1T+) had better performance (retention 90%) than the imported commercial membrane (retention about 80%). Absorbency analysis show a better retention efficiency of membranes with pore size of 0,2 \'mü\'m and 0,4 \'mü\'m than microporous tube. The temperature was a significant parameter, as the better retention was obtained at 25ºC, independently of pressure and mean velocity. There is good synergism between Xanthan and Guar gums without structure modifications or surface phenomena that would impede the microfiltration process. The transmembrane flux of proportional mixtures has been limited between maximum values of pure Xanthan and minimum values of pure Guar mixtures. All mixtures have pseudoplastic behaviour, without changes in rheology, intensifying the good synergism.

Nesta pesquisa teve-se como objetivo estudar as propriedades físicas de polpas de açaí disponíveis comercialmente, tais como: pH, condutividade, viscosidade, tensão superficial e atenuação acústica, em função da temperatura e de particulados presentes na suspensão de açaí. Foram selecionadas quatro marcas comerciais de polpa de açaí originárias da região norte do Brasil. As amostras foram estudadas na forma pura (sem diluição) e diluídas. As análises de tensão superficial foram conduzidas utilizando o tensiômetro da Sensadyne (modelo QC6000) na faixa de temperatura de 15ºC a 60ºC. Observou-se uma variação da tensão superficial entre as marcas estudadas e em todos os casos a polpa de açaí diluída apresentou tensão superficial superior à polpa pura. Para valores de temperatura maiores que 45ºC, a tensão superficial aumentou com a temperatura para duas marcas estudadas. A verificação da atenuação e do tamanho de partículas foi realizada utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de atenuação acústica com o equipamento APS-100 (Matec Applied Science, Northborough, USA). A polpa diluída apresentou uma menor atenuação com relação à polpa pura. As polpas de açaí, pura e diluída, apresentaram partículas com tamanho inferior a 0,6 µm de diâmetro, sendo que a polpa pura apresentou partículas com diâmetros maiores. Na investigação reológica foram utilizados reômetros rotacionais (Modelo DVIII+) da marca Brookfield com geometrias de cone-placa e cilindros concêntricos na faixa de temperatura de 15ºC a 60ºC. Os reogramas obtidos foram ajustados aos modelos de Ostwald-de-Waale (Lei da Potência) e Herschel-Bulkley, sendo que o melhor ajuste foi obtido com o modelo de Lei da Potência. Todas as amostras estudadas apresentaram comportamento reológico não-Newtoniano, com características de fluidos tixotrópicos. Foi investigado também o comportamento reológico de polpas de açaí tratadas enzimaticamente para posterior processamento por microfiltração tangencial. As enzimas comerciais Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Biopectinase KK Plus e Ultrazym AFPL foram avaliadas separadamente e a respectiva eficiência foi analisada pela redução da viscosidade no reômetro rotacional com a geometria de cone-plana. A enzima comercial Ultrazym foi mais eficiente na redução da viscosidade aparente da polpa de açaí, sendo que as enzimas Pectinex e Biopectinase não apresentaram alteração significativa da viscosidade. A análise da viscosidade aparente dos produtos (permeado e retentado) da microfiltração utilizando membranas cerâmicas comerciais de 0,8 e 0,2 \'mü\'m foi feita utilizando o reômetro rotacional com a geometria de cone-placa, na temperatura de 25ºC. Para o processamento por microfiltração sem tratamento enzimático, o retentado apresentou valores de viscosidade aparente superior ao permeado e à polpa diluída, enquanto que a polpa diluída apresentou viscosidade aparente superior ao permeado. Na microfiltração com tratamento enzimático a polpa diluída apresentou viscosidade aparente inferior ao permeado, comportamento observado para as duas membranas estudadas (0,8 e 0,2 \'mü\'m). Com os resultados obtidos foi possível verificar a grande variação nas propriedades físicas de polpas comerciais de açaí e com isso, a importância de se realizar tais medidas para a otimização de processos como a microfiltração tangencial. / The main objective of this research was the study of physical properties of commercial types of açaí pulp; including pH, electric conductivity, viscosity, surface tension and acoustic attenuation as a function of temperature and particulates of açaí suspension. Four types of açaí pulp from north region of Brazil were selected. The samples were analyzed in pure (undiluted) and diluted form. Surface tension was measured with Sensadyne tensiometer (model QC6000) in the temperature range: 15º to 60º Celsius. In all types of pulp studied the surface tension of diluted sample was higher than pure sample. For temperatures above 45º Celsius surface tension increased for two types of açai pulp studied. Acoustic attenuation and particle size of samples were analyzed with the equipment APS-100 from Matec Applied Science, Northborough, USA. Acoustic attenuation of diluted samples is smaller for pure samples; the açaí pulp (pure and diluted) has particle sizes below 0,6 µm and the particle sizes of the pure samples were larger than the diluted samples. Brookfield/USA rotational rheometers (Model DVIII+) was employed for rheological analysis with two geometries: cone-plate and concentric cylinders in the temperature range: 15º to 60º Celsius. The rheological behavior was adjusted by Ostwald-de-Waale model (or Power-law model) and Herschel-Bulkley model; the Ostwald-de-Waale model showed a better fit. All brands of pulp studied presented non-Newtonian behavior with tixotropic characteristics. It also investigated the rheological behavior of açaí pulp treated enzymatically for later processing by tangential microfiltration. The commercial enzymes: Pectinex Ultra SP-L (Novozymes - Bagsvaerd, Dinamarca), Biopectinase KK Plus (Kerry Bio-Science) and Ultrazym AFPL (Novozymes - Bagsvaerd, Dinamarca), were utilized to reduce viscosity and the effect was evaluated with the cone-plate geometry of the Brookfield/USA rheometer (Model DVIII+). The data shows that the Ultrazym enzyme was the best option for viscosity reduction of açaí pulp, and the other presented no changes in the viscosity. The viscosity of the retentate and permeate from the microfiltration process (membranes with cut-off 0,8 and 0,2 µm) was determined with the cone-plate geometry of the Brookfield/USA rheometer (Model DVIII+) at 25º Celsius. In microfiltration process without enzymatic action, the apparent viscosity of retentate was always higher than the retentate from diluted pulp. With the results we observed the large variation in physical properties of commercial açaí pulp and thus, the importance of carrying out such measures for the optimization of processes such as tangential microfiltration.

Abstract A pulp suspension consists of water, fibres, fines, fillers and chemicals, but air or other gases are also present in practically all pulping processes either in dissolved form or as bubbles. Dissolved gases seldom disturb the processes, but they are readily converted to gaseous form when conditions change. The gas bubbles affect the properties of the pulp suspension, reduce the accuracy of certain measurements, interfere with the runability of the papermachine and detract from the quality of the end-product. Gases are removed from the process by either mechanical or chemical means, resulting in increased investments and operational costs. The aim of this work was to study the behaviour of gas in pulp and papermaking processes with laboratory, pilot-scale and mill-scale experiments. Five main areas of the research can be identified: 1. Occurrence of gases in pulp and paper mill processes, 2. Dissolution, precipitation and hold-up of gases in the pulp suspension and mill water, 3. Effects of gases on certain consistency measurements, centrifugal pumping and operation of the hydrocyclone. 4. Measurement of the gas content of the pulp suspension by compression, radiometric, microwave and sonar methods and 5. Removal of gases with a centrifugal pump equipped with vacuum pump or hydrocyclone equipped light reject removal. The results show that the dissolution and precipitation of gas is strongly dependent on the pulp and water properties. Dissolved and colloidal material reduces the solubility potential of gas, but also accelerates the precipitation of dissolved gases in gaseous form. The hold-up of precipitated gas bubbles was found to be much more pronounced in hydrophobic mechanical pulps than in lignin-free chemical pulps. The accuracy of consistency measurements was affected by free gas in the pulp suspension, requiring special attention when assessing the results. The operation of pressure screens and hydrocyclones was affected only at high volumes of free gas in the feed suspension. According to the experiments, a reliable gas content measurement can be achieved by in-line radiometric, microwave or sonar methods, and also by the off-line compression method if a representative sample is obtained. A centrifugal pump equipped with a gas removing unit is designed mainly to ensure undisturbed pumping, whereas its gas removal efficiency remains quite low, especially with small bubbles and at a low gas content. The gas removal efficiency of a hydrocyclone equipped with light reject removal is good, but decreases with small precipitated bubbles. These results offer new information of the behaviour of the gas in pulp suspensions and white water and underline the importance of the bubble generation mechanism in this context.

Compliant suspensions are often used in micromechanical devices and precision mechanisms as substitutes for kinematic joints. While their small-displacement behavior is easily captured in simple formulae, large-displacement behavior requires nonlinear finite element analysis. In this work, we present a method that helps capture the geometrically nonlinear behavior of compliant suspensions using parameterized non-dimensional maps. The maps are created by performing one nonlinear finite element analysis for any one loading condition for one instance of a suspension of a given topology and fixed proportions. These maps help retrieve behavioral information for any other instance of the same suspension with changed size, cross-section dimensions, material, and loading. Such quantities as multi-axial stiffness, maximum stress, natural frequency, etc. ,can be quickly and accurately estimated from the maps. These quantities are non-dimensionalized using suitable factors that include loading, size, cross-section, and material properties. The maps are useful in not only understanding the limits of performance of the topology of a given suspension with fixed proportions but also in design. We have created the maps for 20 different suspensions. Case studies are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the method in microsystem design as well as in precision mechanisms. In particular, the method and 2D plots of non-dimensional kinetoelastic maps provide a comprehensive view of sensitivity, cross-axis sensitivity, linearity, maximum stress, and bandwidth for microsensors and microactuators.

Natural precious opals consist of silica nanoparticles of uniform diameter organised in a periodic three-dimensional structure. The physical structure of the material produces the perceived colour by a process of light diffraction. The modification of light by the physical structure of the material is also known as structural colour. This is a different process from how most surface colours are produced where light is more usually absorbed by dye and/or pigment molecules. Desirable aesthetic qualities could be achieved if the structural colours produced by natural opals could be replicated in the form of a film or a coating on textile substrates. The work presented investigates how to produce structurally coloured textiles using surface applications of uniform spherical silica nanoparticles (USSNPs). A novel one-step solvent varying (SV) technique has been developed to synthesise USSNPs with particle diameters in a controlled size range. Using suspensions containing USSNPs, structurally coloured artificial opal (AO) films have been fabricated by self-assembly using a process of natural gravity sedimentation. The sedimentation of a particular particle size range of USSNPs (from which a coloured film was produced), onto the surface of fabrics, produced a structurally coloured fabric. By controlling the mean particle diameter a wide range of spectral colours from red to blue was obtained. The light fastness properties of the coloured textiles were investigated. A further surface modification of USSNPs was performed by adding vinyl functional groups to improve the mechanical strength of the structural colour. This work suggested a novel approach to colouring textile materials without using traditional dyes and/or pigments.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24167号 / 理博第4858号 / 新制||理||1695(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 早川 尚男, 教授 佐々 真一, 教授 山本 潤 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Complex or smart fluids, made of evenly and stably suspended nanoparticles, have been an object of considerable research in the last decade due to their promising applications in a number of applications such as micro-electronic cooling, high power demands in nuclear plants, smaller and more efficient heat exchangers, oil recovery, and transportation. Nanofluids consist of typically less than 100nm sized particles dispersed in base fluids. The heat transfer characteristics of several nano-oxide suspensions in pool boiling with a suspended heating NiChrome wire have been analyzed. The pH value of the nanosuspensions is important from the point of view that it determines the stability of the particles and their mutual interactions towards the suspended heated wire. Heat transfer in silica nanofluids at different acidity and base is measured for various ionic concentrations in a pool boiling experiment. Nanosilica suspension increases the critical heat flux by up to 300% compared to conventional fluids. The l0 nm particles possess a thicker double diffuse layer compared to 20 M particles. The catalytic properties of nanofluids decrease in the presence of salts, allowing the particles to cluster and minimize the potential increase in heat transfer. Nanofluids in a strong electrolyte, i.e., in high ionic concentration, allow a higher critical heat flux than in buffer solutions because of the difference in surface area. The formation and surface structure of the deposition affect the thermal properties of the liquid. When there is no particle deposition on the wire, the nanofluid increases CHF by about 50% within the uncertainty limits, regardless of pH of the base fluid or particle size. The extent of oxidation on the wire impacts CHF, and is influenced by the chemical composition of nanofluids in buffer solutions. The boiling regime is further extended to higher heat flux when there is agglomeration on the wire. This agglomeration allows high heat transfer through inter-agglomerate pores, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in burnout heat flux. The pool boiling heat transfer has been even higher (- up to 4 times that of the base fluid) for Double Walled Carbon Nanotubes (DWNTs). A comparison study between Single and Double Walled Carbon Nanotube suspensions has been performed. A closed flow loop has been designed and fabricated to study the thermal transport characteristics of nanosilica suspensions in heated flow. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop data are provided for laminar and turbulent regimes (2000

In this work, nanocomposite cathode powder and nano/micro-structured composite cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) have been produced using induction plasma spray. Both the suspension plasma spray (SPS) and solution plasma spray (SolPS) method were used. The composite cathode is a mixture of electronic and ionic conductor (ceramic oxide) with enough porosity for the oxygen gas to pass and have the expansion coefficient compatibility with the electrolyte as well. For the purpose of SOFC commercialization, there is a trend to develop SOFCs working at a medium temperature range (600-800[degrees]C). This not only expands the choice of materials and stack geometries that can be used but also reduces system cost and, in principle, decreases the degradation rate of the stack and system components.In order to reduce the polarization resistance of the cathode at this temperature range, two approaches are proposed for cathode fabrication: a) using the materials both with high ionic and electronic conductivities, such as adding a second phase into the original cathode material; b) producing the cathode with homogeneous nano/micro-structure. SolPS method was used to synthesize nanopowders with mixed conductivity. The solution precursor was prepared with the mixed stoichiometric metal nitrates, glycine and distilled water. The crystallinity and morphological features of the nanopowders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Afterwards, the suspensions, made with ethanol and previously synthesized composite nanopowders were used to deposit cathode coatings by SPS process. The parameters of the SPS processes are optimized to obtain cauliflower microstructure with maximized homogeneity and appropriate open porosity. Cathodes produced by a SPS process were compared to the ones produced using a SolPS process. The coatings were characterized by the high resolution SEM. Symmetrical SPS cathode-electrolyte-cathode was also fabricated to test the polarization resistance of the cathode using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cathode material nanopowder mixtures of Ce[subscript 0.8]Gd[subscript 0.2]O[subscript 1.9] (GDC) and La[subscript 0.6]Sr[subscript 0.4]Co[subscript 0.2]Fe[subscript 0.8]O[subscript 3] (LSCF6428) with different mass ratio, such as 30wt%:70wt% and 60wt%:40wt% of GDC:LSCF, were obtained. The composite nanopowders exhibit a perovskite structure of LSCF6428 and a fluorite structure of GDC and the two phases are homogeneously dispersed. The nanoparticles are almost globular in shape with a diameter from 10 nm to 60 nm and with BET specific areas around 20 m[superscript 2]/g. Homogeneous cauliflower-structure composite cathodes were obtained by both SPS and SolPS methods. The potentials of these two deposition technologies to provide functionally graded composite cathode with high homogeneity were demonstrated. Compared to SolPS cathodes, the SPS cathodes have finer nanostructure, higher porosity and better distributed pores, which takes advantage of the homogeneously distributed nanosized powders in the precursors. The SPS coatings were expected to have enlarged triple phase boundaries. Dans ce travail, des poudres nanocomposites contenant des phases mélangées nano et microstructurées de cathodes pour les piles à combustible à température moyenne (IT-SOFCs) ont été produits [sic] en utilisant un plasma thermique inductif. Deux techniques ont été utilisées, soit la déposition en utilisant des suspensions (SPS) ou encore en utilisant des solutions (SolPS ou SPPS ). La cathode composite est un mélange de conducteur électronique et de conducteur ionique (oxyde céramique) avec assez de porosité pour que l'oxygène passe et aussi pour assurer la compatibilité des coefficients d'expansion avec l'électrolyte. Afin de permettre la commercialisation des SOFCs, le développement des SOFCs s'oriente vers des piles fonctionnant à une température ambiante moyenne (600-800[degrés]C). Ceci augmente le choix des matériaux et des géometries de pile qui peuvent être employés, réduisant les coûts et, en principe, devrait aussi diminuer le taux de dégradation des composants des piles et des systèmes. Afin de réduire la résistance de polarisation de la cathode à cette gamme de température, on propose deux approches pour la fabrication de la cathode : a) en utilisant les matériaux avec des conductivités ioniques et électroniques élevées, qui peuvent être obtenus en ajoutant une deuxième phase dans la cathode ; b) la synthèse de cathodes avec des morphologies optimisées de nano/microstructure. La méthode SolPS a été employée pour synthétiser des nanopoudres possédant une conductivité mixte. Le précurseur de la solution a été préparé avec des nitrates, la glycine et l'eau distillée stoechiométriques mélangés en métal. La cristallinité et la morphologie des nanopoudres ont été caractérisées par la diffraction de rayon X (DRX), la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) et la spectroscopie à dispersion d'énergie (EDS). Des suspensions, faites avec de l'éthanol et les nanopoudres composites précédemment synthétisées, ont été employées pour déposer des revêtements de cathode par le procede SPS. Les paramètres des procédés SPS ont été optimisés. Des cathodes nanostructurées produites par le procede SPS ont été comparées à celles produites en utilisant le procédé SolPS. Les revêtements ont été caracterisés par un MEB à haute résolution. Des cathode-électrolyte-cathode symétriques ont également été fabriquées pour examiner la résistance de polarisation de la cathode en utilisant la spectroscopie électrochimique d'impédance (EIS). Des mélanges de nanopoudres de cathode de Ce0.8Gd0.201.9 (GDC) et de La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.803 (LSCF6428) avec les ratios massiques suivants : 30 - 70 et 60 - 40 % masse de GDC - LSCF, ont été obtenus. Les nanopoudres composites montrent une structure de pérovskite de LSCF6428 et une structure de fluorite de GDC et ces deux phases sont homogènement dispersées. Les nanoparticles [sic] sont presque globulaires avec un diamètre de 10 à 60 nanomètre et avec des surfaces spécifiques autour de 20 m[indice supérieur 2]/g. Des cathodes composites de structure homogène en forme de choux fleur [sic] ont été obtenues par les méthodes de SPS et de SolPS. Les potentiels de ces deux technologies de depôt pour fournir des cathodes composites fonctionnelles à composition gradée et avec une homogénéité élevée ont été démontrés. Comparé aux cathodes produites par SolPS, les cathodes produites par SPS ont une nanostructure plus fine, une porosite élevée et des pores mieux distribués.