Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est une contribution à la commande de la Machine Synchrone à Double Excitation (MSDE) pour des applications embarquées. La MSDE allie les avantages de la machine synchrone à aimants permanents et la machine synchrone à rotor bobiné. Le flux d'excitation dans cette machine est généré par deux sources : les aimants permanents et un enroulement qui est placé au stator afin d'éviter les contacts glissants. Cette dernière source permet de régler le flux dans l'entrefer. Le modèle de la machine est basé sur un modèle de Park et prend en considération les pertes fer et la saturation des circuits magnétiques. Les paramètres du prototype existant au laboratoire ont été identifiés. La commande de la MSDE est effectuée en deux modes : générateur et moteur. En génératrice, l'application visée est la génération électrique en avionique. Deux réseaux de distribution sont traités : Réseau à haute tension et à fréquence variable et réseau haute tension DC. Dans ce dernier cas, la MSDE est associée à un pont redresseur à diodes. Dans les deux cas, la commande est élaborée dans le but de maintenir l'amplitude de la tension constante via le control du courant d'excitation uniquement. Le control est scalaire. L'approche est validée par simulation avec Matlab/Simulink et par expérimentation. Pour le mode moteur, l'application visée est la propulsion dans un véhicule électrique. Une commande optimale des courants est étudiée en vue de minimiser les pertes. Les pertes joules sont considérées premièrement. Ensuite, les pertes fer sont ajoutées. Finalement, le problème de minimisation est étendu pour inclure les pertes dues à l'onduleur et au hacheur. L'optimisation par la méthode des multiplicateurs de Lagrange (Kuhn-Tucker conditions) est utilisée pour trouver des expressions analytiques des courants statoriques et inducteur optimaux. Des simulations avec Matlab/Simulink prouvent que la solution obtenue est celle qui assure les pertes minimales tout au long du nouveau cycle de conduite européen. / This thesis is a contribution to the control of the Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machine (HESM) in embedded applications. The HESM combines the advantages of the Permanent Magnets (PM) machine and the wound rotor machine. The excitation flux in this machine is produced by two different sources: the PMs and a DC field winding that is placed at the stator to preserve a brushless structure. The latter source is used to control the flux in the air gap. The machine model is based on a Park model and takes into account the iron losses and the magnetic circuit saturation effect. The electric parameters of the laboratory prototype are identified. The machine is controlled in generator mode and motor mode. In power generation system, the study treats in particular the aircraft power supply in more electric aircrafts. Two distribution networks are studied: High voltage variable frequency network and high voltage DC network. In the latter case, the HESM is coupled to a diode bridge rectifier. In both cases, the control aims to maintain the output voltage magnitude equal to its reference via action on the field current only. The control is scalar. Simulation with Matlab/Simulink and experiments validate the approach. For the motor mode, the attention is paid to the electric propulsion in an electric vehicle. An optimal current control with minimal losses is elaborated. The copper losses are considered in a first place. Iron losses are added next. Finally, the optimization problem is extended and it includes the losses due to the inverter and the chopper. Analytical expressions of the reference armature and field currents are computed using extended Lagrange multiplier method (Kuhn-Tucker conditions). Simulation with Matlab/Simulink software proves that the analytical solution yields indeed to the current combination that guarantees the minimal losses over the New European Driving Cycle.

Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le contexte du développement de groupes motopropulseurs électriques pour véhicules automobiles. Ces développements ont mis en lumière les problématiques liées aux phénomènes acoustiques et vibratoires des machines électriques, spécifiques à l'application automobile. L'objectif de ces travaux est la mise en place de lois de commande dédiées à la réduction d'harmoniques de courant à l'origine d'harmoniques vibratoires.Pour cela, les différents éléments du système ont été modélisés, puis les paramètres du modèle électrique de la machine ont été identifiés au moyen de mesures expérimentales.Deux stratégies de commande ont ensuite été développées puis mises en place. D'une part, un régulateur dédié à l'harmonique de courant visé a été synthétisé par optimisation H-infini. D'autre part, la modélisation de l'origine de cet harmonique comme provenant d'un signal perturbateur externe a permis la compensation de celui-ci au moyen d'un observateur.L'efficacité de ces deux stratégies sur la réduction des harmoniques de courant visés et des harmoniques vibratoires correspondants a été validée expérimentalement sur banc d'essai vibratoire. / This work takes place in the context of the development of powertrains for electric vehicles. Those developments have raised new issues such as noise and vibrations of electrical machines, which are important issues in automotive applications. The aim of this thesis is to develop control laws dedicated to the reduction of currents harmonics that are responsible for vibration harmonics.In that purpose, different parts of the system have been modelled. Parameters of the electrical model of the studied machine have then been identified thanks to experimental measurements.Two different control laws are proposed and developed. One the one hand, a controller is synthetized thanks to H-infinity optimization. On the other hand, the studied current harmonic is modelled as coming from an external disturbance. This virtual disturbance is estimated thanks to an observer and compensated.

La disponibilité de certains capteurs est indispensable pour le contrôle des machines électriques dans une application automobile. Cette thèse constitue une contribution à l'étude d'une commande tolérante aux défauts pour un entraînement électrique dans le cadre du projet SOFRACI. Pour pallier une défaillance de ces capteurs, des stratégies sont mises en place pour assurer une continuité de fonctionnement ou un arrêt sûr. Dans le cas de la machine synchrone, les capteurs les plus critiques sont: le capteur de position, les capteurs de courant et le capteur de bus de tension continue. C'est dans ce contexte que l'on a développé des algorithmes de commande tolérante aux défauts avec successivement des étapes de détection, d'isolation et de reconfiguration. Ensuite, la validation expérimentale a été effectuée sur un banc composé d’une machine synchrone et d’un onduleur avec 3 ponts H conçus pour la propulsion d’un véhicule électrique. Ainsi les méthodes développées et qui s’appuient principalement sur la théorie du contrôle, sont évaluées expérimentalement à travers des injections de défauts en temps réel, avec un accent mis sur le temps nécessaire à la détection. / During the last decade, Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) has become an increasingly interesting topic in automotive industry. The operation of electrical drives is highly dependent on feedback sensors availability. With the aim of reaching the required level of availability in transportation applications, the drive is equipped with a DC voltage sensor, three current sensors (due to safety requirements in electric vehicle standards) and a position sensor. This PhD is a contribution to the study of an electrical drive fault tolerant control. The objective is to have a system, which can adaptively reorganizes itself at a sensor failure occurrence. Consequently, strategies are defined from the early preliminary design steps, so as to facilitate fault detection, fault isolation and control reconfiguration. To this purpose, our work goes from theoretical studies toward experimental validations through the model simulation using control theory.In this thesis, FTC algorithms are developed for the rotor position, the phase currents and DC link voltage sensors. The experimentally validation is perform with an electrical drive composed of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine and a 3H bridge inverter. Thus, the developed methods are evaluated experimentally through real time fault injection, with an emphasis on the detection time.

More electric aircraft is an electrification scheme of aircraft system with high technical feasibility and good economy. It can reduce the weight of aircraft structure, improve maintenance efficiency and reduce fire hazards. However, the electrification of aircraft system will drastically increase the proportion of electrical equipment, the total power demand and the difficulty of fault diagnosis. This paper uses the energy management method to take up the challenge, with focus on fault diagnosis of permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), adaptive load shedding and energy efficient aircraft design. A literature review of the concept evolution from all/more-electric aircraft to energy-optimized aircraft is presented. The main issues of the aircraft electrification process are summarized, and followed by an introduction to the current research and methods. The model of the aircraft electrical system is qualitatively and mathematically recalled, including the generator, the battery, the DC motor, the AC motor, and the electric power converter. The accuracy and computation cost of the aircraft model depends on the complexity of the subsystem models that are involved. Therefore, the level of detail that is necessary for a good precision-versus-simulation-time ratio is discussed by taking the electric system of an industrial level hybrid energy quadcoptor UAV as an example. The analysis shows that the bi-directional instruments, i.e. the electric machine, should be modeled in details while other components can be simplified. PMSMs are a group of on-board electric machines with promising future prospects because of high power density and stability. The model of PMSMs is further developed in this work, especially in the inter-turn and phase-to-phase short-circuit conditions. In case of inter-turn short-circuit fault, a winding-function-based and a fault-current-based model are separately developed. The accuracy of both models are verified and compared through experimental results. The fault-current-based modeling method is applied to the phase-to-phase short-circuit fault and experimentally examined and discussed. General condition monitoring methods require the use of a large number of sensors. A fault detection and isolation method that can have low requirement of sensor is recalled and inherited. The description of the fault phase identification index using this method is relatively imprecise, which is not applicable to the inter-turn short-circuit fault. In this work, the analytical expression of the faulty phase identification index is derived based on the fault models. A method to isolate inter-turn and phase-to-phase short-circuit faults is proposed by a combination of the current- and the voltage-signature residuals. This development expands the application scope of the original fault detection and isolation tool and improves its accuracy. The validity of this fault diagnosis method has been verified by experimental results.Load management is developed to guarantee the normal operation of critical loads by shedding some other loads in case of emergency. Generally, binary decisions are made: either something has gone wrong or everything is fine. However, different types of fault influence the working performance of the load and the entire network in different ways. There are multiple states between totally wrong and pure fine, and the load management decision should be adaptive to each state. In this work, fuzzy logic method is used to degrade the load priority according to the instantaneous working state. Combining it with the fault detection and isolation process, a fault-tolerant adaptive load management is achieved. Finally, this work discusses the aircraft design from the energy management point of view, which consists of the energy efficiency analysis and the multidisciplinary energy efficient design of the integrated aircraft system. The first thermodynamic efficiency has been widely used as a common parameter for depicting the energy utilization, i.e. the ratio of output to input power of the system. However, it ignores the irreversible increase of the entropy and cannot reveal the upper limit of the available work of the system.Based on the second thermodynamic law, this work uses the exergy parameters to analyze the energy utilization of a MEA design scheme. Based on the exergy analysis, an energy-efficient aircraft design method is proposed by optimizing the exergy lost of the whole design. The method could provide a global optimization reference for the integrated aircraft design of a MEA. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le contexte du développement de groupes motopropulseurs électriques pour véhicules automobiles. Ces développements ont mis en lumière les problématiques liées aux phénomènes acoustiques et vibratoires des machines électriques, spécifiques à l'application automobile. L'objectif de ces travaux est la mise en place de lois de commande dédiées à la réduction d'harmoniques de courant à l'origine d'harmoniques vibratoires.Pour cela, les différents éléments du système ont été modélisés, puis les paramètres du modèle électrique de la machine ont été identifiés au moyen de mesures expérimentales.Deux stratégies de commande ont ensuite été développées puis mises en place. D'une part, un régulateur dédié à l'harmonique de courant visé a été synthétisé par optimisation H-infini. D'autre part, la modélisation de l'origine de cet harmonique comme provenant d'un signal perturbateur externe a permis la compensation de celui-ci au moyen d'un observateur.L'efficacité de ces deux stratégies sur la réduction des harmoniques de courant visés et des harmoniques vibratoires correspondants a été validée expérimentalement sur banc d'essai vibratoire. / This work takes place in the context of the development of powertrains for electric vehicles. Those developments have raised new issues such as noise and vibrations of electrical machines, which are important issues in automotive applications. The aim of this thesis is to develop control laws dedicated to the reduction of currents harmonics that are responsible for vibration harmonics.In that purpose, different parts of the system have been modelled. Parameters of the electrical model of the studied machine have then been identified thanks to experimental measurements.Two different control laws are proposed and developed. One the one hand, a controller is synthetized thanks to H-infinity optimization. On the other hand, the studied current harmonic is modelled as coming from an external disturbance. This virtual disturbance is estimated thanks to an observer and compensated.

L'objectif du travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse est de montrer l'intérêt d'utiliser les FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) comme support pour l'implantation d'algorithmes complexes dédiés à la commande de machines électriques. Pour ce faire, une commande sans capteur mécanique utilisant un filtre de Kalman étendu et basée sur FPGA est réalisée. Cette commande est destinée à piloter une machine synchrone à pôles saillants. Le modèle d-q de la machine basé sur l'approximation d'inertie infinie est implanté. L'ordre du Filtre de Kalman est donc égal à 4 et la complexité totale de la boucle de régulation est évaluée à près de 700 opérations arithmétiques (dont plus de 53% de multiplications). Les apports des solutions FPGAs en termes de performances de contrôle et en termes de capacité d'intégration sont quantifiés.En terme de performances de contrôle, il a été démontré qu'en utilisant de telles solutions matérielles, le temps de calcul est très réduit (de l'ordre de 5µs, 5% de la période d'échantillonnage). Cette rapidité de calcul permet d'avoir un contrôle quasi-instantané ce qui améliore la bande passante de la boucle de régulation. A ce sujet, une comparaison avec les performances obtenues avec une solution logicielle telle que le DSP est effectuée. Dans les deux cas, le comportement dynamique de la boucle de régulation s de vitesse ans capteur est quantifié.En termes de capacité d'intégration, il est possible de développer une architecture commune qui peut être adaptée à plusieurs systèmes. A titre d'exemple, il est possible de développer un filtre de Kalman sur un même FPGA capable d'estimer les grandeurs de plusieurs systèmes sans pour autant affecter les performances de contrôle. En outre, une méthodologie de développement dédiée à de tels algorithmes complexes est proposée. Il s'agit là d'une adaptation des méthodologies proposées dans des travaux de thèse précédents, [62] et [63]. En effet, une étape de spécification préliminaire du système ainsi que des procédures d'optimisation supplémentaires y sont introduites. Ces dernières sont particulièrement nécessaires dans le cas de commandes complexes et permettent une adéquation entre l'algorithme développé et l'architecture FPGA correspondante. De plus, cette méthodologie a été organisée de façon à distinguer l'étape du développement de l'algorithme et l'étape du développement de l'architecture FPGA. Un état de l'art sur les technologies FPGA est également proposé. La structure interne des FPGAs récents est décrite. Leur contribution dans le domaine de la commande des machines électriques est quantifiée. Les différentes étapes de la méthodologie de développement sont présentées. Le développement d'une commande numérique (basée sur FPGA) d'une machine synchrone à aimant permanent associée à un capteur de position Resolver est par la suite traité. Cette application s'inscrit dans un contexte avionique où l'objectif était d'avoir une solution FPGA hautement intégrée. Pour ce faire, le FPGA Actel Fusion est utilisé. Ce composant intègre un convertisseur analogique numérique. La commande, le traitement des signaux Resolver ainsi que la conversion analogique numériques sont implantés sur le même composant.En ce qui concerne la commande sans capteur basée sur le filtre de Kalman étendu, il a été décidé de structurer les chapitres correspondants à travers la méthodologie de développement proposée. Ainsi, la phase de spécification préliminaire du système, la phase du développement de l'algorithme, la phase du développement de l'architecture FPGA et la phase d'expérimentation sont séparément traitées. Durant la phase d'expérimentation, la procédure «Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL)» est incluse afin de valider le fonctionnement de l'architecture développée une fois la phase d'implantation physique achevée. / The aim of this thesis is to present the interest of using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices for the implementation of complex AC drive controllers. The case of a sensorless speed controller using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been chosen and applied to a Salient Synchronous Machine (SSM). The d-q model based on the infinite inertia hypothesis has been implemented. The corresponding EKF order is then equal to 4 and the complexity of the whole sensorless controller is equal to 700 arithmetic operations (more than 53% of multiplications). The contribution of FPGAs in this field has been quantified in terms of control performances and in terms of system integration. In terms of control performances, the proposed FPGA-based solution ensures a short execution time which is around 5µs (5% of the sampling period). This treatment fastness ensures a quasi-instantaneous control which improves the control bandwidth. To this purpose, a comparison with a software DSP-based solution is made. The dynamic behavior and the influence of the execution time, in both cases, on the control bandwidth have been quantified. In terms of integration capacity, it is possible to implement a generic FPGA architecture that can be adapted to the control of several systems. Thus, it is possible to develop a common EKF architecture that is able to estimate variables from many systems without affecting the control performances.In addition, a design methodology adapted to such complex controllers has been proposed. The particularity of this updated methodology, compared to the previous ones ([62], [63]), is to provide an enlarged set of steps starting from the preliminary system specification to the ultimate experimentation. Optimization procedures have also been introduced. These optimizations are necessary in case of complex controllers and lead to the adequation between the developed algorithm and the corresponding hardware FPGA architecture. A state of the art FPGA technology is also presented. The internal structure of the recent devices and their corresponding technology are discussed. Their contribution in the field of AC drive applications is quantified. An in-depth presentation of the proposed design methodology is made.Besides, the development of a fully integrated FPGA-based controller for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) associated with a Resolver sensor is presented. This controller has been developed in for an aircraft application where the main objective was to develop a fully integrated FPGA solution. The Actel Fusion FPGA device has been used. This device integrates an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The current controller, the Resolver Processing Unit (RPU) and the analog to digital conversion are implemented within the same device. When it comes to the sensorless controller, the corresponding chapters have been structured according to the presented design methodology: the preliminary system specification, the algorithm development, the FPGA architecture development and finally the experimentation. The latter includes Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) tests and the final experimental validation.

Ondulações de torque devido à comutação de fases é apontada como a principal desvantagem do método de controle 6 pulsos convencional do motor síncrono de ímã permanente no rotor com força contra-eletromotriz trapezoidal. Para reduzir essas ondulações, diferentes estratégias de controle vetorial dessa máquina são apresentadas na literatura. Nesse trabalho é proposto e analisado o controle vetorial dessa máquina utilizando uma malha de controle de corrente baseada no Finite Control-Set Model-based Predictive Control (FCS-MPC). Como resultado, a estrutura de controle vetorial proposta é capaz de reduzir as ondulações de torque de comutação e também aquelas provenientes de imperfeições da força contraeletromotriz trapezoidal. Esse resultado é atingido sem a alteração da estrutura do conversor, adição de circuito ou alteração na tensão de barramento. Em termos de desempenho dinâmico, são demonstradas a rápida dinâmica de torque sem necessidade de sintonia ou projeto de ganhos de controlador e dinâmica desacoplada das variáveis de controle sem necessidade de cálculo de termos de desacoplamento. Esses resultados apontam vantagens sobre recentes propostas na literatura baseada em controladores lineares. Também é implementado uma estratégia de melhoria de desempenho do FCS-MPC baseado na inclusão do conceito de ciclo de trabalho. Essa abordagem permite reduzir significativamente, em baixa velocidade, a banda de ondulação da corrente de estator e torque da máquina, demonstrando uma melhoria em relação ao FCS-MPC sem ciclo de trabalho. / Torque ripples due to phase commutation are pointed to the main drawback of 120 degree 6 step control of synchronous motor with trapezoidal back electromotive force (back EMF). To reduce these ondulations, different vector control strategies are presented in the literature. This study proposes and analyzes the application of the Finite Control-Set Model-based Predictive Control in the current loop of vector control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor with trapezoidal back EMF. As a result, the control structure reduces the torque ripple comming from phase commutation and back EMF shape imperfections. This result is achieved without changing the converter topology, the DC link voltage or including aditional circuit. Concerning to dynamic response, the proposed control strategy offers fast torque dynamics without gain tunning needed and decoupled dynamic of variable control. Furthermore, it is implemented an improvement approach to FCS-MPC based on duty-cycle concept. This strategy reduces significantly the torque ripple in low speed range, demonstrating an advance over conventional FCS-MPC.

Este trabalho demonstra que o efeito de extremidade existente em atuadores eletromagnéticos lineares pode ter influência significativa nas indutâncias próprias, mútuas e síncronas, com valores dependentes da posição que podem ser utilizados para monitoração da posição axial da armadura. O estudo é aplicado a um atuador eletromagnético linear tubular de ímãs permanentes com duplo arranjo de quase-Halbach e bobina móvel, que foi concebido para fins de uso em sistemas de suspensão eletromagnética ativa e semi-ativa. A partir da revisão de literatura apresentada, classificou-se o efeito de extremidade de máquinas lineares síncronas de ímãs permanentes quanto aos tipos, causas, consequências e técnicas de mitigação (caso seja necessário). Adicionalmente, os tipos de controle sem sensores são exemplificados a fim de se identificar maneiras possíveis de adequar algum ao atuador em estudo. São apresentados casos de trabalhos na literatura que utilizam o controle sem sensores em máquinas que possuem indutâncias com comportamento semelhante. Em termos de análise, a distribuição do fluxo magnético no atuador é estudada e um modelo semianalítico é elaborado para calcular o valor das indutâncias com base nos dados de fluxo magnético obtido por simulação numérica. Logo, modelos numéricos completos e parametrizados do atuador são elaborados para simulação transiente e magnetostática e a partir destes as indutâncias são obtidas. As indutâncias também são medidas experimentalmente e na análise dos resultados as incertezas de medição são calculadas e um projeto de experimento é apresentado. Os resultados dos modelos semianalítico e numérico apresentam boa concordância com os resultados experimentais. Por fim, a adequação do atuador para futura aplicação de controle sem sensores é discutida tendo como base a variação de indutâncias devido ao efeito de extremida. / This work demonstrates that the end effect in linear electromagnetic actuators can have a significant influence on the self-, mutual and synchronous inductances, with positiondependent values that can be used to measure the axial position of the armature. The study is applied to a linear synchronous electromagnetic actuator with two arrangements of quasi- Halbach permanent magnets and moving coil, which was designed for use in active and semiactive electromagnetic suspension systems. Based on the literature review presented, the end effect of permanent magnet synchronous linear machines was classified with regard to: types, causes, consequences and mitigation techniques (if necessary). In addition, the types of sensorless control methods are exemplified in order to identify a possible method to be applied to the actuator under study. It was found in the literature that sensorless control was applied to machines that have inductances with similar behavior. In terms of analysis, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the actuator is studied and a semi-analytical model was developed to calculate the value of the inductances based on the data of magnetic flux obtained through numerical simulation. Thus, the complete parametrized numerical models of the actuator were built for transient and magnetostatic simulation, and from these the inductances were obtained. The inductances are also measured experimentally, and in the analysis of the results the measurement uncertainties are calculated and a design of experiments is presented. The results of the semi-analytical and numerical models show good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the suitability of the actuator for future application of sensorless control is discussed based on the variation of inductances due to the end effect.

Le transport routier est au cœur des enjeux environnementaux actuels. Les véhicules électriques hybrides (VEH) sont une alternative intéressante, notamment en milieu urbain. Cependant, la conception de tels systèmes est complexe car la chaîne de traction (composants et architecture), la mission et la gestion énergétique du véhicule sont intimement liées.Les travaux de V. Reinbold ont permis de mettre au point une méthodologie de dimensionnement de VEH. Les composants sont optimisés conjointement avec la gestion énergétique sur un cycle de fonctionnement afin de minimiser la consommation de carburant du véhicule. Une attention particulière est portée à la conception fine de la machine électrique via un modèle électromagnétique adapté à l’optimisation.Dans la suite de ces travaux, nous approfondissons plusieurs aspects du dimensionnement des VEH. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons la possibilité de gérer des paramètres discrets de la machine, comme le nombre de paires de pôles. Dans un second temps, nous développons un modèle thermique de la machine prenant notamment en compte les échanges autour des têtes de bobine. Ce modèle analytique par réseau de résistances thermiques est intégré puis utilisé dans le processus de dimensionnement par optimisation. Il a été préalablement validé via un modèle par éléments finis. Des méthodes d’analyse d’incertitude et de sensibilité sont appliquées afin de quantifier l’influence de certains paramètres thermiques. Enfin, nous appliquons la méthodologie de dimensionnement par optimisation à une architecture série/parallèle, intégrant deux machines électriques. / Road transportation has a huge impact on the environment. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are an interesting alternative, especially for urban uses. However, HEV are complex systems to design because of the strong interaction between the component sizing, the energy management and the driving cycle.V. Reinbold previously developed a sizing methodology for HEV. The components and the energy management are simultaneously optimized to reduce the fuel consumption of the vehicle over a driving cycle. A specific electromagnetic model is used during the optimization process to describe accurately the electrical machine.As a continuation, we introduce firstly the possibility to deal with discrete variables such as the pole number of the electrical machine. Then, we develop a thermal model of the machine considering the convection exchanges around the end-windings. This analytical lumped parameter thermal network is used during the optimization process after being validated thanks to a finite element model. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are used to check the influence of some of the thermal parameters. Finally, the sizing methodology is applied to a series/parallel HEV including two electrical machines.

Ondulações de torque devido à comutação de fases é apontada como a principal desvantagem do método de controle 6 pulsos convencional do motor síncrono de ímã permanente no rotor com força contra-eletromotriz trapezoidal. Para reduzir essas ondulações, diferentes estratégias de controle vetorial dessa máquina são apresentadas na literatura. Nesse trabalho é proposto e analisado o controle vetorial dessa máquina utilizando uma malha de controle de corrente baseada no Finite Control-Set Model-based Predictive Control (FCS-MPC). Como resultado, a estrutura de controle vetorial proposta é capaz de reduzir as ondulações de torque de comutação e também aquelas provenientes de imperfeições da força contraeletromotriz trapezoidal. Esse resultado é atingido sem a alteração da estrutura do conversor, adição de circuito ou alteração na tensão de barramento. Em termos de desempenho dinâmico, são demonstradas a rápida dinâmica de torque sem necessidade de sintonia ou projeto de ganhos de controlador e dinâmica desacoplada das variáveis de controle sem necessidade de cálculo de termos de desacoplamento. Esses resultados apontam vantagens sobre recentes propostas na literatura baseada em controladores lineares. Também é implementado uma estratégia de melhoria de desempenho do FCS-MPC baseado na inclusão do conceito de ciclo de trabalho. Essa abordagem permite reduzir significativamente, em baixa velocidade, a banda de ondulação da corrente de estator e torque da máquina, demonstrando uma melhoria em relação ao FCS-MPC sem ciclo de trabalho. / Torque ripples due to phase commutation are pointed to the main drawback of 120 degree 6 step control of synchronous motor with trapezoidal back electromotive force (back EMF). To reduce these ondulations, different vector control strategies are presented in the literature. This study proposes and analyzes the application of the Finite Control-Set Model-based Predictive Control in the current loop of vector control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor with trapezoidal back EMF. As a result, the control structure reduces the torque ripple comming from phase commutation and back EMF shape imperfections. This result is achieved without changing the converter topology, the DC link voltage or including aditional circuit. Concerning to dynamic response, the proposed control strategy offers fast torque dynamics without gain tunning needed and decoupled dynamic of variable control. Furthermore, it is implemented an improvement approach to FCS-MPC based on duty-cycle concept. This strategy reduces significantly the torque ripple in low speed range, demonstrating an advance over conventional FCS-MPC.