Les travaux de recherche présentésdans cette thèse ont été effectués dans le cadred'une collaboration entre Leroy Somer et lelaboratoire de génie électrique et électronique deParis (GeePs). Ils ont pour objectif lessimulations des phénomènes observés en modetransitoire des machines électriques. Cessimulations sont particulièrement orientées parles nouvelles exigences issues du Grid Code pourles alternateurs connectés au réseau.Principalement, deux types de modèles ont étédéveloppés. Le premier se base sur unereprésentation de l’état magnétique de lamachine où chaque flux est exprimé en fonctiondes courants des différentes bobines. Le secondmodèle regroupe les courants en utilisant descourants magnétisants sur les axes d et q associésà des coefficients de saturation pour chaque fluxet simplifie la représentation magnétique,notamment pour la prise encompte du circuit amortisseur. Avec unemodélisation suffisamment précise ducomportement magnétique non linéaire de lamachine, ils permettent de mieux prédire lescourants et le couple électromagnétique lors desdéfauts tels que les creux de tension. Les travauxeffectués présentés dans ce mémoire ont permis,en partant des descriptions des saturationstrouvées dans une machine, de définir desméthodes pour incorporer la saturation dans lesmodèles de type circuit et finalement d’aboutirau choix du modèle non-linéaire pour unemachine électrique donnée. Grâce à un temps decalcul réduit, ils ont aussi conduit à l'intégrationsous Simulink de modèles de la machine et dusystème d'entrainement pour la réalisationd'études de stabilité et pour créer unenvironnement de mise au point de la commandedu système. / The research presented in this thesiswas carried out in the research and developmentproject between Leroy Somer and the Group ofElectrical Engineering of Paris (GeePs). Theirobjective is to simulate the phenomena observedin the transient states of electrical machines.These simulations are particularly oriented bythe new Grid Code requirements for alternatorsconnected to the power network. Two types ofmodels have been principally developed. Thefirst one is based on a magnetic description ofthe machine where each flux is expressed as afunction of the currents flowing through thedifferent machine windings. The second oneregroups the different winding currents by usingthe magnetizing currents on axes d and qassociated to saturation coefficients for eachflux linkage and simplifies the magneticdescription, especially when taking into accountthe damper windings. With a sufficiently precisemodelling of the non-linear magnetic behaviourof the machine, it is possible to better predict thecurrents and the electromagnetic torque underfault conditions such as voltage drops. The workcarried out in this thesis has made possible,starting from the descriptions of the saturationeffects found in a machine, to define methodsfor incorporating saturation into circuit models.Finally, one can make a choice of the dynamicnon-linear model for a given machine. Thanks toshort computation time, it also led to theSimulink integration of the machine andexcitation system models paving the way forstability and control studies.

No description available.

This thesis applies the concept of a virtual-synchronous-machine- (VSM-) based control to a conventional 250-kW utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) inverter. VSM is a recently-developed control scheme which offers an alternative grid-synchronization method to the conventional grid-tracking control scheme, which is based on the dq phase-locked-loop- (PLL-) oriented vector control. Synchronous machines inherently synchronize to the grid and largely partake in the stabilization of the grid frequency during power system dynamics. The purpose of this thesis is primarily to present the design of a grid-forming control scheme based on the VSM and the derivation of the terminal dq-frame ac impedance of the small-signal model of the inverter and control scheme. This design is also compared to the design of the conventional grid-tracking control structure, both from a loop design and terminal dq-frame ac impedance standpoint. Due to the inherent lax power-balance synchronization, the grid-forming control scheme results in 1 to 2 decades' lower frequency range of negative incremental input impedance in the diagonal elements, which is a favorable condition for stability. Additionally, the stability of the grid-forming control scheme is compared to the conventional grid-tracking control using the generalized Nyquist criterion (GNC) for stability under three modes of operation of active and reactive power injection. It is found that the connection is stable for both control schemes under unity power factor and fixed reactive power modes; however, the grid-forming control is able to inject twice the amount of active power under the voltage regulation mode when compared to the grid-tracking control. / Master of Science / Concerns about the current and future state of the environment has prompted government and non-profit agencies to enact regulatory legislation on fossil fuel emissions. In 2017, electricity generation comprised 28% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions with 68% of this generation being due to coal combustion sources. As a result, utilities have retired a number of coal power plants and have employed alternative means of power generation, specifically renewable energy sources (RES). Most RES operate as variable-frequency ac sources (wind) or dc sources (solar) and are interfaced with the power grid through ac-dc-ac or dc-ac converters, respectively, which are power-electronic devices used to control the injection of power to the grid. Conventional converters synchronize with the grid by tracking the phase of the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) through a phase-locked loop (PLL). While power system dynamics significantly affect the performance of a PLL, and, subsequently, inverters' operation, the initial frequency regulation during grid events is attributed to the system's inherent inertia due to the multitude of synchronous machines (SM). However, with the steady increase of RES penetration, even while retaining the number of SM units, the net inertia in the system will decrease, thus resulting in prolonged responses in frequency regulation to the aforementioned dynamics. This thesis investigates the control of variable-frequency sources as conventional synchronous machines and provides a detailed design procedure of this control structure for photovoltaic (PV) inverter applications. Additionally, the stability of the connection of the inverter to the grid is analyzed using innovative stability analysis techniques which treat the inverter and control as a black box. In this manner, the inner-workings of the inverter need not be known, especially since it is proprietary information of the manufacturer, and the operator can measure the output response of the device to some input signal. In this work, it is found that the connection between the inverter and grid is stable with this new control scheme and comparable to conventional control structures. Additionally, the control based on synchronous machine characteristics shows improved stability for voltage and frequency regulation, which is key to maintaining a stable grid.

A key input parameter to governor feedback control and stability protection of generators is the angle of the induced voltage internal to the generator. Current practice is to estimate this value using measurements from the terminals of the generator and mathematical models. This project aims to develop a system that would directly measure the internal angle of the generator using a rotary encoder on the shaft of the machine. This document describes the theory and experimental setup of this proposed system and outlines the test procedure of experimentation. / Master of Science

<div>The numerical calculation of the electromagnetic fields within electric machines is sensitive to the magnetic characteristic of steel. However, the magnetic characteristic of steel is uncertain due to fluctuations in alloy composition, possible contamination, and other manufacturing process variations including punching. Previous attempts to quantify magnetic uncertainty due to punching are based on parametric analytical models of <i>B-H</i> curves, where the uncertainty is reflected by model parameters. In this work, we set forth a data-driven approach for quantifying the uncertainty due to punching in <i>B-H</i> curves. In addition to the magnetic characteristics of steel lamination, the remanent flux density (<i>B_r</i>) exhibited by the permanent magnets in a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is also uncertain due to unpredictable variations in the manufacturing process. Previous studies consider the impact of uncertainties in <i>B-H</i> curves and <i>B_r</i> of the permanent magnets on the average torque, cogging torque, torque ripple and losses of a PMSM. However, studies pertaining to the impact of these uncertainties on the combined machine/drive system of a PMSM is scarce in the literature. Hence, the objective of this work is to study the effect of <i>B-H</i> and <i>B_r</i> uncertainties on the performance of a PMSM machine/drive system using a validated finite element simulator. </div><div>Our approach is as follows. First, we use principal component analysis to build a reduced-order stochastic model of <i>B-H</i> curves from a synthetic dataset containing <i>B-H</i> curves affected by punching. Second, we model the the uncertainty in <i>B_r</i> and other uncertainties in <i>B-H</i> characteristics e.g., due to unknown state of the material composition and unavailability of accurate data in deep saturation region. Third, to overcome the computational limitations of the finite element simulator, we replace it with surrogate models based on Gaussian process regression. Fourth, we perform propagation studies to assess the effect of <i>B-H</i> and <i>B_r</i> uncertainties on the average torque, torque ripple and the PMSM machine/drive system using the constructed surrogate models.</div>

O presente trabalho trata do cálculo da força contra eletromotriz em carga de uma máquina síncrona com ímãs na superfície do rotor (cuja forma de onda de força contra eletromotriz é não senoidal) sendo esta alimentada por correntes de fase cujas forma de onda são quadradas. Para conduzir esta investigação e calcular a força contra eletromotriz da máquina em estudo, faz-se uma revisão sobre o Método da Permeabilidade Fixa, método este que permite a linearização do ponto de operação da máquina. Dessa forma, as simulações são conduzidas por meio do método dos elementos finitos e do Método da Permeabilidade Fixa, levando-se em conta a forma de onda da corrente de alimentação. Atenção especial é dada ao modo que se analisa o fluxo concatenado e a forma de obtenção da força contra eletromotriz uma vez que as formas de onda do fluxo concatenado sofrem variações abruptas a cada 60º elétricos. Além destes parâmetros, analisa-se também cada uma das parcelas do torque eletromagnético, i.e., torque mútuo, torque de relutância e torque de borda, sendo realizado ao final do trabalho, uma comparação entre a soma da estimativa de cada parâmetro com o valor do torque eletromagnético obtido por meio de uma simulação não linear. / This work deals with the assessment of a surface mounted magnet synchronous machine\'s parameters (whose back-EMF is approximately trapezoidal) and that is fed by an ideal square current waveform. In order to investigate and describe each machine\'s parameter, a review on Frozen Permeability Method is presented. Some simulation by means of finite element method with the aid of Frozen Permeability Method are carried out taking into account that the machine is fed by an ideal square current waveform. The results for flux-linkage wave-form and back-EMF waveform are shown and analyzed. A special attention is given to back-EMF calculation since the linkage flux of each phase has an abrupt change every sixty electrical degrees due to the phase commutation. In addition, an attention is given to each torque component on load condition, i.e., mutual torque, reluctance torque, cogging torque and a comparison between the electromagnetic torque and the summation of these components.

Dans le cadre de la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet de serre, et devant l'augmentation incessante du prix de l'énergie, la course à l'amélioration des performances énergétiques touche tous les secteurs : industriel, tertiaire ou même celui des particuliers. La consommation de l'énergie électrique est due en grande partie aux moteurs électriques, et particulièrement les machines asynchrones, utilisées dans diverses applications telles que le pompage, la ventilation ou la compression. Ces machines sont caractérisées par des rendements relativement faibles et leur remplacement par des machines plus performantes permettrait un gain d'énergie non négligeable. Les machines à aimants permanent ayant pouvoir de démarrage autonome sont de bonnes candidates pour répondre à ce besoin. Elles ont de très bons rendements et les artifices supplémentaires permettant le démarreur automne suppriment la nécessité d'utiliser des convertisseurs statiques comme dans le cas des machines à aimants classiques. Des contraintes spécifiques se posent cependant pour l'utilisation et le dimensionnement de ces machines : en effet, le courant de démarrage ne doit pas être trop important à cause du risque de démagnétiser les aimants et le couple de démarrage doit être suffisamment grand pour assurer un démarrage en charge. Par ailleurs les rendement et facteurs de puissance en pleine charge doivent être assez nettement supérieurs à ceux des machines asynchrones pour les rendre plus compétitives. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois structures de rotor permettant de répondre à un cahier des charges donné. Ces trois structures utilisent des aimants en surface, insérés dans un rotor massif ou dans un rotor à cage. Elles ont leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients, que nous avons mis en évidence par une étude comparative assez détaillée. Cette étude comparative n'a pu être mise en oeuvre sans l'établissement de modèles en régime statique ou dynamique de ces machines ou encore de méthodologie de conception. Un prototype à échelle réduite a été dimensionné, réalisé et testé au laboratoire ; il confirme les principes de base de ce type de machines / In the context of reducing emissions of greenhouse effect, and of energy cost, the competition to improve the performances of the equipments affects all the domains. The consumption of electricity is mostly due to the electric motors, and particularly induction machines, used in various devices such as pumps, fans or compressors. These machines are characterized by relatively low efficiencies, and their replacement by more efficient machines should lead to a significant power saving. The Line-Start Permanent Magnet motors are good candidates to achieve this purpose. They have higher efficiencies and the additional devices for self-start eliminates the need of static converters, as it is normally required for conventional permanent magnet motors. Specific constraints arise for the use and the design of these machines: the starting current should not be so high to avoid the risk of the demagnetization of magnets and the starting torque must be large enough to ensure the start under load. Moreover, the efficiency and power factor at full load must be sufficiently higher than those of asynchronous machines in order to make them more competitive. In this thesis, we study three rotor structures to meet a given specification. These three structures use magnets inserted on the surface, embedded in a solid rotor or a cage rotor. They have their advantages and drawbacks that we have shown by a comparative study in some detail. This comparative study could not be implemented without the development of models in both static and dynamic conditions of these machines and a specific design methodology. A small scale of prototype has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory; it confirms the basic principles of such machines

A conexão de geradores distribuídos nas redes de subtransmissão e de distribuição de energia elétrica se mostra cada vez mais crescente devido aos inúmeros benefícios técnicos e econômicos alcançados com essa tecnologia. No entanto, há importantes implicações técnicas que precisam ser analisadas antes que um gerador distribuído seja conectado em paralelo ao sistema elétrico. Um aspecto a ser analisado, e que é comum entre as concessionárias de energia elétrica é a adequação da proteção anti-ilhamento, a qual tem a função de detectar essa condição e, automaticamente, desconectar os geradores distribuídos, dentro de um tempo pré-determinado, e assim mantê-los até que o fornecimento de energia seja restabelecido. Neste contexto, este trabalho analisará o desempenho dos relés de proteção anti-ilhamento em face de diferentes tipos de cargas que acabam afetando o tempo de detecção do ilhamento. Com isso, pretende-se obter subsídios para que os ajustes desses relés sejam calculados de forma eficiente. Os relés estudados são o relé de sub/sobrefrequência e o relé de taxa de variação da frequência, e o gerador distribuído é do tipo síncrono equipado com controle de tensão. As análises mostraram que no instante em que ocorre um ilhamento os fatores que mais influenciam no desempenho dos relés de proteção anti-ilhamento são as condições de carga e geração, tempo de detecção estabelecido, tipo do relé adotado, ajuste do mesmo e modelo de carga utilizado. / The connection of distributed generators to power subtransmission and distribution networks has been increasing recently due to the technical and economic benefits that such technology can provide. However, there are important technical issues that need to be carefully analyzed before a distributed generator is connected to electrical systems. One issue to be analyzed, which is common sense among utility companies, is the anti-islanding protection, whose main goal is to detect unintentional islanding and, automatically, disconnect the distributed generators within a required time-interval. In this context, this work will analyze the performance of anti-islanding protection relays in face of different load types. With this study, one intend to get support for adjusting these relays efficiently. The relays studied in this work are the under/over frequency and the rate of change of frequency relays, and the distributed generator is a synchronous machine equipped with an automatic voltage regulator. The analyzes showed that the moment a islanding occurs the most important factors influencing the performance of relays anti-islanding protection are the conditions of load and generation, detection time set, type and relay setting adopted and load model.

Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse abordent les aspects de la conception optimale des machines électriques appliquées à la traction automobile.Cette thèse traite tout d’abord des contraintes imposées par le cahier des charges de l’application automobile électrique/hybride. Une méthode de classification ayant pour but de réduire le nombre d’évaluations des points de fonctionnement y est décrite. Ensuite, un prédimensionnement optimal de la machine est présenté. Le design de la machine est alors construit pour respecter la solution obtenue par le prédimensionnement.Dans la suite, une modélisation électromagnétique analytique précise et rapide de la machine est mise au point pour évaluer ses performances. Enfin, le modèle analytique précédemment conçu est couplé à une routine d’optimisation. Deux solutions optimales de machines synchrones à aimants permanents (MSAP) dédiées à l’application automobile seront finalement mises en exergue. / The work presented in this thesis aims at the modelling and optimisation of electrical machine for an automotive application.The first part shows the constraints required to electric/hybrid automotive specifications. A clustering method which allows to reduce evaluations number of the operating points is described. Next, an optimal pre-sizing of the machine is presented and designed in order to respect this optimal pre-sizing.In what follows an accurate and fast analytical electromagnetic modelling of the machine is performed. Well, the analytical modelling developed is related to a genetic algorithm. Two solutions of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) designed to automotive application are finally showed and analysed.

A conexão de geradores distribuídos nas redes de subtransmissão e de distribuição de energia elétrica se mostra cada vez mais crescente devido aos inúmeros benefícios técnicos e econômicos alcançados com essa tecnologia. No entanto, há importantes implicações técnicas que precisam ser analisadas antes que um gerador distribuído seja conectado em paralelo ao sistema elétrico. Um aspecto a ser analisado, e que é comum entre as concessionárias de energia elétrica é a adequação da proteção anti-ilhamento, a qual tem a função de detectar essa condição e, automaticamente, desconectar os geradores distribuídos, dentro de um tempo pré-determinado, e assim mantê-los até que o fornecimento de energia seja restabelecido. Neste contexto, este trabalho analisará o desempenho dos relés de proteção anti-ilhamento em face de diferentes tipos de cargas que acabam afetando o tempo de detecção do ilhamento. Com isso, pretende-se obter subsídios para que os ajustes desses relés sejam calculados de forma eficiente. Os relés estudados são o relé de sub/sobrefrequência e o relé de taxa de variação da frequência, e o gerador distribuído é do tipo síncrono equipado com controle de tensão. As análises mostraram que no instante em que ocorre um ilhamento os fatores que mais influenciam no desempenho dos relés de proteção anti-ilhamento são as condições de carga e geração, tempo de detecção estabelecido, tipo do relé adotado, ajuste do mesmo e modelo de carga utilizado. / The connection of distributed generators to power subtransmission and distribution networks has been increasing recently due to the technical and economic benefits that such technology can provide. However, there are important technical issues that need to be carefully analyzed before a distributed generator is connected to electrical systems. One issue to be analyzed, which is common sense among utility companies, is the anti-islanding protection, whose main goal is to detect unintentional islanding and, automatically, disconnect the distributed generators within a required time-interval. In this context, this work will analyze the performance of anti-islanding protection relays in face of different load types. With this study, one intend to get support for adjusting these relays efficiently. The relays studied in this work are the under/over frequency and the rate of change of frequency relays, and the distributed generator is a synchronous machine equipped with an automatic voltage regulator. The analyzes showed that the moment a islanding occurs the most important factors influencing the performance of relays anti-islanding protection are the conditions of load and generation, detection time set, type and relay setting adopted and load model.