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This thesis analyzes the offensiveness of Afrikaans taboo words gathered from an online survey and cross-compares it to grammatical constructions and functionality as displayed in an Afrikaans corpus. Culturally speaking, Afrikaans has a rich history of taboo terminology, especially in the racial category. The historical importance of taboo terms aids in understanding the evolution of the offensiveness of terms, especially as influenced by factors such as politics, attitude shifts, younger generations, etc. Results from the online survey focused primarily on the White Afrikaans-speaking population, as minimal responses were gathered from other ethnic groups. Additional findings from the survey indicated that various social factors (i.e., gender, Afrikaans, age, occupation, etc.) did not determine what was considered most offensive in both overall and categorical rankings. However, significant findings displayed that context (i.e., church, familiarity, school, university, and work) and where taboo terms were learned determined when taboo terms were most offensive. The level of offensiveness was affected by factors such as country, learning Afrikaans in school, and in the situation of 'offensiveness to you'. Results from the Afrikaans corpus indicated that the frequency of taboo terminology is affected by the terms' offensiveness, grammar constructions and functionality. This study also indicates that the genericness of taboo terms plays a role in determining the functionality and type of grammar constructions a term may have. Further research is needed to examine if genericness remains consistent within other languages and with other Afrikaans taboo terms not examined in this study.

Thesis (M. A. (Tshivenda)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The mini-dissertation shows that language and culture go hand in hand. For instance, in Tshivenḓa taboos are largely reflected through language. This study highlights social taboos that exist in Tshivenḓa and how they impact on Tshivenḓa as a language. If someone does not understand the language that is used to express taboos, he or she is likely to violate these taboos. The study deals with social taboos pertaining to marriage, death, birth, relations between relatives and strangers and so on. Nowadays these taboos are becoming unfamiliar and as such this negatively impacts on the use of Tshivenḓa as well as relations among people.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-149).

This thesis is placed between the fields of research concerning school and food and food and religion, and aims to document and analyze how different foodways enables or impedes in a multireligious and multicultural school. Three questions were determined concerning the foodscapes environment, school education and pupils’ choice. The study is conducted through a field research with both structured- and participant observations. The field work took place in foodscapes at Frödingskolan in the multicultural district Kronoparken, Karlstad. The data consist of field notes, photographs, data sources, different policy documents, meal plans and applications of special diets. Document analyzes has been conducted on the meal plans and the special diets applications. A demographic analysis of Kronoparken has also been made to contextualize Frödingskolan. The empirical material is analyzed based on theoretical perspectives about food and religion: foodscape, foodways, quasi-religious foodways, taboo foodways, immigration and multiculturalism in a secular society and migration and foodways. The most prominent result of the thesis is that most religious and quasi-religious foodways enables while a few foodways impedes because of taboo for some food at Frödingskolan. However, the school rarely provides meals that correspond with the pupils’ cultural foodways.

Cette thèse ne traite pas de l'Islam, mais uniquement d'une partie de celui-ci, la frange extrême. Il y a dans ce travail une progression, la vision radicale de l'islam engendre d'abord des victimes, une partie des croyants sont sous une emprise que l'on peut qualifier de sectaire. Ce terme tabou pendant longtemps n'a jamais été associé à l'islam avant le rapport parlementaire sur le port de la burqa. Pourtant, par un raisonnement par analogie, des branches de l'islam fonctionnent comme les sectes dénoncés dans de nombreux rapports parlementaires.Lorsque l'adepte cherche à appliquer les préceptes les plus rigoristes de l'islam, il se trouve parfois en conflit avec les valeurs et le droit français, dont l'origine et les fondements actuels sont totalement différents. Il y aura alors une mutation. L'adepte victime d'une forme sectaire de l'islam va se retrouver auteur de faits pénalement répréhensible, cette situation pouvant l'amener jusqu'à tomber dans l'activisme. Cette frange est numériquement dérisoire, mais elle s'appuie sur un système financier pour fonctionner plus large et difficilement cernable. L'image du rhizome peut s'appliquer à ce financement. En effet, comme ce végétal, le financement de l'activisme puise à plusieurs sources et alimente plusieurs tiges. L'activisme islamiste en France est passé d'un phénomène relativement ancien et importé de l'étranger à une crainte permanente avec des acteurs pouvant être français / This thesis does not deal with Islam, but only a fraction of it, it's extreme fringe. As this work progresses, it highlights that radical Islamism firstly creates victims, and places a part of the believers under an influence that can be defined as sectarian. This term remained taboo for a long time and has never been associated with Islam before the parliamentary report on the wearing of the burqa. Yet, arguing by analogy, one can see that branches of Islam do function just like sects denounced in several parliamentary reports.When a follower tries to apply the most rigorous precepts of Islam, he may enter a conflict with French values and law, who's origin and actual foundations are entirely different. Their takes place a mutation. A follower being the victim of a sectarian form of Islam gets to become the perpetrator of criminal offenses, this situation may further lead him up to fall into activism. This fringe is numerically absurdly low, but is backed in it's functioning by a financial system that is larger and hard to figure out. The rhizome may give a close picture of this financing. As this plant, the financing of activism has several sources and feeds several stems. Islamic activism in France, formerly a relatively ancient phenomenon imported from abroad, is now a permanent fear and could involve French actors

O suicídio é um fenômeno complexo que constitui um grave problema de saúde pública, mobilizando estudos e programas de prevenção pelo mundo. O tabu impede que o suicídio seja tratado abertamente pela sociedade, ocasionando consequências negativas. O aumento da consciência é uma das maneiras de diminuí-lo. Partindo de grupos focais com sobreviventes enlutados pelo suicídio, objetivou-se compreender como o tabu, o estigma, a comunicação sobre o suicídio e a conscientização podem colaborar ou prejudicar a prevenção e a posvenção; com base nesses aspectos propomos procedimentos que possam aumentar a consciência sobre o assunto. Essa pesquisa, a partir da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD), apresenta reflexões e sugestões de atuação para a ampliação da consciência da problemática do suicídio. Por meio da análise dos dados, três grandes temas foram encontrados: a compreensão (condição), a conscientização (interação) e a ação (consequência) que integram a ideia central de que o suicídio deve ser um problema de todos. O aumento da consciência pode gerar aumento da demanda por atendimento qualificado, sendo que é tarefa essencial encontrar locais acessíveis e habilitados para atender pessoas com ideação, tentativa de suicídio e familiares enlutados. Aumentar a consciência pública não é só prevenir suicídio, mas também promover mudança de atitude; para muitos, o suicídio continua sendo ficção até acontecer. Campanhas constituem uma das várias formas de atuação, mas devem ter objetivos claros. O aumento da conscientização (awareness) juntamente com o desenvolvimento da competência (suicide literacy) e a promoção do diálogo compõem os pilares necessários para a tríade da mudança, que deve ser multifatorial, multissetorial e multidisciplinar. Foram apresentadas propostas envolvendo os 6Cs: Conscientização; Campanhas; Capacitação; Competência; Conversa e Conexão e as sugestões de intervenção foram separadas em: a) Conteúdo; b) Veículos para comunicação; c) Como; d) Quando; e) Por quem; f) Para quem; g) Provedores ou interessados; h) Desafios; i) Facilitadores; j) Outras ações. Essas propostas devem ser culturalmente adaptadas, planejadas e integradas com um plano abrangente de prevenção, sendo avaliadas por indicadores, além das taxas de mortalidade. Os colaboradores evidenciaram que ainda há muito tabu relacionado ao assunto, o que pode tornar-se um impeditivo para o cuidado e um multiplicador de estigmas e de preconceito, que estão em concordância com pesquisas internacionais sobre o tema. Além das propostas supracitadas, também sugerimos a utilização das caixas de medicamento como veículo para o aumento de consciência, o desenvolvimento dos grupos de apoio, o empoderamento das pessoas com a experiência vivida (lived experience), a criação de uma Associação Brasileira de Sobreviventes do Suicídio e de uma revista especializada no tema. Identificamos que aumentar a comunicação responsável, que faça sentido para as pessoas, tem importância fundamental para a sociedade e para aqueles que foram tocados por essa tragédia. No momento que a sociedade compreender e engajar-se em mudar esse fenômeno, novas estratégias de prevenção e de posvenção podem ser desenvolvidas / Suicide is a complex phenomenon that constitutes a serious public health problem, mobilizing studies and prevention programs around the world. The taboo prevents suicide from being openly treated by society, leading to negative consequences. Raising awareness is one way to reduce it. Starting from focus groups with suicide-bereaved survivors, the aim was to understand how taboo, stigma, suicide communication and awareness can collaborate or impair prevention and postvention; based on these aspects we propose procedures that can increase awareness on the subject. This research, based on the Grounded Theory (GT), presents reflections and suggestions for action to broaden the awareness of the problematic of suicide. Through the analysis of the data, three main themes were found: understanding (condition), awareness (interaction) and action (consequence) that integrate the central idea that suicide is everyone business. Increased awareness can generate increased demand for qualified care, and it is essential to find accessible and qualified places to assist people with ideation, suicide attempt and suicide loss survivors. Increasing public awareness is not only preventing suicide, but also promoting attitude change; for many, suicide remains fiction until it happens. Campaigns are one of several forms of action, but they must have clear objectives. Increasing awareness along with the development of the suicide literacy and the promotion of dialogue constitute the necessary pillars for the \"triad of change\", which must be multifactorial, multisectoral and multidisciplinary. Proposals were presented involving the 6Cs: Consciousness; Campaigns; Coaching; Competency; Conversation and Connectedness and the intervention suggestions were separated into: a) Content; b) Vehicles for communication; c) How; d) When; e) By whom; f) For whom; g) Providers or interested parties; h) Challenges; i) Facilitators; j) Other actions. These proposals should be culturally adapted, planned and integrated with a comprehensive prevention plan and evaluated by indicators, in addition to mortality rates. The collaborators showed that there is still a lot of taboo related to the subject, which can become an impediment to care and a multiplier of stigmas and prejudice, which are in agreement with international researches on the subject. In addition to the aforementioned proposals, we also suggest the use of medicine boxes as a vehicle for raising awareness, developing support groups, empowering people with lived experience, creating a Brazilian Suicide Survivors Association and a specialized journal in the subject. We have identified that increasing responsible communication, which makes sense to people, is of fundamental importance to society and to those who have been touched by this tragedy. The moment society understands and engages in changing this phenomenon, new strategies of prevention and of postvention can be developed

O suicídio é um fenômeno complexo que constitui um grave problema de saúde pública, mobilizando estudos e programas de prevenção pelo mundo. O tabu impede que o suicídio seja tratado abertamente pela sociedade, ocasionando consequências negativas. O aumento da consciência é uma das maneiras de diminuí-lo. Partindo de grupos focais com sobreviventes enlutados pelo suicídio, objetivou-se compreender como o tabu, o estigma, a comunicação sobre o suicídio e a conscientização podem colaborar ou prejudicar a prevenção e a posvenção; com base nesses aspectos propomos procedimentos que possam aumentar a consciência sobre o assunto. Essa pesquisa, a partir da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD), apresenta reflexões e sugestões de atuação para a ampliação da consciência da problemática do suicídio. Por meio da análise dos dados, três grandes temas foram encontrados: a compreensão (condição), a conscientização (interação) e a ação (consequência) que integram a ideia central de que o suicídio deve ser um problema de todos. O aumento da consciência pode gerar aumento da demanda por atendimento qualificado, sendo que é tarefa essencial encontrar locais acessíveis e habilitados para atender pessoas com ideação, tentativa de suicídio e familiares enlutados. Aumentar a consciência pública não é só prevenir suicídio, mas também promover mudança de atitude; para muitos, o suicídio continua sendo ficção até acontecer. Campanhas constituem uma das várias formas de atuação, mas devem ter objetivos claros. O aumento da conscientização (awareness) juntamente com o desenvolvimento da competência (suicide literacy) e a promoção do diálogo compõem os pilares necessários para a tríade da mudança, que deve ser multifatorial, multissetorial e multidisciplinar. Foram apresentadas propostas envolvendo os 6Cs: Conscientização; Campanhas; Capacitação; Competência; Conversa e Conexão e as sugestões de intervenção foram separadas em: a) Conteúdo; b) Veículos para comunicação; c) Como; d) Quando; e) Por quem; f) Para quem; g) Provedores ou interessados; h) Desafios; i) Facilitadores; j) Outras ações. Essas propostas devem ser culturalmente adaptadas, planejadas e integradas com um plano abrangente de prevenção, sendo avaliadas por indicadores, além das taxas de mortalidade. Os colaboradores evidenciaram que ainda há muito tabu relacionado ao assunto, o que pode tornar-se um impeditivo para o cuidado e um multiplicador de estigmas e de preconceito, que estão em concordância com pesquisas internacionais sobre o tema. Além das propostas supracitadas, também sugerimos a utilização das caixas de medicamento como veículo para o aumento de consciência, o desenvolvimento dos grupos de apoio, o empoderamento das pessoas com a experiência vivida (lived experience), a criação de uma Associação Brasileira de Sobreviventes do Suicídio e de uma revista especializada no tema. Identificamos que aumentar a comunicação responsável, que faça sentido para as pessoas, tem importância fundamental para a sociedade e para aqueles que foram tocados por essa tragédia. No momento que a sociedade compreender e engajar-se em mudar esse fenômeno, novas estratégias de prevenção e de posvenção podem ser desenvolvidas / Suicide is a complex phenomenon that constitutes a serious public health problem, mobilizing studies and prevention programs around the world. The taboo prevents suicide from being openly treated by society, leading to negative consequences. Raising awareness is one way to reduce it. Starting from focus groups with suicide-bereaved survivors, the aim was to understand how taboo, stigma, suicide communication and awareness can collaborate or impair prevention and postvention; based on these aspects we propose procedures that can increase awareness on the subject. This research, based on the Grounded Theory (GT), presents reflections and suggestions for action to broaden the awareness of the problematic of suicide. Through the analysis of the data, three main themes were found: understanding (condition), awareness (interaction) and action (consequence) that integrate the central idea that suicide is everyone business. Increased awareness can generate increased demand for qualified care, and it is essential to find accessible and qualified places to assist people with ideation, suicide attempt and suicide loss survivors. Increasing public awareness is not only preventing suicide, but also promoting attitude change; for many, suicide remains fiction until it happens. Campaigns are one of several forms of action, but they must have clear objectives. Increasing awareness along with the development of the suicide literacy and the promotion of dialogue constitute the necessary pillars for the \"triad of change\", which must be multifactorial, multisectoral and multidisciplinary. Proposals were presented involving the 6Cs: Consciousness; Campaigns; Coaching; Competency; Conversation and Connectedness and the intervention suggestions were separated into: a) Content; b) Vehicles for communication; c) How; d) When; e) By whom; f) For whom; g) Providers or interested parties; h) Challenges; i) Facilitators; j) Other actions. These proposals should be culturally adapted, planned and integrated with a comprehensive prevention plan and evaluated by indicators, in addition to mortality rates. The collaborators showed that there is still a lot of taboo related to the subject, which can become an impediment to care and a multiplier of stigmas and prejudice, which are in agreement with international researches on the subject. In addition to the aforementioned proposals, we also suggest the use of medicine boxes as a vehicle for raising awareness, developing support groups, empowering people with lived experience, creating a Brazilian Suicide Survivors Association and a specialized journal in the subject. We have identified that increasing responsible communication, which makes sense to people, is of fundamental importance to society and to those who have been touched by this tragedy. The moment society understands and engages in changing this phenomenon, new strategies of prevention and of postvention can be developed

Thesis (Ph.D. (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2000 / Refer to document