Territorial behaviour is exhibited in cooperative breeders. The quality of defended territories can vary, and high-quality sites, which enhance fitness, should be used preferentially over poorer-quality sites. This study was intended to address issues of territory quality within the plural breeding, joint-nesting, smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani). I tested the communal joint-nesting threshold hypothesis, which posits that independent pairs will pay the price of group living if compensated by acquiring a superior territory. My results quantified differences in territory quality in terms of time of first breeding and chances for re-nesting or second-brooding. Per capita territory quality correlated negatively with group size, in conflict with the communal joint-nesting threshold hypothesis. Another hypothesis to explain communal behaviour is the habitat saturation hypothesis. This postulates that offspring remain in their natal territory and delay reproduction because of a local absence of suitable breeding habitat. I tested the habitat saturation hypothesis, which was developed to explain the evolution of group living in cooperatively breeding birds. I compared occupied ani territories with vacant sites, using eight ecological variables that may be important to the fitness of a group. In addition, I compared occupied territories with sites that were occasionally occupied. I did not find the habitat of our population of smooth-billed anis to be saturated. Some sites were never occupied because there are territory characteristics that presumably limit breeding. In contrast with expectations of habitat saturation, there were suitable sites available for breeding that were not in use. Results from both hypotheses presented suggest that there are not obvious group-living benefits and that one must consider other explanations for the evolution and maintenance of this system. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

The objective of this paper is to increase our ability to understand the systems of innovation approach as a flexible and useful conceptual framework for innovation analysis. It presents an effort to develop some missing links and to decrease the conceptual noise often present in the discussions on national innovation systems. The paper specifies elements and relations that seem to be essential to the conceptual core of the framework and argues that there is no a priori reason to emphasise the national over the subnational [regional] scale as an appropriate mode for analysis, irrespective of time and place. Localised input-output relations between the actors of the system, knowledge spillovers and their untraded interdependencies lie at the centre of the arguments. The paper is organised as follows. It introduces the reader, first, to some basic elements and concepts that are central to understanding the approach. The characteristics of the innovation process are examined: its nature, sources and some of the factors shaping its development. Particular emphasis is laid on the role of knowledge creation and dissemination based on the fundamental distinction between codified and tacit forms. These concepts recur throughout the paper and particularly in discussions on the nature and specifications of the systems approach. The paper concludes by summarising some of the major findings of the discussion and pointing to some directions for future research activities. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

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The objective of this paper is to increase our ability to understand the systems of innovation approach as a flexible and useful conceptual framework for innovation analysis. It presents an effort to develop some missing links and to decrease the conceptual noise often present in the discussions on national innovation systems. The paper specifies elements and relations that seem to be essential to the conceptual core of the framework and argues that there is no a priori reason to emphasise the national over the subnational [regional] scale as an appropriate mode for analysis, irrespective of time and place. Localised input-output relations between the actors of the system, knowledge spillovers and their untraded interdependencies lie at the centre of the arguments. The paper is organised as follows. It introduces the reader, first, to some basic elements and concepts that are central to understanding the approach. The characteristics of the innovation process are examined: its nature, sources and some of the factors shaping its development. Particular emphasis is laid on the role of knowledge creation and dissemination based on the fundamental distinction between codified and tacit forms. These concepts recur throughout the paper and particularly in discussions on the nature and specifications of the systems approach. The paper concludes by summarising some of the major findings of the discussion and pointing to some directions for future research activities. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

In Saudi Arabia two massive and costly coastal land reclamations and developments were undertaken in the 1980s to define the borders of the expansion of two main coastal cities towards the sea. The first was started in the city of Jeddah on the Red Sea, and the second was started in the Dammam metropolitan area on the Arabian Gulf, to the west and the east of Saudi Arabia respectively. Two coastal roads were constructed on the shoreline of these two cities. ... Taking the case of the recreational sea front of the city of Dammam, and set against the background of the nature and history of recreational activity in Saudi Arabia, this study investigates the part played by the socio-cultural background of the local users of the sea front, and its effect on their picnicking behaviour there, in order to assist in providing appropriate information for landscape architects and other decision makers involved in the planning and design of outdoor leisure facilities in Saudi Arabia. ... The development of suitable recreational sea fronts, then, depends not only on the technical expertise of landscape architects, but also on a proper understanding of the role played by socio-cultural factors in the requirements of the users. Steps should be taken, both in the training of landscape architects and in the monitoring of plans for leisure areas, which will enable them to develop facilities which will be appropriate to the needs, aspirations, and values of their primary users, the local people. The potential for further study in this area exists. A quantitative approach could help establish more exact data about the preferences of local users of recreational facilities, and thus more precise criteria for their design. This would also help in site management. And the possibility exists for research into the impact of sea front developments on natural resources and ecology

Thesis (S.T.D.)--Catholic University of America, 1944. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-171).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-05-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paulino_et_dr_prud.pdf: 2942220 bytes, checksum: 10b23b7e36eae911092042fbcbca040e (MD5) / As profundas transformações atreladas à expansão das relações capitalistas para o campo têm provocado, desde o século XIX, diversas interpretações acerca do papel e do destino da classe camponesa. Nesse contexto, alguns pressupostos ganharam força, sobretudo aquele que vislumbrava o seu desaparecimento, enquanto classe. Entretanto, em se admitindo que o modo capitalista de produção é essencialmente contraditório, constata-se que seu desenvolvimento não tem provocado o desaparecimento do campesinato, mas sua recriação. É sobre essa questão que trata este trabalho, cujo recorte geográfico é o Norte Novo do Paraná, uma das áreas de maior índice de tecnificação e produtividade agrícola do país. Dessa maneira, as evidências do processo de recriação camponesa estão apresentadas a partir da análise que obedece ao seguinte encadeamento. A reflexão teórico-conceitual sobre o campesinato dentro das ciências humanas, no geral, e na geografia agrária brasileira, em particular, é apresentada no primeiro capítulo. No segundo capítulo, nosso esforço analítico recai sobre as possibilidades históricas de recriação da classe camponesa ao longo do processo de construção do território, sendo consideradas três dimensões: a nacional, a estadual e, por fim, o norte-paranaense. No terceiro capítulo, buscamos compreender tais possibilidades com base nos registros estatísticos disponíveis para a área de pesquisa a partir de 1950; para tanto, recorremos aos dados dos Censos Agrícolas e Agropecuários publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). No quarto capítulo, nos debruçamos nas evidências de que o processo de territorialização camponesa é uma expressão do desenvolvimento contraditório do capitalismo, o qual se manifesta na monopolização do território pelo capital... / Several Changes leashed to the expansion of the capitalism in the field have nettled, since the XIX century, lost of interpretations about the peasant destiny. In this context some presupposed got strength, over all of that discerned indistinctly its disappearance as long as working class. However, in if admitting the way of capitalism production is essentially contradictory, it’s proved its development have not been nettled the disappearance of the peasant, but your recreation. This piece of work is about a place in the New North of Paraná one of the great index of technicist and productive of Brasil. In this way, the evidences of the peasant recreation process in this part of land are presented from the analysis that obeys to the next linkage. On the second chapter, our analytical effort fall again above the historical possibilities of recreation of the peasant class along the land construction, being considered three dimensions: national, state and at last the North Paranaense. On the third chapter, we look for comprehend the possibilities from the statistical registers ready for use on the search since 1950; in this manner we go through again on the basis of the agricultural census published by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). On the fourth chapter we bendon the evidences that the process of peasant territorialization it’s the expression of contradictory development of the capitalism, which manifest on the monopolization of the territory for the capital. This monopolization is verified in practice of integration among peasant units and industries, in eminence to aviculture and silkworm culture. The other form of eminence integration is the experimented by the cooperative system with fruit growing, specify the citriculture and the viticulture. The other forms of income of land appropriation is through the peasant’s production are pointed... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Cette thèse analyse la relation entre la politique de santé “différenciée”, le territoire et l’Indianité, en s’appuyant sur les références conceptuelles de la sociologie de l’action publique locale, à partir de l’étude de la Terre indigène du Haut Rio Guama (TIARG) au Nord-Est de l’Etat du Para, un territoire revendiqué par ses habitants, le peuple Tembé-Tenetehar et, en particulier, les communautés de Guama et de Gurupi. Le processus principal sur lequel s’appuie cette recherche concerne l’appropriation du discours public sur la politique de santé “différenciée” par les leaders Tembés, en particulier la manière dont ils réussissent à l’utiliser comme ressource politique dans la conduite d’actions pour la défense de leur identité associée à la défense de leur territoire. Ce territoire ”hibride” se presente comme animé et construit à partir de références symboliques, cosmologiques, propres à une culture singulière qui contribuent à la production d’une action publique locale et d’un système d’acteurs ; une action locale qui se concrétise dans un domaine de compétences qui concerne un des secteurs du servisse public, celui de la santé.Partagées entre les droits sociaux particuliers du fait de leur Indianité et les droits sociaux universels, les deux communautés s’efforcent d’amplifier leurs ressources et de développer de nouvelles stratégies de manière à intégrer dans le territoire de leurs traditions les exigences de l’Etat brésilien et celles des organismes internationaux. De telles stratégies qui ne remettent pas en cause la permanence de leurs rituels sont les moyens que se donnent les Tembés pour défendre les intérêts de leur territoire contre les exploitants de la forêt, les grands propriétaires terriens et les agriculteurs de la reforme agraire (agriculture familiale). Cela permet aux Tembés, tant de Guama que de Gurupi, de dynamiser et de réinventer une culture fortement imprégnée d’une dimension politique qui se manifeste dans des actions locales et, en même temps, de défendre leur Indianité et leur territoire.Une analyse comparative entre les deux communautés permet d’observer des différences qui se manifestent en termes d’apprentissage et de transmission des connaissances et qui montrent en particulier que les Tembés de Gurupi adoptent des stratégies et des discours de résistance et de défense plus fermés. Les Tembés de Guama, moins affectés par les iniciatives liées à l’exploitation de la forêt et par l’action des grands propriétaires de la terre, se mobilisent davantage pour défendre un “nouveau” territoire, typiquement émergent, qui conserve cependant des correspondances avec les anciennes limites de leur territoire, en s’efforçant de réactualiser leur mémoire collective qui se nourrit des références de leurs traditions, des traditions que partagent les Tembés de Gurupi. / This study analyzes the relationship between « differentiated health », territory and Indianness , using conceptual frameworks from the sociology of local public action in the Indian Land High River Guama ( TIARG ) , northeastern Pará , territory claimed by its inhabitants , the people Tembe - Tenetehar Villages Guamá and Gurupi . The central process observed relates to appropriation of the discourse of differentiated health Tembé by leaders who spend using it as a political resource in the defense of an action associated with the defense of its territory identity. A hybrid territory is then constructed and experienced in specific symbolic, cosmological references a unique culture that integrates in a local public people whose action points system performance in a comprehensive spheres of competence from the perspective of public service, in this case the health. Between specific social rights and universal social rights, the two villages, seek to expand their resources and develop new strategies for integrating traditional territory requirements which achieves global levels. Such strategies, especially the reissue of traditional rituals are ways that give the Tembé to continue to address other interests in their territory - the loggers, ranchers and settlers. This has allowed Tembe, both Guamá as the Gurupi, streamline, reinvent culture printing an eminently political character of its shares at the same time defend the territory and Indianness. Comparing the two groups of villages are observed differentiations, learning and transmitting knowledge to demonstrate the Tembé Gurupi to set in motion strategies and discourses of resistance and defense of the most closed country. The group Guamá, most affected by the initiatives linked to logging and farms, advocate a new territory, typically emerging that keep in itself however, correspondence with the limits of the territory, updated in collective memory, in which the references are not exactly the same.

Submitted by Renan Andreosi Salles De Oliveira null (renan.andreosi@gmail.com) on 2018-02-09T15:21:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_RenanAndreosiSallesDeOliveira_PPGG.pdf: 2235620 bytes, checksum: 1f07349053baf0137eebac328418fc07 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-02-09T17:07:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ras_me_rcla.pdf: 2226413 bytes, checksum: db962b74f355d56133ac236dfbe2073b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T17:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ras_me_rcla.pdf: 2226413 bytes, checksum: db962b74f355d56133ac236dfbe2073b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo identificar e refletir sobre as estratégias socioculturais que permitiram aos índios Xavante, depois de séculos de espoliação cultural e territorial, o desenvolvimento de diferentes mecanismos adaptativos que garantiram sua reprodução. A tentativa aqui é de mostrar que essas estratégias e mecanismos socioculturais foram decisivos não só na manutenção de parte de seu território, mas também na manutenção de sua coesão social e relativa autonomia cultural. Outrossim, pretende-se como objetivo específico dessa dissertação, identificar quais dessas mudanças culturais são perceptíveis na paisagem, de forma a se buscar uma compreensão mais profunda sobre os mecanismos de apropriação desenvolvidos por esse povo na interface com a sociedade nacional contemporânea. A metodologia proposta para galgar tais objetivos, estrutura-se em extensos levantamentos bibliográficos multidisciplinares, que possam viabilizar, entre outras coisas: a construção concisa da historiografia Xavante, permitir o real entendimento da variação da organização social desse povo ao longo do contato com a sociedade nacional e, igualmente, auxiliar na construção de um aparato teórico capaz de alicerçar a dissertação desejada e sustentar os argumentos utilizados. Outros procedimentos relevantes aos objetivos pretendidos são as entrevistas e observações em campo, que, ao produzirem dados primários, podem revelar detalhes e oferecer diferentes nuances sobre dinâmicas socioculturais Xavante tão fundamentais aos objetivos dessa pesquisa. A presente pesquisa, ainda que inconclusa, projeta enxergar o povo Xavante como o principal sujeito de suas decisões, capaz de resistir aos avanços das frentes de expansão capitalistas sobre seu território e, acima de tudo, capaz de manter sua coesão sociocultural e decidir sobre os rumos e parâmetros do seu próprio desenvolvimento. Independentemente dos resultados obtidos, é possível afirmar que essa dissertação não tomará o Xavante como vítima de um trágico processo histórico, mas sim que, apesar de todos seus infortúnios, esse povo, sem relações tutelares, está habilitado a procurar seu caminho e manter-se como uma das maiores nações indígenas americanas. / The present dissertation has the objective of identifying and reflecting upon the sociocultural strategies that allowed the Xavante indians, after centuries of cultural and territory spoliation, the development of different adaptative mechanisms which guaranteed their reproduction. Here, the attempt is to show that those sociocultural strategies and mechanisms were decisive not only for the maintenance of part of its territory, as well as the maintenance of its social cohesion and relative cultural autonomy. On the other hand, as a specific objective of this dissertation, one intends to identify which of those cultural changes are perceived in the landscape, in order to seek a deeper comprehension of the appropriation mechanisms developed by those people in the interface with the national contemporary society. The proposed methodology to reach said objectives has been built up upon extensive multidisciplinary bibliographical surveys that might make feasible, among other things: the concise construction of the Xavante historiography, allow for the actual understanding of the social organization variation of those people during the interaction with the national society, and equally support the construction of a theoretical apparatus capable of laying the foundation for the desired dissertation and sustaining the employed arguments. Other procedures relevant to the intended objectives are the interviews and field observations that, upon producing primary data, may reveal details and offer different nuances on sociocultural Xavante dynamics, so fundamental to the objectives of this research. The present research, although not yet concluded, projects to perceive the Xavante people as the main subject of their decisions, capable of offering resistance to the progress of capitalist expansion fronts upon their territory and, above all, capable of maintaining their sociocultural cohesion, and decide on the course and parameters of their own development. Independently of the results achieved, it is possible to affirm that this dissertation will not place the Xavante as victims of a tragic historical process, but as people with no tutelary relationships that, in spite of all misfortunes, are skilled to search for their path and keep themselves as one of the greatest american indian nations.

The main objective of this paper is to provide greater understanding of the systems of innovation approach as a flexible and useful conceptual framework for spatial innovation analysis. It presents an effort to develop some missing links and to decrease the conceptual noise often present in the discussions on national innovation systems. The paper specifies elements and relations that seem to be essential to the conceptual core of the framework and argues that there is no a priori reason to emphasize the national over the subnational (regional) scale as an appropriate mode for analysis, irrespective of time and place. Localised input-output relations between the actors of the system, knowledge spillovers and their untraded interdependencies lie at the centre of the argument. The paper is organized as follows. It introduces the reader, first, to some basic elements and concepts that are central to understanding the approach. The characteristics of the innovation process are examined: its nature, sources and some of the factors shaping its development. Particular emphasis is laid on the role of knowledge creation and dissemination based on the fundamental distinction between codified and tacit forms. These concepts recur throughout the paper and particularly in discussions on the nature and specifications of the systems approach. The paper concludes by summarizing some of the major findings of the discussion and pointing to some directions for future research activities. (author's abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience