Orientador: Ariovaldo Umbelino de Oliveira / Banca: Maria Regina Cunha de Toledo Sader / Banca: Margarida Maria Moura / Resumo: As profundas transformações atreladas à expansão das relações capitalistas para o campo têm provocado, desde o século XIX, diversas interpretações acerca do papel e do destino da classe camponesa. Nesse contexto, alguns pressupostos ganharam força, sobretudo aquele que vislumbrava o seu desaparecimento, enquanto classe. Entretanto, em se admitindo que o modo capitalista de produção é essencialmente contraditório, constata-se que seu desenvolvimento não tem provocado o desaparecimento do campesinato, mas sua recriação. É sobre essa questão que trata este trabalho, cujo recorte geográfico é o Norte Novo do Paraná, uma das áreas de maior índice de tecnificação e produtividade agrícola do país. Dessa maneira, as evidências do processo de recriação camponesa estão apresentadas a partir da análise que obedece ao seguinte encadeamento. A reflexão teórico-conceitual sobre o campesinato dentro das ciências humanas, no geral, e na geografia agrária brasileira, em particular, é apresentada no primeiro capítulo. No segundo capítulo, nosso esforço analítico recai sobre as possibilidades históricas de recriação da classe camponesa ao longo do processo de construção do território, sendo consideradas três dimensões: a nacional, a estadual e, por fim, o norte-paranaense. No terceiro capítulo, buscamos compreender tais possibilidades com base nos registros estatísticos disponíveis para a área de pesquisa a partir de 1950; para tanto, recorremos aos dados dos Censos Agrícolas e Agropecuários publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). No quarto capítulo, nos debruçamos nas evidências de que o processo de territorialização camponesa é uma expressão do desenvolvimento contraditório do capitalismo, o qual se manifesta na monopolização do território pelo capital... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Several Changes leashed to the expansion of the capitalism in the field have nettled, since the XIX century, lost of interpretations about the peasant destiny. In this context some presupposed got strength, over all of that discerned indistinctly its disappearance as long as working class. However, in if admitting the way of capitalism production is essentially contradictory, it's proved its development have not been nettled the disappearance of the peasant, but your recreation. This piece of work is about a place in the New North of Paraná one of the great index of technicist and productive of Brasil. In this way, the evidences of the peasant recreation process in this part of land are presented from the analysis that obeys to the next linkage. On the second chapter, our analytical effort fall again above the historical possibilities of recreation of the peasant class along the land construction, being considered three dimensions: national, state and at last the North Paranaense. On the third chapter, we look for comprehend the possibilities from the statistical registers ready for use on the search since 1950; in this manner we go through again on the basis of the agricultural census published by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). On the fourth chapter we bendon the evidences that the process of peasant territorialization it's the expression of contradictory development of the capitalism, which manifest on the monopolization of the territory for the capital. This monopolization is verified in practice of integration among peasant units and industries, in eminence to aviculture and silkworm culture. The other form of eminence integration is the experimented by the cooperative system with fruit growing, specify the citriculture and the viticulture. The other forms of income of land appropriation is through the peasant's production are pointed... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Doutor

Cette thèse est consacrée à la sensibilité de l’entreprise au Tissu Economique Local. Le chapitre préliminaire présente un cheminement aboutissant à trois questions de recherche ciblant trois aspects de cette relation, au niveau, local, européen et mondial. Le premier article pose la question suivante : quelle est la perception, par les dirigeants d’entreprise, de la sensibilité de leur entreprise au Tissu Economique Local (TEL), et de son impact sur sa performance ? Cette étude porte sur 25 entretiens semi-directifs effectués auprès de dirigeants dans les départements des deux Savoie (France). Les résultats montrent une difficulté pour les dirigeants à lier sensibilité au TEL et performance, et font émerger les déterminants de la sensibilité. Le second article traite la question suivante : quel est l’impact de la sensibilité de l’entreprise au Tissu Economique Local sur sa performance ? L’échantillon d’étude est composé de 252 entreprises européennes cotées et notées par l’agence de notation extra financière VIGEO entre 2004 et 2011. Les résultats mettent en lumière un effet convexe, d’abord négatif puis positif, de la sensibilité au TEL sur la performance comptable. Il est donc nécessaire pour les entreprises d’investir fortement sur le marché local pour déceler une amélioration de leur performance. Concernant la performance boursière à l’horizon de trois ans, les entreprises peu sensibles surperforment les entreprises très sensibles et le marché. Enfin, le troisième article répond à la question suivante : comment a évolué la concentration géographique des investissements en capital-risque et quels en sont les déterminants ? L’échantillon étudié retrace les investissements au sein des pays de l’OCDE et les BRICS sur la période 1970 - 2013. Les résultats mettent en exergue quatre tendances pour quatre groupes de pays, ainsi qu’un effet positif de la quantité d’investissement sur la concentration, en particulier durant la période précédant la crise internet. A l’inverse, le niveau de développement financier des pays réduit la concentration géographique. / This thesis investigates the firm’s sensitivity to the Local Economic Fabric. A first analysis allows one to build three questions of research focusing on three aspects of this relation, at local, European and worldwide levels. The first paper answers the following question: What is corporate chiefs’ perception of their sensitivity to Local Economic Fabric (LEF) and its impact on firm performance? The sample being analyzed contains 25 interviews with corporate chiefs in the two departments of Savoie (France). The results highlight a difficulty for corporate chiefs to link sensitivity and firm performance. These qualitative interviews also show the determinants of sensitivity. The second paper answers to the next question: What is the actual effect of sensitivity to LEF on firm performance? This study uses the rating agency VIGEO dataset, which contains 252 European firms noted between 2004 and 2011. Results show a convex effect, first negative then positive, of the sensitivity to LEF on accounting performance. In other words, it is important for firms to invest at a minimum level on local markets to get better performance. About stock performance, for the three-years horizon, the lowest sensitive firms have better performance than the highest sensitive firms and market. The third paper provides an answer to the following questions: How has the geographical concentration of venture capital investments evolved from 1970 to 2013? What are the macro determinants of this evolution? Data involve all the investments of countries belonging to the OECD and the BRICS groups. Results show four evolutionary paths representing four groups of countries. The quantity of investment deals and the dot-com crisis increase the geographical concentration of venture capital while the level of financial development decreases it.

The Republic of Tatarstan, a Muslim-majority region of the Russian Federation, is home to a post-Soviet Islamic revival now entering its third decade. Throughout the 1990s, the Tatars of Tatarstan were recognized as practicing a liberal form of Islam, reported more as an attribute of ethno-national culture than as a code of religious conduct. In recent years, however, the republic's reputation as a bastion of religious liberalism has been challenged, first, by a counter-revival of conservative Islamic traditions considered indigenous to the region and, second, by increasing evidence that Islamic fundamentalism, generally attributed in Russia to Wahhabism or Salafism, has taken hold and is growing in influence among the region's Muslims. This dissertation explores how changing political-territorial circumstances are implicated in this transformation. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, and a variety of qualitative research methods, including textual analysis, semi-structured interviews, and ethnographic study, the dissertation demonstrates that the transformation in Islamic identity relates to changing understandings of this region as a political space. An examination of practices and representations of the Muslim Spiritual Board of Tatarstan and conflicting perspectives on landscape elements in the Kazan Kremlin shows that the meaning of Islam is being driven by political-geographic change. Analysis of these matters reveals that, as part of Tatarstan's quest for wide-ranging territorial autonomy in the 1990s, government-supported institutions cultivated a preferred understanding of Islam that corresponded to visions of the region as the Tatars' sovereign historic homeland. Over the past decade, amid a rapid recentralization of the federation, support has shifted to Islamic practices deemed "traditional to Russia" as part of a broader multinational Russian identity crafted to fit visions of the country as a powerful, unified state. Thus, the meaning of Islam in this particular place is mediated by competing visions of Tatarstan as a homeland.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O rural, atualmente, configura-se como uma dimensão alvo de profundas controvérsias e debates. Argumenta-se que a caracterização daquilo que seria considerado rural estruturou-se num raciocínio antagônico à vida urbana, muitas vezes resumida ao cotidiano da cidade e à lógica capitalista. Esta dissertação objetiva discutir a complexidade do termo rural, ressaltando sua natureza multifacetada. Para tanto, baseamo-nos, além de um amplo e necessário levantamento bibliográfico, em diversos trabalhos de campo. Tais incursões foram realizadas ao longo de minha trajetória acadêmica, com realização de campos em praticamente todas as Regiões de Governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com especial ênfase nas Regiões Norte Fluminense, Serrana e Médio Paraíba. Ao tratarmos das principais vertentes que trabalham a questão das transformações em processo nos espaços rurais, constatamos uma crescente abordagem territorial trazida em muitos estudos. Na tentativa de se buscar alternativas à superada dicotomia rural/urbano, empenhamo-nos na produção de uma linha de análise geográfica à questão. É nesse viés que este trabalho se direciona, buscando demonstrar toda a complexidade existente no território fluminense, num esforço de trazer alguma contribuição sobre os estudos dedicados à questão rural. / The rural, currently, is configured as a dimension of deep controversy and discussion. One argues that characterization of that it would be considered rural was structuralized in na antagonistic reasoning to the urban life, many times summarized to the daily one of the city and the capitalist logic. This study aims to argue the complexity of the rural term, standing out its multifaceted nature. We are based, beyond an ample and necessary bibliographical survey, in diverse incursions to the studied area. Such incursions had been carried through my academic trajectory in practically all the Regions of Government of the Rio de Janeiro state, with special emphasis in the Norte Fluminense, Serrana and Médio Paraíba Regions. When dealing with the main sources that work the rural spaces changes, we evidence the territorial boarding increase in many studies. Searching alternatives to the surpassed rural/urban dichotomy, we pledge in the production of a geographic analysis to the question. This research will contribute to demonstrate all the territorial complexity in Rio de Janeiro state in an effort to collaborate on the studies of the rural question.

This thesis deals with comparison of changes in the development of cadastral territory Dobrá Voda a Stožec. Map dated from 1826 and a current orthophotomap are used for the purposes of change comparison. The first part of the thesis is focused on definitiv of basic terms and description of habitation development. The second part describes the development in cadastral from the point of view of the development of soil use and evaluation of differences. The differences are shown by usin different tools - graphs and Arcgis application software information. The individual outputs are drawn according to cadastral condition and accompanied by evaluation of the results.

Historiquement, les animaux sauvages ont toujours représenté une ressource pour les hommes, assurant la sécurité alimentaire des sociétés locales et traditionnelles. L'exploitation touristique de la faune implique dès lors une évolution dans les modes de vie, la culture et les identités locales. L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est d'analyser le récréotourisme faunique. Les activités récréotouristiques autour de la faune sauvage traduisent une requalification de la ressource faune, ce qui a des impacts à la fois sur les espaces humains et non-humains, les jeux de construction territoriale et sur les rapports développés à la faune sauvage. Ce travail analyse les rapports que les sociétés entretiennent avec la faune sauvage à travers les activités récréotouristiques de chasse et de vision. Ces deux formes de tourisme sont généralement opposées car le tourisme de vision est présenté comme un usage non-consomptif de la ressource alors que le tourisme de chasse est reconnu comme un usage consomptif de la ressource. Dépassant certaines idées reçues sur les pratiques de la chasse et une approche manichéenne entre ces différentes activités, il convient d'interroger les distinctions et / ou le rapport dialogique entre ces pratiques. Afin de conduire cette recherche, le choix d'une analyse comparative a été retenu, laquelle se propose de mettre en perspective différentes études de cas en France (massif des Bauges) et au Canada (Gaspésie et Nunavut). Ce travail comparatif permet de mieux comprendre les enjeux touristiques et territoriaux associés à la gestion de la faune sauvage et de penser la transférabilité des processus observés entre différents terrains d'études. D'un point de vue méthodologique, ce travail doctoral s'appuie sur un cadre analytique organisé autour de quatre entrées croisant des (i) aspects conceptuels, (ii) l'analyse d'archives, (iii) des méthodes d'observation ainsi que (iv) des outils d'analyse des rapports homme / faune via l'analyse de discours des populations touristiques. La première partie de ce travail présente le contexte théorique de l'étude et la démarche systémique de cette recherche (chapitres 1, 2 et 3). En termes de résultats, ces présupposés méthodologiques et théoriques ont permis d'analyser comment les dynamiques du récréotourisme faunique agissent, réagissent et rétroagissent sur l'ensemble du système territorial. Ainsi, la deuxième partie interroge l'organisation socio-spatiale des activités récréotouristiques de chasse et de vision (chapitres 4 et 5). Ces différentes formes de tourisme sont analysées en prenant en compte l'implantation de ces activités au sein des territoires, les attentes touristiques de la part des visiteurs, et les effets des différentes pratiques sur les populations fauniques. La troisième et dernière partie s'intéresse à l'évolution des rapports hommes / faune sauvage dans le temps et l'espace au regard des activités récréotouristiques développées. Le chapitre 6 s'intéresse aux rapports dialectiques entre processus de patrimonialisation et les usages acceptés ou non de la ressource faunique, alors que le chapitre 7 propose une réflexion sur les rapports hommes / animaux à l'échelle de l'individu en interrogeant l'éthique de chacun dans ses usages, ses comportements et ses pratiques développés autour de la faune sauvage. / Historically, wildlife has always been a resource for mankind by ensuring food safety to local and traditional societies. Wildlife tourism represents an evolution in the use of wildlife and affects livelihoods, culture and the local identities. The aim of this PhD research is to have a better understanding of what is wildlife tourism. This specific tourism causes a requalification of the resource, which has some impacts on human and non-human spaces, on the territorial building processes and on the relationship between men and animals. This research focuses particularly on these issues by studying wildlife viewing tourism and sport hunting tourism. These two kinds of tourism are usually in conflict because wildlife tourism is viewed as a non-consumptive tourism whereas hunting tourism is viewed as a consumptive tourism. Going beyond some common preconceptions on these different tourisms, we question the differences and/or the dialogical relationship between these practices. To conduct this research, we chose to lead a comparative analysis putting into perspective different case studies in France and in Canada. This comparative work allows a better understanding of tourism and territorial stakes linked to wildlife tourism and it allows to reflect on the transferability of processes observed between different fieldworks. From a methodological point of view, we have defined a framework to analyse wildlife tourism. This framework is based on conceptual aspects, analysis of archives, observation methods and discourse analysis. The first part of this work presents the theoretical context and introduces the systemic approach of this research (chapter 1, 2 and 3). These methodological and theoretical presuppositions are used to analyse how wildlife tourism dynamics act, react and retroact on the whole territorial system. The second part questions the socio-spatial organisation of wildlife viewing and hunting tourisms (chapters 4 and 5). These forms of tourisms are studied taking into account the settlement of these activities on space, the visitors' expectations and the impacts on wildlife populations. The third and last part discusses the evolution of the relationship between humans and wildlife in time and space according to the tourism activity. Chapter 6 looks at the dialectical link between heritage processes and the uses of wildlife resource that are accepted or not, whereas chapter 7 suggests a reflection on human / animal interaction at the individual level questioning the people's ethic in their use, behaviour and habits developed around wildlife.

This thesis explores the interaction between natural and urban life through mutual recognition, viewing the clash of territorial borders as dynamic conditions rather than exclusion zones. Gir area in India has been investigated as a unique case where humans and lions for centuries have lived together and established a mutual respect. Rasulpara village is used as a local situation to analyze the relationship between humans and animals with the intention to understand how such relationship can be maintained. It has led to the recognition of the in-between as intermediate zones mediating exchange between the two systems. With humans relating to settled form as territorial constrains, the language of architecture becomes a messenger of a respect playing with a time-based system; mediating the balance between safe and unsafe. Learning from the existing relationship of mutual understanding aims to extract lessons for how to intervene in the context and other mediation areas between human and wild. Exploring these attributes through design has shown that built form can act as solid borders to classify and preclude, but also to invite cohabitation by respecting means of existence. Territorial conflicts can then be dealt with more sensitively, thus obtaining the equilibrium within a changing world anchored in traditional knowledge.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O rural, atualmente, configura-se como uma dimensão alvo de profundas controvérsias e debates. Argumenta-se que a caracterização daquilo que seria considerado rural estruturou-se num raciocínio antagônico à vida urbana, muitas vezes resumida ao cotidiano da cidade e à lógica capitalista. Esta dissertação objetiva discutir a complexidade do termo rural, ressaltando sua natureza multifacetada. Para tanto, baseamo-nos, além de um amplo e necessário levantamento bibliográfico, em diversos trabalhos de campo. Tais incursões foram realizadas ao longo de minha trajetória acadêmica, com realização de campos em praticamente todas as Regiões de Governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com especial ênfase nas Regiões Norte Fluminense, Serrana e Médio Paraíba. Ao tratarmos das principais vertentes que trabalham a questão das transformações em processo nos espaços rurais, constatamos uma crescente abordagem territorial trazida em muitos estudos. Na tentativa de se buscar alternativas à superada dicotomia rural/urbano, empenhamo-nos na produção de uma linha de análise geográfica à questão. É nesse viés que este trabalho se direciona, buscando demonstrar toda a complexidade existente no território fluminense, num esforço de trazer alguma contribuição sobre os estudos dedicados à questão rural. / The rural, currently, is configured as a dimension of deep controversy and discussion. One argues that characterization of that it would be considered rural was structuralized in na antagonistic reasoning to the urban life, many times summarized to the daily one of the city and the capitalist logic. This study aims to argue the complexity of the rural term, standing out its multifaceted nature. We are based, beyond an ample and necessary bibliographical survey, in diverse incursions to the studied area. Such incursions had been carried through my academic trajectory in practically all the Regions of Government of the Rio de Janeiro state, with special emphasis in the Norte Fluminense, Serrana and Médio Paraíba Regions. When dealing with the main sources that work the rural spaces changes, we evidence the territorial boarding increase in many studies. Searching alternatives to the surpassed rural/urban dichotomy, we pledge in the production of a geographic analysis to the question. This research will contribute to demonstrate all the territorial complexity in Rio de Janeiro state in an effort to collaborate on the studies of the rural question.

A presente pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo da história da formação territorial da Colômbia tendo como ponto de partida a obra do historiador, geógrafo e cartógrafo Francisco Javier Vergara y Velasco (1860-1914). Foca-se na análise da sua obra principal, a Nueva Geografía de Colombia, publicada sua versão definitiva em 1902. Esta pesquisa não apenas revela a Vergara como um autor erudito e crítico, mas demostra que o seu pensamento geográfico não encaixava dentro dos parâmetros das ideologias geográficas dominantes no país no período. Também, esta pesquisa faz um trabalho de exploração conceitual, consagrado à construção de categorias que permitam uma compreensão cada vez melhor das complexas relações entre as ciências geográficas, as instituições estatais e os processos de formação territorial. / This research is about the history of the territorial conformation of Colombia using as a departure point the work of the historian, geographer and cartographer Francisco Javier Vergara y Velasco (1860-1914). It is dedicated to the analysis o his main work, the Nueva Geografía de Colombia, published in its definitive version in 1902. This research not only reveals Vergara as an erudite and critical author, but it demonstrates that his geographical thought didnt fitted into the patterns of the geographical ideologies dominating at that period. Also, this research makes a conceptual exploration work, consecrated to the development of categories that allows an even-better comprehension of the complex relationships between geographic sciences, institutions from the State and territorial conformation.

Essa pesquisa se insere na recente temática denominada de Geografia da Inovação que tem por objetivo principal compreender as relações entre território e inovação. Inovação se trata da produção de um bem ou a da prestação de um serviço novo ou substancialmente aprimorado no mercado com o objetivo de aumento da produtividade e de reprodução do capital. Compreendemos a relação entre a inovação e o território não apenas do ponto de vista da localização no território, mas sim a partir da perspectiva dos sistemas territoriais de inovação (Vale, 2012) que o território adquire protagonismo no processo de produção. Para compreendermos dessa forma dois pressupostos são importantes. Primeiro é necessário esclarecer que, dada as características da inovação brasileira (analisadas a partir dos dados do IBGE, 2013), estamos lidando com a inovação interativa (Lundvall, 2005; Méndez, 1998) que compreende a inovação como um processo baseado em relações de aprendizagem entre os agentes da inovação. Segundo, a análise da inovação interativa entende-a como um processo social e territorializado pois os processos de aprendizagem tem uma lógica territorial (Maillat, 2002) em que se evidencia um forte elo entre o território e os agentes inovativos através de relações de cooperação, concorrência e interação que ocorrem em redes e geram sinergias entre eles. As relações em rede entre os agentes inovativos no processo de aprendizagem e de inovação são denominados de redes de inovação (Maillat, 1996). O entendimento das redes de inovação passa pela compreensão da dialética rede e território que, ao contrário da interpretação hegemônica de um processo de desterritorialização e, dessa forma concordando com Haesbaert (2002), podem também evidenciar a formação de novos territórios, tanto no sentido que o autor denomina de território-rede como também na forma de um território-zona. Dada as características da inovação interativa apresentadas aqui nosso objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a formação de um território inovador no Brasil na primeira década do século XXI, momento este em que as atividades econômicas ligadas a inovação, denominada na pesquisa de economia do conhecimento (Diniz e Gonçalves, 2005), ganham forte impulso através da atuação do Estado e do capital privado inovador. A hipótese da pesquisa é que a região da macrometrópole paulista pode ser considerada o território inovador brasileiro pois essa região apresenta as condições gerais de produção que possibilitam a integração em redes distantes apoiadas pelas TICs (tecnologia de informação e comunicação) aos fluxos mundiais que interligam os grandes centros inovadores no mundo, denotando assim o caráter de território-rede, como também se configura em um território-zona pela concentração da produção inovadora nessa região na primeira década do século XXI. / This research belongs to the recent topic called Geography of innovation, which has the main objective of understanding the relationship between territory and innovation. Innovation is related to the production of goods or providing a new or substantially improved service to the market in order to increase productivity and the raising of capital. We understand the relationship between the innovation and the territory not only from a territory localization point of view, but also from the perspective of innovation territorial systems (Vale, 2012) where the territory gets a leading role in the production process. In order to understand it, two assumptions are important. First, it is necessary to clarify that according to the characteristics of the Brazilian innovation (analysis from the IBGE data, 2013), we are dealing with the interactive innovation (Lundvall, 2005; Méndez, 1998), which sees the innovation as a process based on the learning relationship among the innovation agents. Second, the analysis of the interactive innovation is understood as a social and territorialized process as the learning processes have a territorial logic (Maillat, 2002) which shows a strong link between the territory and the innovative agents through cooperative, competitive and interactive relations that occur in a network creating synergies among them. The network relations among the innovative agents in the learning and innovation processes are called innovation networks (Maillat, 1996). The understanding of the innovation network involves understanding of the dialectic network and territory, contrary to the hegemonic interpretation of an inverse territorializing process and thus agreeing with Haesbaert (2002), this may also show the establishment of new territories, in a sense as the author calls territory-network as well as territory-zone. Given the characteristics of the interactive innovation shown here, our research goal is to analyze the establishment of an innovative territory in Brazil in the first decade of the 21st century, when the economic activities related to innovation cited in the knowledge economy research ( Diniz and Gonçalves, 2005) gain strong momentum through the actions of the State and capital from the private sector. The hypothesis of the research is that the macro-metropolis of São Paulo can be considered the innovative Brazilian territory because this region has the general production conditions that enable the integration of distant networks supported by ICTs (Information and communication Technology) to the global flow that connects the big innovative centers around the world, denoting a territory-network characteristic, as it is also set in a territory-zone by the concentration of the innovative production in this region in the first decade of the 21st century.