This research concerns the design of a multiple-media study package for sight-singing and how national standards for sight-singing can be realised by using this study package. Sight-singing is a skill which can be of great value for singers, choristers and other musicians. Unfortunately this skill has been sadly neglected in South African schools. The result is that a great percentage of society (and in particular, choristers) is not able to read music and then sing it. The researchers is responsible for sight-singing tuition at the Drakensberg Boys’ Choir School, which is the only choir school in South Africa. The ages of new choristers vary from 9 to 13 years and there is a considerable variation in their music backgrounds. It is therefore essential that every learner can work at his own pace to master sight-singing. The author did research on this subject to compile a sight-singing programme which will enable learners to reach a high standard of sight-singing while progressing at their own pace. By making a study of relevant literature, the author gathered information on sight-singing, reading, communication, educational media as well as Outcomes-Based Education and instructional design. The author formulated criteria for a sight-singing programme and for the use of educational media in such a programme. These criteria are used to evaluate seven different sight-singing programmes. The evaluation indicated to the researcher how other authors approached the subject. He identified the strong and weak points of every programme. The researcher designed a multiple-media study package for sight-singing according to Dick and Carey’s systems approach model for designing instruction (1996). The study package consists of a workbook, a textbook and two audio CDs. The author did action research by using the study package to teach sight-singing to the new choristers at the Drakensberg Boys’ Choir School. Various problems in the study package became clear while using it for teaching. The study package was amended a number of times to eliminate the shortcomings. This research indicates that sight-singing is not only possible when a competent teacher is present. Students can learn sight-singing independently by using a multiple-media programme. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Music / unrestricted

Acts committed by insiders have risen during past years, and there is a need for a better understanding of how preventive measures can be used, not just remedial action after the fact. The current narrative in research when discussing espionage was motive; why someone committed espionage. The aim of this study was to create a theoretical model of a ‘risk individual’ and, with the use of the model, techniques for personality assessment and text analysis, develop an artefact, a self-assessment test, that could be used to assess if a person had a higher risk to commit the act of espionage. Design Science research was chosen as a main methodological approach with supporting methods throughout. A survey was chosen to collect the data and the data was analyzed quantitatively. The artefact is partly based on selfassessment questionnaires and partly on themes identified as necessary when a governmental agency conducted personal security interviews for potential new hires. In order to achieve the research goal, data from 52 individuals were collected and analyzed using various quantitative methods. When applying internal reliability testing to the risk factors proposed by the theoretical model, seven out of the eight factors had good reliability. One factor, stress, performed poorly. This was probably due to the width of the questions asked, from personal to professional stress. This resulted in stress being removed from further testing. The remaining seven factors correlated with each other, apart from one, entitlement. This risk factor correlated with ethical flexibility but not the other six risk factors. In order to test how well the Big Five correlated with risk, the mean of a risk individual was calculated and compared with the five factors of OCEAS. The five factors all correlated negatively with risk, with agreeableness having the highest negative correlation and extroversion having the lowest. Differences could be seen when comparing the ten participants with the highest mean risk score to the ten with the lowest for both the Big Five and the risk factors in the theoretical model. The differences for the Big Five were lower than those for the theoretical model, i.e., both Big Five and the theoretical model work as sorting out higher-risk individuals. However, they worked better together and provided a more profound picture than using just one or the other. The open-text questions were analyzed with the help of wordlists to calculate how the participants used different types of pronouns when writing. One wordlist provided potentially interesting results (the word list for ‘I’), while the others did not.

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No description available.

La réadaptation gériatrique reconnaît le loisir comme un indicateur clé des résultats de la réadaptation. Cependant, les connaissances théoriques sur le loisir sont peu développées. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de décrire et critiquer des modèles en lien avec le loisir et publiés dans les écrits scientifiques afin d’en dégager les aspects les plus pertinents pour la réadaptation gériatrique. Dix modèles ont été sélectionnés à partir d’une stratégie de recherche bibliographique. Ils ont été analysés sur la base de six critères : 1) le processus de développement du modèle, 2) les concepts, 3) les interactions entre les concepts, 4) l’aspect pratique, 5) la littérature générée et 6) la compatibilité avec les concepts-clés de la réadaptation gériatrique. Les résultats révèlent quatre modèles particulièrement intéressants pour la réadaptation gériatrique, sans pouvoir en dégager un en particulier, chacun présentant des forces et des limites qui sont discutées. De plus, les concepts rattachés au loisir les plus pertinents à retenir selon l’ensemble des modèles concernent: 1) la participation dans les loisirs, 2) la perception de soi face aux loisirs, 3) la motivation dans les loisirs, 4) la satisfaction dans les loisir, 5) les capacités en lien avec les loisirs et 6) l’environnement physique et social. Les résultats de la présente étude se traduiront par une meilleure connaissance des déterminants, caractéristiques et effets du loisir auprès des personnes âgées en processus de réadaptation. / Leisure is a key indicator of successful geriatric rehabilitation. However, there is a need for further development of theoretical knowledge of the role of leisure. The goal of this study was to describe and analyze scientific publications addressing leisure models and to extract the most relevant aspects for the rehabilitation of the elderly. A structured bibliographical search was conducted to select the most pertinent models (n=10). These models were analyzed regarding six criteria: 1) the development process of the model, 2) concepts put forward, 3) the interactions between the various concepts, 4) there practical aspects, 5) the subsequent literature generated and 6) the compatibility with key concepts of rehabilitation. It was concluded that four of the ten models were more pertinent for geriatric rehabilitation. Each model strengths and weaknesses are examined. The most relevant concepts that emerged from all the models are: 1) leisure participation, 2) leisure and self-perception, 3) leisure motivation, 4) leisure satisfaction, 5) leisure capacities and 6) physical and social environment. It is hoped that this study will be a first step in the comprehension of the determinants, characteristics and effects of leisure in the context of geriatric rehabilitation.

Embora o ressalto hidráulico seja um assunto já muito estudado, é igualmente um assunto de grande interesse, acerca do qual ainda existem diversos questionamentos a respeito de suas características. Por essa razão, buscou-se neste projeto o desenvolvimento de estudos experimentais e a proposição de um modelo teórico. Os trabalhos experimentais foram desenvolvidos com o uso de um sensor ultrassônico, para aquisição de dados instantâneos da superfície livre, sendo estudados ressaltos com número de Froude na seção supercrítica entre 1,94 e 5,26 e duas condições de controle a montante: comporta plana e vertedor de soleira espessa. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas a partir dos experimentos: comprimento do rolo, comprimento do ressalto, intensidade turbulenta vertical, perfil da superfície livre e frequências dos sinais de saída do sensor. Os perfis da superfície livre, considerando-se separadamente os dados de comporta e vertedor, foram ajustados a partir de uma equação heurística e as frequências características foram comparadas com os comprimentos característicos do ressalto. Além disso, foram efetuados registros fotográficos do escoamento com uma câmera de alta velocidade e luz laser para uma condição experimental (com baixo número de Froude supercrítico), sendo a superfície livre detectada por meio de técnicas usuais de processamento de imagens. O perfil médio obtido com o sensor foi semelhante ao perfil das imagens. Em relação ao modelo teórico proposto, este foi desenvolvido a partir de dois volumes de controle (VC) fixos, sendo obtidas duas equações para a relação entre o comprimento do rolo e a altura supercrítica. Verificou-se uma variação de quarenta porcento entre os valores previstos com as equações e os dados experimentais, em função da própria divergência dos dados de comprimento do rolo indicados pelos autores. De forma geral, o estudo mostrou-se relevante por possibilitar a avaliação da estrutura externa do ressalto hidráulico por meio de diferentes abordagens metodológicas. / Althought hydraulic jump has been studied for a long time, it is equally a theme of large interest, which many aspects related to its characteristics remain unanswered. Therefore, the development of experimental studies and the proposal of a theoretical model was sought in this project. The experimental works were carried out using an ultrassonic sensor, in order to acquire instantaneous data of the free surface, being studied hydraulic jumps with inflow Froude number ranging between 1.94 and 5.26 and two upstream control structures: plane gate and broad-crested weir. The following variables were evaluated: roller length, hydraulic jump length, vertical turbulent intensity, free surface profile, frequencies of the output data sensor. The free surface profiles, considering individually the plane gate and broad-crested weir, were adjested using a heuristic equation and characteristic frequencies were compared to the characteristic jump lengths. Furthermore, the flow was photographed using a high speed camera and a laser light for one experimental condition (for low inflow Froude number). The free surface in images were detected trought usual image processing techniques. The mean profile obtained from the sensor was very similar to the images profile. Regarding the theoretical model, it was developed considering two fixed control volumes (VC), obtaining two equations for the roller length and supercritical depth ratio. A variation of forty percent was observed between the predicted and experimental values, due to the own divergence among the roller length data suggested by the authors. Overall, the study was relevant, because it allowed the evaluation of the external structure of hydraulic jumps by means of different methodological approaches.

Short selling is important for price efficiency as it helps negative information to be incorporated into prices. As short selling requires borrowing stock in advance, the equity lending market plays a central role in price efficiency. For instance, when the costs of borrowing certain equities are high, these stocks are likely to be overpriced. Unfortunately, not much is known about the equity lending market, particularly the Brazilian market. Here, we have investigated a particular feature of the equity lending contract, namely, the lender recall option. Lending contracts either i) allow the lender to recall the stock at an earlier date than initially agreed, or ii) allow no early recall, that is, they are fixed term contracts. We have derived a simple model for recall option pricing and confirmed the model empirically / A venda descoberta desempenha uma importante participação na eficiência da precificação de ativos, pois permite incorporar informações negativas aos seus preços. Como a venda descoberta requer que um ativo seja alugado previamente, o mercado de aluguel de ativos tem um papel central na formação eficiente de preços. Por exemplo, quando os custos de aluguel são altos, ativos estão provavelmente sobrevalorizados. Infelizmente pouco se conhece a fundo sobre o mercado de aluguel de ativos. Neste artigo, investigamos uma característica do aluguel de ações, propriamente dita, a opção de liquidação antecipada pelo doador. Contratos de aluguel, quanto a este aspecto, podem i) permitir que o doador requeira suas ações antes do prazo acordado ou ii) não permitir esta opção, possuindo prazo fixo. Derivamos um modelo simples de precificação desta opção e confirmamos o modelo empiricamente

[pt] Este trabalho constrói um modelo que gera uma dinâmica onde interagem (i) decisões educacionais, tanto individuais, quanto no nível público, (ii) decisões da fecundidade, e (iii) a economia política de uma sociedade. Esta interação, em conseqüência, determina: (i) a qualidade relativa do ensino público e privado e sua distribuição, (ii) o diferencial de fecundidade entre grupos sociais e (iii) a distribuição do poder político que, conjuntamente, determinam a evolução da distribuição de renda na sociedade. Apesar de ser um modelo geral, busca-se a adequação a alguns fatos estilizados e a evidências empíricas encontradas no Brasil, um país muito desigual, com um sistema democrático relativamente novo e com sérios problemas educacionais Resolvo então o equilíbrio estático e calibro os parâmetros, resolvendo a dinâmica numericamente. Mostro que, se a democracia funcionar bem, teremos um equilíbrio sem desigualdade no longo prazo, e explico então as forças que nos mantêm em uma armadilha de desigualdade elevada. / [en] This paper builds a model whose main idea is to generate a dynamics in which (i) educational decisions, at the individual as well at the public level, (ii) fertility decisions, and (iii) the political economy of a society interact and determine the (i) relative quality of public and private education and its distribution, (ii)the fertility differential between the groups and (iii) the distribution of political power, which jointly shape the evolution of income distribution in society. In spite of being a general model, it fits some stylized facts and empirical evidence found in Brazil, a very unequal country with a quite young democracy and very serious educational problems. We solve for the static equilibrium and then calibrate the parameters and solve it numerically. We find that if democracy works well, then we will have no inequality in the long run, and explain which are the forces that maintain us in a high inequality trap.

A Terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma conhecida opção terapêutica para diversos tipos de lesões malignas e não-malignas. A TFD age por meio de uma reação fotoquímica, formando agentes oxidativos que causam inúmeros danos às estruturas subcelulares e posterior morte da célula. Em grande parte dos casos são necessárias várias sessões da TFD para erradicação completa da lesão neoplásica. No entanto, vários estudos clínicos têm sido publicados mostrando recrescimento tumoral e um aumento na resistência do tumor às sessões posteriores da TFD. Neste estudo apresentamos um modelo teórico para descrever os efeitos causados por sucessivas sessões da TFD quando ocorre recrescimento tumoral. Para isso, considera-se uma distribuição de dose limiar que representa a variedade celular de um modelo teórico de tumor. A existência de uma variedade de células com diferentes doses limiares pode ser a causa de uma resposta parcial do tecido à terapia, implicando em recrescimento do tecido tumoral. Neste modelo, assume-se que esta distribuição de dose limiar é representada por uma distribuição Gaussiana modificada. Em termos de dose limiar, valores mais altos implicam em maior resistência à TFD. Se a distribuição é larga, o tratamento não é capaz de eliminar todas as células. A fração de células que sobrevivem promovem o recrescimento tumoral; no entanto, a população de células no tumor recrescido apresenta diferentes características quando comparada com a população de células do tumor original. Para avaliar a ocorrência da seleção das células mais resistentes foi realizada uma investigação sobre as alterações da resposta das células tumorais, após múltiplas sessões da terapia fotodinâmica. Para simular este tipo de procedimento foram realizadas sucessivas sessões da TFD em culturas de células de hepatocarcinoma (HepG2). Entre as sessões de TFD foi aguardado um intervalo de tempo suficiente para que as células sobreviventes se reproduzissem e formassem uma nova cultura celular. O fotossensibilizador utilizado nos experimentos foi o Photogem® e a iluminação realizada em 630 ± 10nm. Os resultados dos experimentos in vitro forneceram evidências do aumento da resistência das células neoplásicas da linhagem HepG2 após sucessivas aplicações da TFD. Este aumento é previsto pelo modelo teórico e pode estar relacionado com a variação das características da população celular, que é expressa neste modelo pela distribuição de dose limiar. No entanto, o aumento da resistência da população celular à TFD previsto pelo modelo teórico é mais acentuado do que o aumento observado no experimento com culturas celulares, portanto, mais estudos serão necessários para adequar o modelo à condição real. Com base na variabilidade das células tumorais, as simulações demonstraram que a dose de luz insuficiente pode induzir um aumento da resistência do tumor às posteriores sessões da TFD. Este modelo poderá ser utilizado para avaliar qual o tipo de distribuição de dose limiar pode-se encontrar em tumores reais e quais as conseqüências causadas pela atenuação da luz em função da profundidade do tumor. A idéia apresentada neste estudo motivará novos estudos para identificar a importância da distribuição de dose limiar em tumores submetidos à TFD. / Photodynamic therapy is a well known treatment option for many types of malignant and nonmalignant lesions. This technique causes cell damage through a photochemical reaction, generating oxidative agents responsible for tumor cell killing. In several cases, multiple PDT-sessions are needed to promote cancer eradication. However, several clinical studies have been reported an increase of tumor resistance after a PDT-session. We present a theoretical model to describe the effects caused by successive PDT sessions based on the consequences of a partial response caused by the threshold dose distribution within the hypothetical tumor. In this model, we assume that this threshold dose distribution is represented by a Modified Gaussian Distribution. In terms of threshold dose, higher values imply higher resistance to PDT. If the distribution is broad, the treatment cannot result in the killing of all tumor cells. The survival cell fraction promotes a tumor regrowth with different characteristics compared to the original cell population. We applied the model in a hypothetical tumor to exemplify the idea here presented. The qualitative analysis extracted from our theoretical model shows a behavior that is in agreement with results obtained in our results from in vitro experiments and several clinical observations. To investigate the occurrence of a selection of higher threshold dose cells, an experiment that evaluated the response of tumor cells after multiple sessions of photodynamic therapy was carried out. To simulate this procedure, successive sessions of PDT in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were performed. A time interval between PDT-sessions was respected to allow surviving cells division, resulting in a new cell culture. The photosensitizer used in the experiments was Photogem® and a 630 ± 10nm irradiation was performed. The result of in vitro experiments provided evidence of increasing resistance of HepG2 cells after successive PDT-sessions. This increase is predicted by the theoretical model and may be related to variations in the tumor cell population, which is expressed by the variation of the distribution of threshold dose, according to the model. However, the increased PDT resistance of the cell population provided by the theoretical model is more pronounced than the one experimentally observed. Based on tumor cell variability, the simulations demonstrated that insufficient light dose can induce an increase in tumor resistance to further PDT sessions. This model maybe used to evaluate which type of threshold dose distribution we can find in real tumors, and the consequences caused by light attenuation observed from the illuminated surface and deeper tumor regions. This proposed model shows relative agreement to clinical literature. However, further experimental observations shall improve the model here presented. The idea presented in this study shall motivate further studies to identify the importance of cell threshold distribution in tumors submitted to PDT techniques.

The relationship between employee loyalty and organizational performance has long been recognized but not included in performance appraisal models. This study identifies the perspectives of Master of Business Administration (MBA) candidates at a small private university in the eastern U.S. Fifteen interviews were conducted after distributing flyers among MBA classes and interested students volunteered to participate. The study was qualitative, based on personal interviews, to explore how loyalty is perceived in relation to performance. The theoretical framework used was Hogan's (1983) socioanalytic theory to explain differences in people's performance at work. Through use of a grounded theory approach, employees' perceptions on loyalty as a component of employee performance evaluation inducted to a theoretical model. This research shows, for the first time, loyalty as an expectation of performance from the perspective of individuals preparing to be future managers. The model explains the interrelationship between the suggested dimensions inducted from participants' perceptions for the purpose to assess both company and employee loyalty. The theoretical model demonstrates that a balance is needed to build a loyalty base between the company and employee loyalty that will lead to better performance. Specifically, respondents identified components of loyalty in the dimensions of integrity, flexibility, transparency support, dedication, conscientiousness, accountability, and advocacy. The model supports intuitive recognition that management behavior that creates employee loyalty also improves employee performance. The theoretical model can be used by researchers and human resource professionals to shape their quantitative research and organizational policies.