El sector MIPYME (Micro, Pequeña y Mediana empresas), representa el 99.5% de empresas formales. El 96.2% son microempresas, 3.2% pequeña y 0.1% mediana (Ministerio de la Producción, 2017). El sector manufactura evoluciona constantemente y para ello requiere incorporar el uso de maquinaria especializada, dicha maquinaria opera principalmente con energía eléctrica. En 2015, el mayor consumo de energía se registró en el sector minero e industrial con 56% (22 440 GWh) del total a nivel nacional. Con respecto a 1995, el consumo del sector minero e industrial se incrementó 466% (Osineming, 2016). Por su lado, la producción de energía eléctrica no ha crecido con la misma magnitud, lo que ha ocasionado el aumento del costo del servicio. Por ejemplo, el cargo por energía activa para Lima Norte se ha incrementado 42% en el periodo 2005-2016 al pasar de 32.8 ctm S/. por kWh a 46.6 ctm S/. por kWh (Osineming, 2016). Actualmente la implementación de medidas de eficiencia energética, particularmente en energía eléctrica, requieren de personal especializado y son ejecutadas como parte de labores de mantenimiento en periodos definidos. Se propone el uso del IoT (Internet of Things) para identificar medidas de eficiencia energética desde una aplicación web, la que puede ser manejada por personal no especializado. El objetivo es definir una línea base de consumo y monitorear el consumo de energía eléctrica, para luego enviar alertas en real cuando el consumo se aleje de la línea base de consumo definida, de manera que el responsable pueda tomar las acciones correctivas necesarias inmediatamente y reducir la facturación generada por uso indebido de energía eléctrica. Estimamos que nuestro servicio tendrá un pago mensual de US$ 520.00, para su inversión estimamos se requiere de $250,000.00. Resultando un VAN de US$ 330 mil y una TIR de 41%, lo que resulta atractivo para inversionistas. / The micro, small and medium-sized businesses (MIPYME, as abbreviated in Spanish) represent 99.5% of formal businesses in Peru. Out of this number, 96.2% are micro, 3.2% are small and 0.1%, medium businesses (Peruvian Ministry of Production, 2017). The manufacturing sector is constantly evolving, which requires incorporating the use of specialized machinery. Such machinery operates mainly with electrical energy. In 2015, the highest energy consumption was recorded in the mining and industrial sector totaling 56% (22,440 GWh) at a national level. The consumption of the mining and industrial sector has increased 466% when compared to 1995 figures (Osinergmin, 2016). Meanwhile, the production of electrical energy has not grown to match these consumption rates, which has caused the costs of the service to increase. Energy costs for northern Lima have increased in 42% from 2005-2016 (actual cost of S/ 46.60 ctm/kWh from S/ 32.80 ctm/kWh) according to Osinergmin (Osinerming, 2016). Currently, the implementation of energy efficiency measures, particularly for electric energy, require specialized staff and are executed as part of maintenance work that takes place at specified times. This paper proposes the use of the IoT (Internet of Things) to identify energy efficiency measures from a web application, which can be handled by non-specialized staff. The objective is to define a baseline consumption and monitor the consumption of electrical energy. As consumption moves away from this baseline, alerts should prompt corrective actions that reduce the turnover generated by excessive electric power. We believe that our service will have a monthly fee of US$ 520.00. A total of US$ 250,000.00 has been calculated as total investment. In addition, an NPV of approximately US$ 330K and an IRR of 41% make it attractive to potential investors. / Trabajo de investigación

Advances in VLSI manufacturing and design technology over the decades have created many computing paradigms for disparate computing needs. With concerns for transmission cost, security, latency of centralized computing, edge/local computing are increasingly prevalent in the faster growing sectors like Internet-of-Things (IoT) and other sectors that require energy/connectivity autonomous systems such as biomedical and industrial applications. Energy and power efficient are the main design constraints in local and edge computing. While there exists a wide range of low power design techniques, they are often underutilized in custom circuit designs as the algorithms are developed independent of the hardware. Such compartmentalized design approach fails to take advantage of the many compatible algorithmic and hardware techniques that can improve the efficiency of the entire system. Algorithm hardware co-design is to explore the design space with whole stack awareness. The main goal of the algorithm hardware co-design methodology is the enablement and improvement of small form factor edge and local VLSI systems operating under strict constraints of area and energy efficiency. This thesis presents selected works of application specific digital and mixed-signal integrated circuit designs. The application space ranges from implantable biomedical devices to edge machine learning acceleration.

Cyber-physical systems, built from the integration of cyber and physical components, are being used in multiple domains ranging from manufacturing and healthcare to traffic con- trol and safety. Ensuring the security of cyber-physical systems is crucial because they provide the foundation of the critical infrastructure, and security incidents can result in catastrophic failures. Recent publications report that machine learning models are vul- nerable to adversarial examples, crafted by adding small perturbations to input data. For the past decade, machine learning security has become a growing interest area, with a significant number of systematic reviews and surveys that have been published. Secu- rity of artificial intelligence in cyber-physical systems is more challenging in comparison to machine learning security, because adversaries have a wider possible attack surface, in both cyber and physical domains. However, comprehensive systematic literature re- views in this research field are not available. Therefore, this work presents a systematic literature review of the adversarial attacks on artificial intelligence in cyber-physical sys- tems, examining 45 scientific papers, selected from 134 publications found in the Scopus database. It provides the classification of attack algorithms and defense methods, the sur- vey of evaluation metrics, an overview of the state of the art in methodologies and tools, and, as the main contribution, identifies open problems and research gaps and highlights future research challenges in this area of interest.

The number of IoT devices and their respective data is increasing for each day impacting the traditional architecture model of solely using the cloud for processing and storage in a negative way. This model may therefore need a supporting model to alleviate the different challenges for future IoT applications. Several researchers have described and presented algorithms and models with focus on distributed architecture models. The main issues with these however is that they fall short when it comes to the implementation and distribution of tasks. The former issue is that they are not implemented on actual hardware but simulated in a constrained environment. The latter issue is that they are not considering sharing a single task but to distribute a whole task. The objective of this thesis is therefore to present the different challenges regarding the traditional architecture model, investigate the research gap for the IoT and the different computing paradigms. Together with this implementing and evaluating a future architecture model capable of collaboration for the completion of a generated task on multiple off-the-shelf hardware. This model is evaluated based on task completion time, data size, and scalability. The results show that the different testbeds are capable communicating and splitting a single task to be completed on multiple devices. They further show that the testbeds containing multiple devices are performing better regarding completion time and do not suffer from noticeable scalability issues. Lastly, they show that the completion time drops remarkably for tasks that are split and distributed.

Innovations such as combustion engines, electricity and assembly lines have all had a significant role in manufacturing, where the past three industrial revolutions have changed the way manufacturing is performed. The technical progress within the manufacturing industry continues at a high rate and today's progress can be seen as a part of the fourth industrial revolution. The progress can be exemplified by ”Industrie 4.0”; the German government's vision of future manufacturing. Previous studies have been conducted with the aim of investigating the benefits, progress and relevance of Industry 4.0-technologies. Little emphasis in these studies has been put on differences in implementation and relevance of Industry 4.0-technologies across and within industries. This thesis aims to investigate the adoption of Industry 4.0-technologies among and within selected industries and what types of patterns that exists among them. Using a qualitative multiple case study consisting of firms from Aerospace, Heavy equipment, Automation, Electronics and Motor Vehicle Industry, we gain insight into how leading firms are implementing the technologies. In order to identify the factors determining how Industry 4.0-technologies are implemented and what common themes can be found, we introduce the concept production logic, which is built upon the connection between competitive priorities; quality, flexibility, delivery time, cost efficiency and ergonomics. This thesis has two contributions. In our first contribution, we have categorized technologies within Industry 4.0 into two bundles; the Human-Machine-Interface (HMI) and the connectivity bundle. The HMI bundle includes devices for assisting operators in manufacturing activities, such as touchscreens, augmented reality and collaborative robots. The connectivity-bundle includes systems for connecting devices, collecting and analyzing data from the digitalized factory. The result of this master thesis indicates that depending on a firm’s or industry’s logic of production, the adoption of elements from the technology bundles differ. Firms where flexibility is dominant tend to implement elements from the HMI-bundle to a larger degree. In the other end, firms with few product variations where quality and efficiency dominates the production logic tends to implement elements from the connectivity bundle in order to tightly monitor and improve quality in their assembly. Regardless of production logic, firms are implementing elements from both bundles, but with different composition and applications. The second contribution is within the literature of technological transitions. In this contribution, we have studied the rise and development of the HMI-bundle in the light of Geels (2002) Multi-Level Perspective (MLP). It can be concluded that an increased pressure on the landscape-level in the form of changes in the consumer-market and the attitudes within the labor force has created a gradual spread of the HMI-bundle within industries. The bundles have also been studied through Rogers (1995) five attributes of innovation, where the lack of testability and observability prevents increased application of M2M-interfaces. Concerning Big Data and analytics, the high complexity prevents the technology from being further applied. As the HMI-bundle involves a number of technologies with large differences in properties, it is hard draw any conclusion using the attributes of innovation about what limits their application.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and implement how a specific form of IoT, sensors, can be integrated with BIM in order to improve the building performance, when the perspective taken is the end-users. It seeks to explore different perceived values of BIM and sensor integration for the occupants who directly use the building facilities. The thesis also describes the concept, frameworks and cases of how BIM and sensors integration can be setup. These are used for an implementation at a case facility. Three main methods are used – literature review, comparative case study, and a smallscale implementation, containing a survey and sensor implementation based on the respondents’ satisfaction with the office air quality. A basic literature review is used to gather the fundamental concepts used within the relevant areas, and to review the empirical research connected to these. The conceptual part of the thesis review frameworks for BIM and sensor integration, and points toward a more user-centric framework that is later developed in relation to the thesis’ empirical results. The theoretical framework integrates Information Systems Theories with Knowledge Management for a framework of understanding how knowledge about new kinds of Information Systems in developing areas function. The empirical part of the thesis is structured into two main phases, one descriptive comparative case study, and the other an implementation based in the first phase results. The first phase is descriptive, where two cases of sensor and BIM implementation processes for FM are described. The main case of Tyréns company (Tyréns), and a reference case of Mästerhuset is used for understanding how different organizational structures may lead to different perceived values and processes of BIM and sensor integration for the end-users. The second phase is an implementation at the main case, Tyréns’ headquarter building. Here the end-user perspective is employed with a survey that is constructed in accordance with some of the fundamental concepts and research reviewed, in order to measure the perceived satisfaction with the air quality of the end-users working environment. The answers show concerns with air quality in the meeting rooms, and this is used as the basis for a small-scale implementation of sensors, where CO2 and temperature sensors are set up. The results show how different organizational-specific conditions generate different perceived values of BIM and sensor integration depending on ownership relation to the end-users. The case study also illustrate the different processes of BIM and sensor integration may be setup to supplement building performance. This points to a needed add-on into frameworks that conceptualizes BIM and sensor integration without the inclusion of the end-users’ perspective. Based on this an end-user conceptual framework of BIM and sensors is proposed with the supplementary part of a knowledge layer, named analytic layer and data source from occupants.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging the Internet and other networks with wireless technologies to make physical objects interact online. The IoT has developed to become a promising technology and receives significant research attention in recent years because of the development of wireless communications and micro-electronics.  Like other immature technological inventions, although IoT will promise their users a better life in the near future, it is a security risk, especially today the privacy is increasingly concerned by people. The key technologies of IoT are not yet mature. Therefore the researches and applications of the IoT are in the early stage. In order to make the IoT pervade people’s everyday life, the security of the IoT must be strengthened. In this thesis, first, the IoT is compared with the Internet. Though the IoT is based on the Internet, due to the characteristics of the IoT, those mature end-to-end security protocols and protective measures in the Internet can not directly provide the end-to-end data security through the perceptual layer, the transport layer the and application layer. For the IoT security addressing issues (such as the Internet DNS attack), this thesis proposes the IoT addressing security model. The traditional access control and the identity authentication only works in the same layer. The IoT addressing security model designed in this thesis effectively solves the issues of vertically passing the authentication results in the addressing process without changing the protocols for two communication parties. Besides, this thesis provides the object access control and privacy protection from the object application layer addressing, DNS addressing and IP addressing phases. Finally, combining the IoT object addressing security model with practical application scenario, this thesis designs the IoT object security access model. In this model, the access requester can access objects in different domains through a single sign-on. This model provides the protection for the end-to-end communication between the access requester and object.

The Intel Galileo, inspired by the well-known Arduino board, is a development board with many possibilities because of its strength. The Galileo is has an Intel processor capable of running GNU/Linux and can be connected to the internet, which opens up the possibility to be controlled remotely. The programming language that comes with the Intel Galileo is the same as for the Arduino development boards, and is therefore very limited and does not utilize the Galileo’s entire strength. Our aim with this project is to integrate a more suitable programming language; a language that can make better use of the relatively powerful processor to control the components of the board. The programming language of choice is Erlang, and the reason is obvious. Erlang can be described as a process-oriented programming language based on the functional programming paradigm and its power in concurrency. The result of the project was the successful integration of a complete version of GNU/Linux on the board and the cross-compilation of Erlang/OTP onto the board. Having Erlang running on the system opens up many possibilities for future work, amongst all: creating Erlang programs for the Intel Galileo, integrating an effective API, and measuring the pros and cons of using Erlang on an Intel Galileo. / Intel Galileo är ett utvecklingskort som bygger på Arduinos succe. Den kommer med en kraftigare processor jämfort med Arduino Uno, och den har möjlighet att kunna köra GNU/Linux. Den har också en port för att kunna kopplas till internet och på så sätt kommunicera med andra enheter. Programmeringsspråket som rekommenderas för Intel Galileo är densamma som används för Arduinos utvecklingskort. Det finns däremot en möjlighet att kunna kombinera utvecklingskortet med ett programmeringsspråk som kan erbjuda mer funktionalitet och fortfarande vara enkelt. Vårt val hamnade på Erlang för den är ett funktionellt språk och har möjlighet att hantera olika processer. Tanken är att kunna behandla olika komponenter kopplade till utvecklingskortet som processer, som kan kommunicera med andra komponenter och med internet. Projektarbetet bestod av att undersöka ifall det är möjligt att kunna kombinera Erlang/OTP med Intel Galileon samt skriva en guide för hur implementeringen gick till. Att kombinera de två var lyckat och det öppnar upp möjligheter för fortsätta arbeten och försök.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technological revolution, a new paradigm, with the ability to improve our lives in many areas. Smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart energy management, industrial processing, healthcare, logistics, transport, agriculture & farming, are a some of the areas where IoT is expected to make a big difference. The IoT growth has been almost exponential and is expected to reach between 20 and 43 billion smart devices by 2025., However, for the technology to be widely accepted and adopted, it needs to provide the users with benefits that upweights the cost and risks. but for the technology to be widely accepted and adopted by the users, it needs to provide the users with benefits that upweights the cost and risks. While new functionality is continuously added and the cost decreases with larger volumes and technological advances, the risk is also growing the more the technology is involved in our lives. An increasing number of serious incidents where threat sources gain unauthorized access, or personal data being disclosed or misused, have a negative impact on user adoption. However, producers and service providers prioritize putting their products on the market as fast as possible, and don’t seem to be aware that users find security and privacy as important as functionality. Therefore, it is of great importance that threat sources won’t be able to gain unauthorized access and that users’ personal data aren’t disclosed. However, producers and service providers prioritize putting their products on the market as fast as possible, and don’t seem to be aware that users are willing to pay as much for security and privacy as for new functionality.  It is however not enough to solve the worst issues. Most users are not experts and can’t assess the resilience of a system. Government, producers and service providers must therefore apply a user perspective, understanding and recognizing users concerns, and work actively towards gaining the trust of the users. While the research in security technology is in rapid progress, there is still fundamental research gaps in the perception of IoT security and privacy, the creation of trust, and the barriers for IoT adoption. This paper takes on a holistic approach to examine how producers and service providers can gain user trust and facilitate home IoT adoption

The purpose of this research is to develop best practices for deploying air quality sensors in a remote location such as Mongolia. I discussed the architecture and design constraints when collecting remote air quality sensors data, the challenges that emerge while implementing a sensor-based network in a remote location such as Mongolia. The tradeoffs of using different architectures are described. I observed the usage of electrical heaters in modified gers in remote locations and conclude how effective they are in reducing PM2.5 levels by analyzing air quality data and go through the process of cleaning up the data and removing humidity from low-cost sensors used to deploy in a remote location such as Mongolia so that the PM2.5 reading is more accurate. In order to help many humanitarian efforts dealing with better air quality in developing countries, an air quality sensor was designed to keep low cost as much as possible. The cost is about $200 to build, which is cheaper than other low-cost sensors, yet provides more functionality (e.g., CO2 sensing) and used cellular connectivity to upload data in real-time. This sensor has implications beyond Mongolia. The sensor can be used anywhere WiFi connectivity is not available, such as parks, bus stops, and along roadways, breaking the constraints that other low-cost sensors have. Removing the need for WiFi is a necessary step in allowing ubiquitous air quality sensing. The contributions in this thesis are: First, I presented the challenges one should consider while deploying air quality sensors in developing countries. Second, since Mongolia offers a unique environment and constraints, I shared experiences in deploying sensors in a remote location like Mongolia. This experience goes beyond air quality sensors and can inform anyone who is deploying sensors in remote areas. Third the analysis of the PM2.5 on the gers gives us better insights as to whether modifying gers with insulation and using electrical heaters as opposed to burning coal to heat up the gers makes a difference in regard to better air quality in the gers.