This study sought to investigate and to record any recurring patterns in the form and communicative impact of Shona advertisements. Motivation to carry out the study came from a realisation of a growing interest in using the Shona language for advertising and the fact that very few studies have been done on Shona advertisements. For methodology, examples of Shona advertisements were qualitatively analysed using some communications and discourse analysis approaches of the speech act theory and text linguistics. A structured interview with advertising agencies randomly selected and a questionnaire on the impact of advertisements were also used. The findings of the research included that Shona was used in advertisements in order to reach out to the majority of the Zimbabwean population. In addition, Shona was also found to have been developed enough to handle formal issues like advertisements. This finding further shows that Shona advertisements reflect an instance of diglossia leakage from Shona L(ow) to Shona H(igh). Another finding is that Shona advertisements reflect some characteristics of the Shona speech community in form. These include code-switching, slang and word- division problems. An innovation in code-switching noted in some Shona advertisements is the use of three languages, namely, English, Shona and Ndebele in one advertisement. It was also established that everything about the elements of Shona advertisements communicate. For instance, the message may be visual, tactile and olfactory. It also emerged that the Shona commercial advertisements had a presenting and a hidden agenda at the same time. To achieve this the advertisements used persuasive techniques such as advertising claims, cultural hooks and personalities as spokespersons. It was also noted that most readers of advertisements do not interpret them up to the hidden persuaders but end with the direct meaning. On the other hand the Shona advertisements that gave information such as health issues have no hidden agenda. One recommendation made is that advertisements be read and studied to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used in order to distinguish between misleading advertising and those that give useful information. Some recommendations were made for future research such as carrying out similar studies of informal Shona advertisements, advertisements by n'angas/inyangas (traditional healers), prophets and political campaigns. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

This study sought to examine linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct messages reflective of the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy for Zimbabwe of 1999 by government and private newspapers. Such analysis was perceived to be important since media content has a bearing on Zimbabweans‘ perception and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment and control. The study was aimed at comparing messages from newspapers with views by the people of Zimbabwe regarding the implementation of the policy. Findings reveal that empowerment programmes particularly those targeting women and children are lagging behind as Zimbabweans, literature and newspaper data sources testify. In addition, information sources concur that cultural (For example, stigmatisation, polygamy, religious practices, spouse inheritance) and structural (For example, patriarchy, masculinity, bureaucracy, politics) are stumbling blocks that negatively affect the implementation of the policy. Further, even though private and government newspapers do not fully agree on the portrayal of human agents, there is a general consensus between newspaper reports and Zimbabweans that people still face socio-economic and econo-political challenges that militate against the smooth implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Government newspapers tend to downplay aspects which reveal inadequacies of government activities. The study notes this as betrayal of use of ideological squares both by government and private newspapers whereby certain aspects regarding the implementation of the policy are either downplayed or highlighted to influence perception. The study reveals that newspaper reports used nominalisation, quantification, positive politeness, thematisation, rhematisation, intertextuality, euphemism, proverbs, idioms, action verbs, metaphors and citation of experts as linguistic and discursive strategies both for agenda setting and building purposes regarding the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Other devices used particularly in the encoding of Operation Murambatsvina are, claptraps, deictic referencing, personal pronouns, adjectives and direct speech. The study attributes problems regarding the Zimbabwean HIV and AIDS intervention model to the top – down approach inherent in the policy. Hence, the call for an adoption of an unhu/hunhu/ubuntu inspired bottom – up HIV and AIDS intervention model in Zimbabwe. This would inculcate pro-family, pro-village, pro-nation/people and ―servant leadership‖ (Mangena and Chitando, 2011) values in the fight against the pandemic through the embracing of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Unfortunately, such values largely continue to elude the radar of the current top – down HIV and AIDS intervention model cuurently in use in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

Text in English / The study focuses on the interaction between two structures in development cooperation: the bottom-up approach of Informal Youth Groups (IYGs) and the topdown approach of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs). These are considered in the theoretical context of the capability approach. In the empirical study, conducted in the cities of Amman and Zarqa in Jordan, the researcher interviewed eleven key members of IYGs to analyse their work mechanisms and criteria for co-operation. A Focus Group Discussion with members of INGOs about challenges and opportunities in co-operations with IYGs was conducted, to complement the literature review of INGO perspectives. The study provides insights into the work mechanism and co-operation criteria of IYGs. The interviewees mentioned trust between the parties and sharing vision and motivation as key requirements. Recommendations for INGOs in their work with local partners and practical steps for supporting IYGs are given. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Τα ομομεταλικά σύμπλοκα που περιέχουν αποκλειστικά 3d μεταλλοϊόντα, καθώς και τα ετερομεταλλικά σύμπλοκα 3d/4f μεταλλοϊόντων αποτελούν σήμερα πόλο έλξης για τους ανόργανους χημικούς, λόγω των σημαντικών μαγνητικών, οπτικών και καταλυτικών τους ιδιοτήτων. Η χημεία των πολυπυρηνικών συμπλόκων (πλειάδων) των μετάλλων μετάπτωσης της 1ης Σειράς αποτελεί σήμερα ερευνητικό πεδίο αιχμής, καθώς προκύπτει από την αλληλοεπικάλυψη των επιστημών της Χημείας, της Βιολογίας και της Φυσικής, βρίσκοντας εφαρμογές σε τομείς όπως η Βιοανόργανη Χημεία, η Χημεία των Μοριακών Υλικών και η Νανοτεχνολογία. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν οι μαγνητικές ιδιότητες των μοριακών πλειάδων μετά την ανακάλυψη του φαινομένου του Μονομοριακού Μαγνητισμού. Μαγνήτες Μοναδικού Μορίου, ΜΜΜ (Single Molecule Magnets, SMMs) είναι μοριακές πλειάδες οι οποίες μπορούν να διατηρούν το μαγνητικό προσανατολισμό τους, απουσία ενός μαγνητικού πεδίου, κάτω από μια συγκεκριμένη θερμοκρασία. Οι ΜΜΜ αντιπροσωπεύουν τη μικρότερη συσκευή αποθήκευσης πληροφοριών με ποικιλία δυνητικών εφαρμογών. Πολλοί ΜΜΜ των 3d μετάλλων έχουν υψηλό ολικό σπιν στη θεμελιώδη κατάσταση, αλλά υστερούν σημαντικά στο θέμα της μαγνητικής ανισοτροπίας, όπως αυτή αντικατοπτρίζεται στη μικρή τιμή της παραμέτρου σχάσης μηδενικού πεδίου D. Τα λανθανίδια διαδραματίζουν έναν ιδιαίτερο ρόλο στο Μαγνητισμό, εξαιτίας της μεγάλης μαγνητικής ροπής τους, και στις περισσότερες των περιπτώσεων, λόγω της τεράστιας μαγνητικής τους ανισοτροπίας. Στην τρισθενή τους όμως οξειδωτική κατάσταση, που είναι και η πιο σταθερή, παρουσιάζουν το μειονέκτημα της πολύ ασθενούς αλληλεπίδρασης ανταλλαγής μεταξύ των μεταλλοϊόντων, ως αποτέλεσμα της αποτελεσματικής προάσπισης των ασυζεύκτων ηλεκτρονίων των 4f τροχιακών. Το γεγονός αυτό οδήγησε στη διερεύνηση συστημάτων που συνδυάζουν 4f ιόντα με άλλα παραμαγνητικά είδη, όπως οργανικές ρίζες ή 3d ιόντα. Έτσι, η ταυτόχρονη ύπαρξη των τρισθενών λανθανιδίων (LnIII) και 3d μεταλλοϊόντων μπορεί να βελτιώσει το Μονομοριακό Μαγνητισμό των πλειάδων ένταξης οδηγώντας σε μαγνητικές ιδιότητες διαφορετικές από αυτές των 3d πλειάδων. Η Διπλωματική Εργασία μας στα πλαίσια του Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης «Αναλυτική Χημεία και Νανοτεχνολογία» αφορά τη χημεία των πλειάδων των 3d/4f- μεταλλοϊόντων. Στις προσπάθειές μας να συνθέσουμε ετερομεταλλικές πλειάδες Co ή Cu/LnΙΙΙ με υποκαταστάτες οξίμες (2-πυρίδυλο οξίμες, 2,4-πεντανιοδιόνη διοξίμη) και τη δι-2-πυρίδυλο κετόνη και τα παράγωγά της, απομονώσαμε και χαρακτηρίσαμε οικογένειες συμπλόκων μεταβάλλοντας κάθε φορά παραμέτρους της αντίδρασης, όπως τη φύση του οργανικού υποκαταστάτη, τον διαλύτη της αντίδρασης, την πηγή των μεταλλοϊόντων, τη θερμοκρασία, την πίεση, κ.α. Ως συνθετική πορεία χρησιμοποιήσαμε την “bottom-up” προσέγγιση. Η στρατηγική “bottom-up” χρησιμοποιεί τις χημικές ιδιότητες των διακριτών μορίων για να προκαλέσει: Α) Αυτο-οργάνωση ή αυτο-συναρμολόγηση σε μια χρήσιμη διαμόρφωση. Β) Οργάνωση σε συγκεκριμένη θέση. Η στρατηγική αυτή χρησιμοποιείται για τις έννοιες της μοριακής αυτο-οργάνωσης ή/και της μοριακής αναγνώρισης. Σε ευρύτερο επίπεδο, δηλαδή η “bottom-up” τεχνική δυνητικά μπορεί να παράγει παράλληλες συσκευές με πολύ φθηνότερους τρόπους σε σχέση με την “top-down” μέθοδο που χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως στη σύνθεση τεχνολογικού ενδιαφέροντος συσκευών. Η μοριακή αυτή προσέγγιση ξεκινά με χρήση πηγών ανεξάρτητων ατόμων ή μικρών μορίων για τη σύνθεση μεγάλων μοριακών νανοδομών με επιθυμητές και στοχευμένες ιδιότητες, με αποτέλεσμα να αναπτύσσεται το πεδίο της Ναντεχνολογίας. Δύο γενικές προσεγγίσεις για τη σύνθεση συμπλόκων Co ή Cu/LnIII είναι: η στρατηγική που βασίζεται στη χρησιμοποίηση «μεταλλικών συμπλόκων ως υποκαταστατών» και η στρατηγική που βασίζεται στην «απλή ανάμιξη των συστατικών». Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία εφαρμόζεται η δεύτερη κατά σειρά προσέγγιση για την παρασκευή των παρακάτω συμπλόκων ενώσεων: [CoIII {(py)C(Η)NO}2{(py)C(Η)NOH}](ClO4) [CoIII2DyIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(DMF)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2GdIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(DMF)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2DyIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2GdIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2SmIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2TbIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIIIDyIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3] [CoIIIEuIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3] [CoIIISmIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3].0.3MeOH [CoIIITbIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3].0.3MeOH [CoIIIGdIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3].0.3MeOH [CoIII2Na{(py)C(Η)NO}6].(OMe) [CoIII2DyIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2GdIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2TbIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2PrIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2YIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [Cu2(diba)4(κινοξαλίνη)]n [Cu3Dy2{(py)2CO2}{(py)2CO(OMe)}3{(py)2CO(OEt)}(NO3)4(H2O)2](ClO4)(OH) [Cu6{(py)2CO(OMe)}6(NO3)2](ClO4)4 [Cu3{(py)2C(OMe)(OH)}2{(py)2C(OMe)O}2(ClO4)2] (ClO4)2 .2MeOH [Cu{(py)2C(OH){CH2COCH3)}2](NO3)2.2H2O Οι δομές των συμπλόκων προσδιορίσθηκαν με Κρυσταλλογραφία Ακτίνων Χ Μονοκρυστάλλου. Σε επιλεγμένα σύμπλοκα από αυτά που συνθέσαμε μελετώνται οι μαγνητικές τους ιδιότητες. Τα σύμπλοκα χαρακτηρίστηκαν με φυσικές και φασματοσκοπικές τεχνικές. Τα δεδομένα μελετήθηκαν σε σχέση με τις γνωστές δομές των συμπλόκων και των τρόπων ένταξης των υποκαταστατών. / Homometallic complexes which contain exclusively 3d metal ions and heterometallic complexes with 3d/4f metal ions attract, nowdays, the intense interest of inorganic chemists, due to their important magnetic, optical and catalytical properties. The chemistry of polynuclear complexes (clusters) of the 1st row transition metals is a cutting-edge research area, since combines the sciences of Chemistry, Biology and Physics with applications in the fields of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Chemistry of Molecular Materials and Nanotechnology. After the discovery of the phenomenon of Single Molecule Magntesism, the magnetic properties of molecular clusters are a growning research field. Single Molecule Magnets (SMMs) are molecular clusters which can retain their magnetic orientation, in the absence of a magnetic field, below a certain temperature. SMMs represent the smallest information storage devices with multiple potential applications. Many SMMs of 3d metals exhibit high total spin in the ground state, but their disadvantage is the low value of Zero Field Splitting (ZFS) parameter, D. Lanthanides play an important role in Magnetism, due to their large spin and in most cases huge magnetic anisotropy. In their trivalent oxidation state, which is the most stable, they have the disadvantage of the very weak exchange interactions between the metal ions, as a result of the efficient shielding of unpaired 4f electrons. This fact has led to the investigation of systems combining 4f-metal ions with other paramagnetic species, such as organic radicals or 3d-metal ions. Thus, the simultaneous presence of trivalent lanthanides (LnIII) and 3d metal ions can improve the Single Molecule Magnetism behavior of coordination clusters leading to magnetic properties different from those of 3d clusters. Our Diploma Work in the context of the M.Sc. in “Analytical Chemistry and Nanotechnology” concerns the chemistry of 3d/4f clusters. In our efforts to synthesize heterometallic clusters of Co or Cu/LnIII with oximes (2-pyridyl oximes, 2,4-pentanedione dioxime) and di-2-pyridyl ketone as ligands, we have isolated and characterized new families of complexes, studying various reaction parameters, such as the nature of the organic ligand, the solvent of the reaction, the source of the metal ions, the temperature, the pressure etc. As synthetic route, we have used the “bottom-up” approach. The “bottom-up” approach uses the chemical properties of discrete molecules in order to cause: a) Self-organization or Self-assembly in an interesting configuration. b) Assembly with a specific stereochemistry. This strategy is used for the concepts of molecular self-organization and/or molecular recognition. Hence in a broader sense, the “bottom-up” approach can produce potential applications in devices with cheaper ways in relation to the “top-down” approach which is used widely for the synthesis of devices with technological interest. This molecular approach begins with the use of independent sources of atoms or small molecules for the synthesis of large molecular nanostructures with preferential and targeted properties, developing though the field of Nanotechnology. Two general synthetic approaches for the synthesis of Co or Cu/LnIII complexes are: the strategy which is based on the use of “metal complexes as ligands” and the strategy based on the “simple mixing of components”. In this Diploma Work we have used the second approach for the synthesis of the below mentioned complexes: [CoIII {(py)C(Η)NO}2{(py)C(Η)NOH}](ClO4) [CoIII2DyIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(DMF)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2GdIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(DMF)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2DyIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2GdIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2SmIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIII2TbIII{(py)C(Η)NO}6(H2O)(MeOH)](ClO4)3.3.2H2O [CoIIIDyIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3] [CoIIIEuIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3] [CoIIISmIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3].0.3MeOH [CoIIITbIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3].0.3MeOH [CoIIIGdIII{(py)C(Ph)NO}3(NO3)3].0.3MeOH [CoIII2Na{(py)C(Η)NO}6].(OMe) [CoIII2DyIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2GdIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2TbIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2PrIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [CoIII2YIII2{(py)C(Η)NO}4(piv)4(NO3)4].2MeCN [Cu2(diba)4(quinoxaline)]n [Cu3Dy2{(py)2CO2}{(py)2CO(OMe)}3{(py)2CO(OEt)}(NO3)4(H2O)2](ClO4)(OH) [Cu6{(py)2CO(OMe)}6(NO3)2](ClO4)4 [Cu3{(py)2C(OMe)(OH)}2{(py)2C(OMe)O}2(ClO4)2] (ClO4)2 .2MeOH [Cu{(py)2C(OH){(CH2COCH3)}2](NO3)2.2H2O The structures of the complexes have been solved with Single Crystal X-ray Crystallography. The magnetic properties of selected compounds are investigated. The complexes have been characterized by several physical and spectroscopic techniques. The data are discussed in terms of the known structures of the complexes and the coordination modes of the ligands.

This study sought to investigate and to record any recurring patterns in the form and communicative impact of Shona advertisements. Motivation to carry out the study came from a realisation of a growing interest in using the Shona language for advertising and the fact that very few studies have been done on Shona advertisements. For methodology, examples of Shona advertisements were qualitatively analysed using some communications and discourse analysis approaches of the speech act theory and text linguistics. A structured interview with advertising agencies randomly selected and a questionnaire on the impact of advertisements were also used. The findings of the research included that Shona was used in advertisements in order to reach out to the majority of the Zimbabwean population. In addition, Shona was also found to have been developed enough to handle formal issues like advertisements. This finding further shows that Shona advertisements reflect an instance of diglossia leakage from Shona L(ow) to Shona H(igh). Another finding is that Shona advertisements reflect some characteristics of the Shona speech community in form. These include code-switching, slang and word- division problems. An innovation in code-switching noted in some Shona advertisements is the use of three languages, namely, English, Shona and Ndebele in one advertisement. It was also established that everything about the elements of Shona advertisements communicate. For instance, the message may be visual, tactile and olfactory. It also emerged that the Shona commercial advertisements had a presenting and a hidden agenda at the same time. To achieve this the advertisements used persuasive techniques such as advertising claims, cultural hooks and personalities as spokespersons. It was also noted that most readers of advertisements do not interpret them up to the hidden persuaders but end with the direct meaning. On the other hand the Shona advertisements that gave information such as health issues have no hidden agenda. One recommendation made is that advertisements be read and studied to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used in order to distinguish between misleading advertising and those that give useful information. Some recommendations were made for future research such as carrying out similar studies of informal Shona advertisements, advertisements by n'angas/inyangas (traditional healers), prophets and political campaigns. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

[pt] O comportamento do consumo de energia elétrica do setor industrial tem sido amplamente investigado ao longo dos últimos anos, devido a sua importância econômica, social e ambiental. Mais especificamente, o consumo de eletricidade dos subsetores da indústria brasileira exerce grande importância para o sistema energético brasileiro. Neste contexto, as projeções de longo prazo do seu consumo de energia elétrica para um país ou uma região são informações de grande relevância na tomada de decisão de órgãos e entidades que atuam no setor energético. A abordagem bottom-up determinística tem sido utilizada para obter a previsão de longo prazo em diversas áreas de pesquisa. Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma metodologia que combina a abordagem bottom-up com os modelos lineares hierárquicos para a previsão de longo prazo considerando os cenários de eficiência energética. Além disso, foi utilizada a inferência bayesiana para a estimação dos parâmetros do modelo, permitindo a incorporação de incerteza nessas previsões. Os resultados utilizando os dados de consumo de eletricidade de subsetores da indústria brasileira mostraram que a metodologia proposta consegue capturar a tajetória do consumo de eletricidade, em particular, dos subsetores de papel e celulose, e de metais não-ferrosos e outros de metalurgia. Por exemplo, os intervalos de credibilidade de 95 por cento construídos a partir do modelo estocástico contemplam os valores reais observados nos anos de 2015 e 2016. / [en] The electricity consumption behaviour in the Brazilian industry has been extensively investigated over the past years due to its economic, social and environmental importance. Specifically, the electricity consumption of the subsectors of Brazilian industry have great importance for the Brazilian energy system. In this context, the long-term projections of energy consumption of a country or region are highly relevant information to decision-making of organs and entities operating in the energy sector. The deterministic bottom-up approach has been used for the long-term forecast in several areas of research. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines the bottom-up approach with hierarchical linear models for long-term forecasting considering energy efficiency scenarios. In addition, Bayesian inference was used to estimate the parameters of the model, allowing the uncertainty incorporation in these forecasts. The results using the electricity consumption data from subsectors of the Brazilian industry showed that the proposed methodology is able to capture the trajectory of their electricity consumption, in particular of the pulp and paper, and of non-ferrous metals and other metallurgical subsectors. For example, the 95 percent credibility intervals constructed from the stochastic model contemplate the actual values observed in the years 2015 and 2016.

La transition énergétique « bas carbone » au Maghreb, analysée sous l’angle du déploiement de l’énergie solaire pour la production d’électricité, est appréhendée dans un double contexte euro-méditerranéen et national. Elle est notamment le fruit de projets imaginés par des structures supranationales et décidés au plus haut niveau des États. À l’échelle euro-méditerranéenne, des initiatives ont été mises en place pour appuyer le développement à grande échelle de l’énergie solaire, qu’elles émanent de dispositifs intergouvernementaux (Plan Solaire Méditerranéen en 2008) et de consortia industriels privés (Desertec Industrial Initiative, Medgrid en 2009). À l’échelle nationale, les trois pays du Maghreb (Algérie, Maroc, Tunisie) ont formulé, surtout depuis 2009, des politiques de développement des énergies renouvelables, et élaboré, pour leur mise en œuvre, des plans et programmes nationaux. L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser la mise en œuvre de la transition énergétique « bas carbone » au Maghreb et d’en montrer les implications spatiales et relationnelles aux échelles euro-méditerranéenne et nationale. Ainsi, nous montrons en quoi l’électricité contribue à redéfinir la mise en réseau des espaces régionaux et dans quelles mesures la diffusion des technologies solaires participe à redessiner la géographie de l’électricité au Maghreb. L’objet technique (infrastructure de réseau et unité de production d’électricité à partir de l’énergie solaire) est appréhendé à partir d’une approche systémique, à l’interface des sphères spatiale, politique et économique et sociale. / The « low carbon » transition in the Maghreb, analyzed with a focus on the deployment of solar energy for electricity generation, is considered in both a Euro-Mediterranean and national context. This transition is the result of projects that were designed by supranational organizations and agreed on at the highest level. On a Euro-Mediterranean level, initiatives were implemented to support a large scale development of solar energy, whether it be at an intergovernmental level (Mediterranean Solar Plan, 2008), by private industrial consortia (Desertec Industrial Initiative, Medgrid 2009). At national level, the three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), have formulated explicit renewables development policies, (especially since 2009), and established national plans and programs (Moroccan Solar Plan, Tunisian Solar Plan, National Renewable and Efficiency Energy Program in Algeria). The purpose of this thesis is to explore the implementation of the « low carbon » transition in the Maghreb and show what spatial and relational implications it had both at European and national level. Thus, we explain how electrical energy contributes to redefine how regional areas connect and to what extent the implementation of solar technologies helps reshape the geography of electrical energy in the Maghreb. The technical aspect (network infrastructure and electricity production unit by solar energy) will be studied following a systemic approach, at the crossroads of spatial, social, political and economical spheres. / الملخص تسعى الأطروحة إ لى تحليل الانتقال نحو الطاقات الىتجددة وخاصة الشمسية بأقطار الىغرب العربي من خلالإطارين : إطارأورو - متوسطي و إطار قطري مح . يبدو الانتقال الطاقي وكأنه نتاج لىشاريع أعدتها هياكل فوق قطرية .ك ما أن إقرارها تم لى تموضع مبادرات تهدف إ لى ، أ ع ا لى ستويات السياسية . فع الىستوى ا لا ورو - متوسطي استعمال الطاقة الشمسية ع نطاق واسع وهذه الىبادرات ناشئةعن ترتيبات ب ين .(2008 - خطة الطاقة الشمسية الىتوسطية 2009 الحكومات ) مبادرة ديزرتاك اهتمت الأطروحة بأقطار الىغرب العربي الثلاثة )تونس - الجزائر - الىغرب ( مجسدة لى ثلاثة برامج كلى ى : خطة الطاقة الشمسية الىغربية، الىخطط الشم التون ، ا ل لىنامج الوطني للطاقة الىتجددة وكفاءة الطاقة لى الجزائر . إن الغرض من الأطروحة هو كذلك تحليل الانتقال الطاقي بشمال إفريقيا وإبراز أثارها الىجالية والعلائقية ع الىستوىا لا ورو - متوسطي و ع الىستويات الوطنية، ك ما نسعى إ لى إبراز كيفة مساعدة الطاقة الشمسية ع إعادة تعريف الشبكات غ الىستوى الإقليمي وكيف أن إعادة توزيع تكنولوجيا الطاقة الشمسية تشارك لى إعادة رسم جغرافية الكهرباء بشمال إفريقيا .