Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le champ de l’aménagement urbain orienté vers le transport collectif (TC). Elle focalise sur deux contextes culturels différents, celui de la République tchèque et celui de la France, au sein desquels, néanmoins, les enjeux de promouvoir les TC sont partagés aujourd’hui, dans le cadre de la recherche d’un développement urbain durable. A l’échelle de quartier urbain, le travail s’intéresse, à part la densité et la mixité urbaine, plus particulièrement à des caractéristiques de l’accessibilité piétonne aux stations. A cette fin, des démarches originales d’appréciation qualitative et quantitative sont proposées. Les points forts et les points faibles marqués dans chacun des contextes ainsi que les potentiels de transférabilité réciproque de bonnes pratiques sont enfin considérés / My work explores transit-oriented development within two different cultures, France and the Czech Republic, which nevertheless have significant factors in common with regard to the goal of promoting the modal share of mass transit from a sustainable urban development perspective. Besides the basic urban variables, such as density and functional mix, our work attempts to explore characteristics of pedestrian accessibility, all these at the neighbourhood scale around the stations. For the appreciation, original qualitative and quantitative approach to the appreciation are proposed. The strengths and weaknesses on each side and the potential for reciprocal transfer of best-practices are finally considered

L'étude et la modélisation des réseaux d'alimentation électrique de tramway demandent d'adopter une démarche globale de type système. En effet, la présence de nombreuses structures d'électronique de puissance au sein de ces réseaux modifie fortement leur topologie et leur fonctionnement. Les méthodes de modélisation retenues sont ainsi en rupture par rapport aux approches traditionnelles, puisqu'une analyse complète d'un réseau ne peut être dissociée de l'étude de ses éléments constitutifs. Afin de répondre aux enjeux du monde des tramways, le mémoire apporte tout d'abord des méthodes adaptées pour modéliser les lignes de transmission et les transformateurs de sousstation. Deux niveaux d'analyse sont ensuite abordés : un premier dans le domaine temporel (analyse d'un réseau expérimental de tramway), puis un second dans le domaine fréquentiel (développement d'un outil d'estimation spectrale, permettant de calculer les spectres du système de manière exacte).

L'étude et la modélisation des réseaux d'alimentation électrique de tramway demandent d'adopter une démarche globale de type système. En effet, la présence de nombreuses structures d'électronique de puissance au sein de ces réseaux modifie fortement leur topologie et leur fonctionnement. Les méthodes de modélisation retenues sont ainsi en rupture par rapport aux approches traditionnelles, puisqu'une analyse complète d'un réseau ne peut être dissociée de l'étude de ses éléments constitutifs.Afin de répondre aux enjeux du monde des tramways, le mémoire apporte tout d'abord des méthodes adaptées pour modéliser les lignes de transmission et les transformateurs de sous-station. Deux niveaux d'analyse sont ensuite abordés : un premier dans le domaine temporel (analyse d'un réseau expérimental de tramway), puis un second dans le domaine fréquentiel (développement d'un outil d'estimation spectrale, permettant de calculer les spectres du système de manière exacte).

[pt] A crescente urbanização vem gerando grandes e médias cidades, que sem o devido planejamento urbano, enfrentam problemas cotidianos. Dentre esses problemas podem-se destacar aqueles ligados a mobilidade, que mostram que o atual modelo de circulação é caro e impactante. Torna-se assim evidente a necessidade de repensar a mobilidade urbana, incentivando a utilização e evolução de meios de transporte coletivos de qualidade e ambientalmente sustentáveis, contribuindo dessa forma para o desenvolvimento das cidades e para a qualidade de vida de sua população. Uma opção para melhorar a mobilidade é o VLT (Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos) que opera por força da eletricidade, induz a renovação urbana, e atrai usuários de outros transportes coletivos e do transporte individual, contribuindo desta forma para a implantação de uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável e inclusiva. Deste modo, em 2014 foi iniciado o projeto de implantação de VLT na região central do Rio de Janeiro, e neste trabalho é apresentada a ferramenta de monitoramento de obras criada e utilizada em sua execução. Após análises da ferramenta é possível concluir que este modelo atendeu bem a seus propósitos, principalmente na etapa de planejamento, apresentando um meio de medir o progresso de construção de fácil compreensão, com amplo alcance dentre os gerentes do projeto e online, necessidades crescentes na indústria da construção. Sendo assim, este estudo demonstra um caráter atual, ao tentar desenvolver uma ferramenta que atende a uma demanda na indústria da construção, e inovador já que poucos estudos neste tema foram realizados na construção do VLT. / [en] The increasing urbanization has generated large and medium cities, which without proper urban planning, face daily problems. Among these problems can be detach those linked to mobility, which shows that the current circulation model is expensive and impactful. Becomes evident the need to rethink the urban mobility, encouraging the use and evolution of quality and sustainable means of transportation, thus contributing to the cities development and to the population life quality. An option to improve the mobility is the tramway that operates by electricity force, induces urban renewal, and attracts other collective transportation modes and individual transportation users, thus contributing to a more sustainable and inclusive urban mobility implantation. In this way, in 2014 was started the tramway implantation project in the central zone of Rio de Janeiro, and in this work it is presented a construction work monitoring tool created and used in your execution. After the tool analyses it is possible to conclude that this model served its purposes, mainly in the planning stage, presenting a way to measure the construction progress easy to understand, with wide reach between the project managers and online, construction industry growing needs. Therefore, this study demonstrate itself current, when try to develop a tool that meets a construction industry demand, and innovative since few studies in this theme were realized in the tramway construction.

The aim of this work is to revitalize the public space of náměstí Míru on Kraví hora. The work tries to find further functional use of the, which would include rebuilding the currently unused former military premises at Lerchova street while respecting the current state of the surrounding buildings and greenery. The proposed solution of a new square design signifies urban space as the center of the Masaryk's Quarter. The design takes into account the current location of the tramway balloon loop, which is located in the middle of the area and shapes the unique character of the location. This element of transport is thus left at the heart of the entire urban design. It forms an islet made up of designed buildings with a square created inside. The intention is to build a lively core of the district attracting attention not only from a local populace.

The thesis is concerned with establishing the braking retardation and determining of it's influence for standing passengers. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part is theoretical and it is engaged in brake system of tramway. The second, experimentally part talks about practical establishing of braking retardation. And the third part of thesis is gived to discussion about established values of braking retardation. The aim of thesis is to find a value of braking retardation, when standing passengers don't fall down.

Many researchers in planning have demonstrated the connection between land-use planning and transport planning. Mainly to describe how urban development can reduce emissions and congestion in cities. That public transport can be used as a tool in urban development is not as researched but is a general idea among planners and researchers. The theoretical approach of Transit-Oriented development has developed the idea of how urban development and transport planning can cooperate in an integrated planning process. This study has evaluated a tramway project conducted in Norrköping during the years 2006-2011 that extended tramway line 2 from Jura through Hageby to Navestad to deepen the knowledge about how public transport and urban development correspond. Transit-Oriented development has been used to evaluate the planning process preceding the tramway extension through a theory-based evaluation. This study uses a project logic to describe the planning strategies of the municipality in the planning process. Quantitative indicators have been used to map the outcome of the planning strategies. The study demonstrates that the planning process integrated the aims of urban development into the planning process of the tramway. Aims of a denser city, a city with mixed land use and active businesses in all parts of the city were included in the tramway project. The evaluation shows that the area along the extended tramway line has become denser with more varied land use and increased population density. The number of jobs in the area has increased mainly because of more jobs within the public sector. The number of jobs within the private sector has decreased in the area.

Noise has become a main nuisance in urban areas to the point that according to the World Health Organization 40% of the European population is exposed to excessive noise levels, mainly due to ground transportation. There is therefore a need to find new ways to mitigate noise in urban areas. In this work, a possible device to achieve this goal is studied: a low-height noise barrier. It consists of a barrier typically less than one meter high placed close to a source, designed to decrease the noise level for nearby pedestrians and cyclists. This type of device is studied both numerically and experimentally. Tramway noise barriers are especially studied since the noise sources are in this case very close to the ground and can therefore be attenuated efficiently. The shape and the surface treatment of the barrier are optimized using a gradient-based method coupled to a 2D boundary element method (BEM). The optimization variables are the node coordinates of a control mesh and the parameters describing the surface impedance. Sensitivities are calculated efficiently using the adjoint state approach. Numerical results show that the shapes generated by the optimization algorithm tend to be quite irregular but provide a significant improvement of more than 5 dB (A) compared to simpler shapes. Utilizing an absorbing treatment on the source side of the barrier is shown to be efficient as well. This second point has been confirmed by scale model measurements. In addition, a full scale low height noise barrier prototype has been built and tested in situ close to a tramway track in Grenoble. Measurements show that the device provides more than 10 dB (A) of attenuation for a close receiver located at the typical height of human ears. These results therefore seem to confirm the applicability of such protections to efficiently decrease noise exposure in urban areas

Le choix d'un système de transport guidé de surface exploité en site propre (TCSP) est un travail complexe et difficile. Les différents systèmes peuvent sembler offrir des services équivalents pour les utilisateurs tandis que manquent souvent les informations nécessaires pour mieux distinguer les différences entre tel ou tel système. L'objectif de cette recherche vise, au-delà d'une présentation des différents systèmes guidés de surface qui structurent les réseaux de transport public en France, à procéder à une analyse comparative afin de mieux guider les choix des collectivités territoriales, dans le contexte des efforts qu'elles conduisent pour promouvoir des transports urbains répondant aux enjeux du développement durable. Les avantages et points faibles de chaque système est analysé et présenté de manière désagrégée. De manière complémentaire, est proposée et discutée une méthode multicritère ELECTRE III permettant d'agréger les résultats obtenus et de proposer le (ou les) système(s) le(s) mieux adapté(s) à différents contextes d'exploitation. Le résultat principal met en évidence le fait que le tramway moderne sur fer occupe une place privilégiée dans la majorité des scenarii. Cependant, le CIVIS, le Translohr, TVR et même le trolleybus ont leur place selon le contexte d'exploitation, dès lors en particulier que sont pris en compte les coûts d'infrastructure et d'exploitation associés. Les résultats de cette recherche nous encouragent en outre à recommander, chaque fois qu'il y a un projet de système de transport de surface, de passer en revue la gamme des systèmes et d'effectuer l'analyse comparative avec les différentes contraintes du lieu et du moment, en y intégrant une vision de moyen et long terme et les effets prévisibles sur l'aménagement urbain

The Swedish city of Uppsala is growing and will be expanded. To manage the increase in traffic, a tramway is being planned. It is vital to make the construction and the tramway tracks sustainable. This is explored to study carbon dioxide emissions related to tramway track materials as well as their wear and service life. This project investigates sustainability, the tramway track constituents, rail steel, the rails' wear, rail surface treatments that could minimize wear and increase service life, materials surrounding the rails, and the production of the most used materials in tramway tracks. A literature study is conducted to compare different options for materials and treatments. The municipality of Uppsala's climate goals, technical standards and regulations, articles and studies about the mentioned topics, amongst other sources, are considered and compared. The results include a rough estimation of the material consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Asphalt tracks have the lowest emissions of the different surrounding material options. The steel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for the vignole rails are less than for grooved rails and the concrete consumption for grass tracks is slightly less compared to edilon tracks. It is also possible to switch from regular perlitic rail steel to bainitic rail steel when needed. Laser hardening, UNSM, and thermal plasma hardening decrease the rails' wear (rates) considering increased surface hardness. / Uppsala är en växande stad och därför ska Södra staden byggas ut. Spårvagnstrafik planeras för att hantera den kommande trafikbelastning. Det är viktigt att göra konstruktionen av spårvägen till spårvagnen så hållbar och miljövänlig som möjligt. Detta utreds i denna rapport för att undersöka koldioxidutsläpp från spårvägens material samt dess slitage och livslängd. Rapporten undersöker hållbarhet, hur spårvägarna ser ut och dess olika delar, rälstål, rälernas slitage, ytbehandlingar till rälarna som kan minimera slitage och öka livslängden, samt tillverkningen av de mest förekommande materialen i spårvagnars spårvägar. En litteraturstudie genomförs för att jämföra olika materialvals- och behandlingsalternativ. Uppsala kommuns klimatmål, tekniska standarder och regelverk, artiklar och studier om de nämnda ämnena, bland andra resurser, används och jämförs. Studiens resultat inkluderar en grov uppskattning av materialåtgången och koldioxidutsläpp. Det blir minst koldioxidutsläpp från asfaltsspår när det gäller de omgivande materialen. Stålåtgången och koldioxidutsläppen för vignolräler är mindre än för gaturäler och betongåtgången blir lite mindre för grässpår jämfört med edilonspår. Det är även möjligt att byta från vanligt perlitiskt rälstål till bainitiskt rälstål vid behov. Laserhärdning, UNSM och termisk plasma härdning minskar rälernas slitage med avseende på framförallt ökningar av ythårdhet.