La mise en place d'une commande publique artistique aux abords des lignes de tramway n'a de cesse de faire florès dans l'Hexagone. Présente au cœur des principales agglomérations françaises, nul ne peut rester indifférent face à l'ampleur d'une telle démarche, qui de surcroît soulève bien des questionnements, en premier lieu sur sa propre pertinence urbanistique. En effet, si de cette initiative naît un partenariat original entre un mode de transport urbain faisant peau neuve et un art public se voulant plus que jamais proche des citadins, il est judicieux face à ses résultats contrastés sur le terrain, de se pencher sur son devenir, à la lumière notamment d'une étude urbanistique, sensorielle, sémiotique et philosophique. Ainsi, au détour d'une analyse pluridisciplinaire des projets partenariaux (Paris et Nice entre autres), plusieurs pistes réflexives entendent apporter des éléments de réponse sur cette réussite en demi-teinte. Mais également, proposer de nouvelles perspectives conceptuelles pour consolider et valoriser au mieux cette démarche partenariale, qui ouvre assurément une nouvelle façon de voir, de percevoir et d'appréhender la ville ainsi que les mutations qui l'animent. Elle entend par la même occasion redéfinir les fonctions primaires des deux éléments urbains qui la composent : l'art public et le tramway / The implementation of a public art commission around the tram lines blooms in France. Present into the main french agglomerations, nobody can remain indifferent in front of the scale of such an approach, which besides raises many questions, including that of its own urbanistic relevance. This initiative certainly gives birth to an original partnership between a facelifted urban transport mode and a public art, which seems to aspire to be closer than ever towards city dwellers. But in front of contrasted results, it would be wise to examinate the future of such a partnership, in the light of an urbanistic, sensory, semiotic and philosophic study. Through a pluridisciplinary analysis of partnership projects (Paris, Nice among others), several lines of approach attempt to bring elements of answer. At the same times, this study proposes a new conceptual perspective for emphasize this partnership, which delivers a new way of seeing and perceiving the city. It redefines the primary functions of the public art and the tram, both urban elements which compose it

La circulation des tramways peut produire des vibrations se propageant dans le sol, et induire une gêne pour les personnes résidant et travaillant dans les bâtiments voisins de la voie. Par conséquent, lors de la réalisation d'une ligne de tramway, il est important de considérer ces phénomènes vibratoires. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail est double. Premièrement, les procédures expérimentales permettant d'analyser les vibrations générées par le tramway sont présentées, prenant en compte notamment : la vitesse et le type de rame (deux constructeurs), le type de pose (classique ou sur dalle flottante), et les caractéristiques du sol. Le traitement des données expérimentales fournit des informations sur le sol (procédure Sasw), une validation du comportement de la voie (mobilités de transfert voie-sol et réceptance du rail) en comparaison avec les données constructeurs, et l'estimation des efforts dynamiques exercés par les essieux sur les rails (mesures de vibrations sur un bogie porteur). Le second objectif correspond à la validation des modèles numériques (prenant en compte la voie et le sol) pour la prédiction des vibrations générées. Les efforts dynamiques provenant des essieux sont estimés à partir de rugosités simplifiées pour les rails et les roues, ces rugosités étant validées par comparaison avec les mesures. Les équations couplées sont résolues dans le domaine des nombres d'onde, à l'aide de transformées de Fourier (une ou deux dimensions). L'effet de la rotation de la dalle flottante ou d'assise est pris en compte et intervient de façon significative dans la réponse du sol. Étant donné que la précision des amplitudes vibratoires calculées dans le cas d'un passage de tramway est correcte, ce travail peut être utilisé pour l'analyse et la validation de nouvelles lignes de tramways.

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Läns- och lokaltrafikens branschorganisation Svensk Kollektivtrafik har som mål att år 2020 ha fördubblat kollektivtrafikresandet från 2006 års siffror. En sådan förändring kommer inte att ske av sig självt utan ett målmedvetet arbete kommer att krävas för att göra kollektivtrafiken mer attraktiv. En alltmer aktuell utveckling av kollektivtrafiken är att flera svenska städer har mer eller mindre långtgångna planer på att införa spårvagnstrafik.     Detta examensarbetes syfte är att utreda förutsättningarna för en spårvägsetablering i Västerås Stad.  Arbetet delas in i litteraturstudie, fallstudie, enkätstudie samt intervjustudie. I den inledande litteraturstudien sammanställs allmän information avseende spårvägens utformning, anläggning, kostnader samt finansieringsmöjligheter. Den knyter även an till tidigare studier inom området för att tillvarata nyttiga erfarenheter. I fallstudien undersöks Västerås förutsättningar för spårvagnstrafik. Förutsättningarna används sedan till att upprätta ett systemförslag avseende ett stomlinjesystem för spårvagn med tillhörande drift- och investeringskostnader. I enkätstudien redogörs Västerås invånares inställning till ett hypotetiskt förslag om införande av spårvagnstrafik som en del av stadens kollektivtrafikssystem. Intervjustudien resulterade i att litteraturstudien kunde kompletteras med en i spårvagnsbranschen aktiv aktörs erfarenheter.   Vidare analyseras samtliga studier var för sig och sedan som en enhet. Slutligen presenteras våra egna slutsatser. / County and local traffic trade association Swedish Public Transport Association's goal by 2010 is to double the travel by public transport from 2006 years figures. Such a change will not happen by itself; a systematic effort will be required to create an attractive public transport. A more recent development of public transport is that several Swedish cities have more or less advanced plans to introduce trams.This thesis work aims to investigate the preconditions of a tram establishment in Västerås. The work is divided into literature study, case study, questionnaire survey and interview. The initial literature study summarizes general information regarding light rail design, construction, costs and financing options. The study also ties in with previous studies in the area to gain useful experience. The case study examines Västerås conditions for trams. The conditions are then used to establish a system proposal of a line system for tram with the associated operational and investment costs. The questionnaire study describes Västerås residents attitudes to a hypothetical proposal for the introduction of light rail transit as part of the city's public transport system.  The interview study resulted in the literature study being supplemented by experiences from an active actor within the tram industry. The thesis analyzes all of the studies individually and then as a unit. Finally, the authors’ own conclusions are presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielLPM_Pag1_ate_pag97.pdf: 4839877 bytes, checksum: 3d5fe7174441bcbf90a4b28c1edf1c0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to S?o Jos? do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Fl?vio Villa?a and Roberto Lobato Corr?a references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group Hist?ria da Cidade, do Territ?rio e do Urbanismo . / A estrada de ferro, a partir de 1870, se torna uma reivindica??o recorrente nos discursos da imprensa e das elites pol?ticas, devido ao isolamento geogr?fico de Natal. A implanta??o das duas vias f?rreas que atendiam a capital a Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, posteriormente encampada pela Great Western Railway Company, e a Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte tiveram implica??es em seu ambiente urbano. Enquanto que as estruturas ferrovi?rias se consolidavam no ?mbito da cidade, outros mecanismos de transporte eram instalados durante a primeira d?cada do s?culo XX, como as linhas de bonde, que tamb?m se deslocavam por trilhos. Levando em conta essas quest?es, pode-se perguntar: como as ferrovias e os bondes suas demandas, caminhos e edifica??es influenciaram na organiza??o interna de Natal? Trabalhamos com a hip?tese geral de que a influ?ncia das redes t?cnicas compostas pelos bondes e pelas estradas de ferro sobre o espa?o intraurbano de Natal se deu de forma diversificada, ora consolidando aspectos s?cioespaciais de algumas ?reas, ora promovendo a ocupa??o de outras. O impacto sobre o territ?rio da cidade tamb?m se d? de maneira diversificada entre os edif?cios/complexos ferrovi?rios e os caminhos. A diferente escala existente entre o trem e o bonde velocidade, tamanho, n?vel de ru?do, fluxo, entre outros tamb?m ocasiona reflexos distintos no ambiente urbano. O objetivo principal deste trabalho ? o de compreender o papel das redes t?cnicas de circula??o na estrutura??o do espa?o intra-urbano, de forma a contribuir ? historiografia urbana que trata do assunto. O universo de estudo abrangido ? a cidade de Natal. J? o recorte temporal adotado, entre 1881 e 1937, marca temporalmente a trajet?ria das vias f?rreas e dos bondes no Rio Grande do Norte: em 1881 ? inaugurado o primeiro trecho de vias f?rreas no estado de Natal a S?o Jos? de Mipibu , bem como, o complexo ferrovi?rio na Pra?a da Rep?blica futura Augusto Severo , o ano de 1937 corresponde ao per?odo eminente do decl?nio dos bondes como sistema de transporte p?blico em Natal. Nesse per?odo, d?cada de 1930, as ferrovias e os bondes, apesar de estruturas consolidadas, passavam a enfrentar de maneira mais intensa a concorr?ncia oferecida pelos ve?culos automotores. O referencial te?rico adotado se baseia, sobretudo, nos conceitos e an?lises de autores como Fl?vio Villa?a e Roberto Lobato Corr?a refer?ncias para as concep??es de estrutura urbana , localiza??o , acessibilidade , entre outras e Gabriel Dupuy base para o entendimento da quest?o das redes t?cnicas urbanas . Essas refer?ncias revelam o conflito entre as realidades que comp?em o universo urbano interesses e valores , o que ? um fator determinante na estrutura??o do espa?o intra-urbano. As fontes utilizadas foram de duas naturezas distintas: prim?rias, tanto peri?dicos de ?poca, como mensagens e relat?rios oficiais de governo; e secund?rias, referentes ? revis?o bibliogr?fica realizada sobre os autores que tratam do tema em estudo. Tamb?m s?o utilizadas pelo estudo v?rias fontes iconogr?ficas, presentes no Grupo de Estudo Hist?ria da Cidade e do Urbanismo (HCUrb/DARQ) e levantadas a partir das pesquisas de campo realizadas

This thesis dwells on program creating in program environment Excel, in accordance with submission from submitter. Program is going to be able solve all required values. This thesis has four parts. First part is oriented on problems of urban mass transportation a methods of specific energy consumption. Second part contains program flowchart and program description. Third part contains theoretical solution of specific energy consumption and theoretical comparison of computing methods. Last part contains numerical substitution in an equations and calculating of their values.

The diploma thesis solves construction of new public transport stops and relocation of tramway tracks route which follows new traffic organization in the area of Veveří, Šumavská, Kounicova and Nerudova streets in the city Brno. The project aims for an improvement of the public transportation level of service and of the quality of pedestrian routes in the area. The focus also lies on adjusting of routes of the private motorised transport with the goal of traffic calming in the Veveří street, on including cycling infrastructure into the plan and finally the emphasis is put on the overall improvement of the value of the area through urban planning. Part of the project are to one side public transport stops and tramway tracks and to the other side a planning of a park, defining of an area for building public amenities and planning a new underground car park on Akademické square. At the same time, the preservation of green space and of the character of tree avenues with their expansion is taken into consideration.

Denna studie har undersökt spårvägsprojektet i Lund utifrån fokuset platsmarknadsföring, tillgänglighet, tillväxt och hållbar utveckling. Den har även fokuserat på motiven bakom spårvägen. Studien gör detta genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, där en textanalys har utförts av Lunds kommuns planeringsdokument. Resultaten av textanalysen identifierar de ovan nämnda perspektiven och deras relation till spårvägen.  Studien drar slutsatsen att medan spårvägen främst agerar som ett transportmedel, används den även som ett verktyg för platsmarknadsföring och varumärkesbyggande för att skapa en attraktiv stadsmiljö. Den attraktiva stadsmiljön eftersträvas eftersom den attraherar människor och investeringar. Införandet av spårvägen innebär dock både positiva och negativa effekter. Även ifall spårvägen uppmuntrar markvärdeshöjningar och ekonomisk tillväxt, kan det även leda till försämrade sociala förutsättningar där bostäder blir mindre överkomliga. Den tidigare forskningen förtydligar att det finns avvägande intressen mellan ekonomiska vinster och allmännyttan. Därutöver föreställs perspektiven om tillgänglighet och platsmarknadsföring, med ett fokus på att förstärka varumärket snarare än att tillgodose invånarnas behov. Samtidigt är spårvägens potential att förbättra tillgänglighet och miljökvalitet erkänd, men farhågor kring social rättvisa lyfts fram. Studien bygger på begränsad information, det föreslås därför att alternativa metoder och perspektiv på Lunds spårväg används för att vidare bidra till en mer holistisk bild av ämnesområdet. För att återge en sammanfattande syn så belyser studien vikten av att planeringen av spårvägar balanserar ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga effekter. / From the vantage points of place marketing, accessibility, growth, and sustainable development, this study looked at the Lund tram project. It has also concentrated on the tramway's goals. The study used a qualitative research methodology, and planning documents from the municipality of Lund were subjected to text analysis. The text analysis's findings reveal the perspectives mentioned above and how they relate to the tramway.   According to the study's findings, the tram serves primarily as a mode of transportation but is also employed as a tool for place marketing and branding to create a pleasing urban environment. A desirable urban environment appeals to both people and investments. However, the tramway's embodiment calls for both favourable and unfavourable outcomes. The tramway promotes economic growth and increases in real estate values, but it can also exacerbate social conditions by making houses more expensive. There are trade-offs between economic advantages and the public interest, according to earlier studies. In addition, rather than emphasizing resident requirements, the perspectives of accessibility and location marketing are envisioned as strengthening the brand. While acknowledging the tramway's potential to increase accessibility and environmental quality, social justice problems are also brought up. Since the study is based on limited data, it is advised that different approaches and viewpoints on Lund's tramway be taken to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic. The study emphasizes the significance of balancing economic, social, and environmental aspects in the planning of tramways in order to present a summarized view.

Sammanfattning Ett flertal problem inom strömförsörjning av Nockebybanan och Tvärbanan i Stockholm avsågs att redas ut och lösas i detta examensarbete. Ett av problemen var att s.k. reläskydd i likriktarstationerna bryter strömmen alltför ofta, även när det inte har skett något fel, utan att exempelvis en eller flera spårvagnar dragit för mycket ström så att skydden löst ut av det. Skydden löser också ofta ut av strömtransienter som kan uppstå när en spårvagns strömavtagare passerar en så kallad sektionsavskiljare eller på vintern när det är rimfrost på kontaktledningen. Resultatet av undersökningen och analysen visar på olika lösningar, varav en åtgärd som är lämplig för att minska antal brytningar i likriktarstationer är att strömbegränsa vagnarna så att de inte kan ta ut en alltför hög ström. Denna åtgärd var inte möjligt för vagntillverkaren att åtgärda inför hösten 2017, utan endast en effektbegränsning var möjlig på kort sikt. En genomgång av reläskyddens inställningar föreslogs som en åtgärd för att minska antal brytningar, vilket genomfördes av Siemens. Syftet var att ta reda på om reläskydden kunde ställas om så att färre brytningar skulle ske. Genomgången visade att de så kallade derivataskydden kunde ställas om en aning. I detta arbete föreslogs även att förloppet när en spårvagn passerar en sektionsavskiljare bör undersökas, vilket gjordes av spårvagnstillverkaren. Deras resultat skulle bli klara efter att detta examensarbete slutförts. Alternativ för att köra spårvagnar när kontaktledningen är belagd med rimfrost utreds i detta arbete och en relativt enkel lösning är att låta en roller lägga på glycerol, som motverkar rimfrost. / Abstract Several problems regarding power supply of Nockebybanan and Tvärbanan tram lines have been detected. The goal of this work has been to investigate and solve some of these problems. One of the problems was that so called relay protections were breaking the current too often, even when there was no fault. The protections also often break the power supply because of current transients, which can arise when a pantograph passes a section delimiter or in the winter when there is hoarfrost on the catenary. The result of the investigation and analysis shows different solutions, of which one appropriate procedure for reducing the number of breaks in the rectifier stations, is to limit the current in the trams so that they are not able to use as much current. This procedure was not possible to develop for the tram manufacturer alredy to the autumn of 2017, only a power limitation was the option for the short time perspective. An investigation of the settings of the relay protections was proposed as a procedure to reduce the number of breaks and was done by Siemens. The aim was to investigate if the relay protection could be readjusted so that the number of breaks could be reduced. The investigation showed that the so called derivative protection could be readjusted a bit. In this thesis work, it was also proposed that the lapse when a tram passes a section delimiter should be investigated, and was done so by the tram manufacturer. Their result was supposed to be finished after the completion of this thesis work. Options for operating trams when there is hoarfrost on the catenary is investigated and a relatively simple solution is to let a roller apply glycerol on the overhead line, preventing hoarfrost.

Le bruit est devenu une nuisance importante en zone urbaine au point que selon l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, 40% de la population européenne est exposée à des niveaux de bruit excessifs, principalement dû aux transports terrestres. Il devient donc nécessaire de trouver de nouveaux moyens de lutter contre le bruit en zone urbaine. Dans ce travail, on étudie une solution possible à ce problème: un écran bas antibruit. Il s'agit d'un écran de hauteur inférieure à un mètre placé près d'une source, conçu pour réduire le niveau de bruit pour les piétons et les cyclistes à proximité. Ce type de protection est étudié numériquement et expérimentalement. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux écrans adaptés au bruit du tramway puisque dans ce cas les sources sont proches du sol et peuvent être atténuées efficacement. La forme ainsi que le traitement de surface de l'écran sont optimisés par une méthode de gradient couplée à une méthode 2D d'éléments finis de frontière. Les variables à optimiser sont les coordonnées de nœuds de contrôle et les paramètres servant à décrire l'impédance de surface. Les sensibilités sont calculées efficacement par la méthode de l'état adjoint. Les formes générées par l'algorithme d'optimisation sont assez irrégulières mais induisent une nette amélioration par rapport à des formes simples, d'au moins 5 dB (A). Il est également montré que l'utilisation de traitement absorbant du côté source de l'écran peut améliorer la performance sensiblement. Ce dernier point est confirmé par des mesures effectuées sur modèle réduit. De plus, un prototype à l'échelle 1 d'écran bas antibruit a été construit et testé en conditions réelles, le long d'une voie de tramway à Grenoble. Les mesures montrent que la protection réduit le niveau de 10 dB (A) pour un récepteur proche situé à hauteur d'oreilles. Ces résultats semblent confirmer l'applicabilité de ces protections pour réduire efficacement le bruit en zone urbaine / Noise has become a main nuisance in urban areas to the point that according to the World Health Organization 40% of the European population is exposed to excessive noise levels, mainly due to ground transportation. There is therefore a need to find new ways to mitigate noise in urban areas. In this work, a possible device to achieve this goal is studied: a low-height noise barrier. It consists of a barrier typically less than one meter high placed close to a source, designed to decrease the noise level for nearby pedestrians and cyclists. This type of device is studied both numerically and experimentally. Tramway noise barriers are especially studied since the noise sources are in this case very close to the ground and can therefore be attenuated efficiently. The shape and the surface treatment of the barrier are optimized using a gradient-based method coupled to a 2D boundary element method (BEM). The optimization variables are the node coordinates of a control mesh and the parameters describing the surface impedance. Sensitivities are calculated efficiently using the adjoint state approach. Numerical results show that the shapes generated by the optimization algorithm tend to be quite irregular but provide a significant improvement of more than 5 dB (A) compared to simpler shapes. Utilizing an absorbing treatment on the source side of the barrier is shown to be efficient as well. This second point has been confirmed by scale model measurements. In addition, a full scale low height noise barrier prototype has been built and tested in situ close to a tramway track in Grenoble. Measurements show that the device provides more than 10 dB (A) of attenuation for a close receiver located at the typical height of human ears. These results therefore seem to confirm the applicability of such protections to efficiently decrease noise exposure in urban areas