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A busca no aumento da vida útil dos transformadores de distribuição, redução dos custos de manutenção e mitigação de falhas, leva ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais e critérios de exploração diferenciados desses ativos. Esta pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento de um novo transformador de distribuição compacto e mais eficiente utilizando óleo vegetal isolante totalmente biodegradável. Além de biodegradável, o óleo vegetal utilizado possui menor agressividade ambiental e maior capacidade térmica aumentando, a capacidade de carregamento do transformador sem comprometer a sua vida útil. A fim de atestar essa menor agressividade em relação ao óleo mineral, ensaios foram efetuados em um equipamento que permaneceu 12 anos em operação. O equipamento foi totalmente desmontado para análise e coleta de amostras de papel e óleo vegetal isolante. As análises visam comprovar a menor agressividade em relação ao óleo mineral, apresentadas na revisão bibliográfica. A menor agressividade torna possível a proposição de uma nova filosofia de planejamento de redes de distribuição utilizando uma quantidade menor dos novos transformadores para uma mesma carga, tornando-a mais compacta e eficiente. / The search of increase on the life expectancy of distribution transformers, reducing maintenance costs and mitigation failures, leads to the development of new materials and different operating criteria of these assets. This research presents the development of a new distribution transformer compact and more efficient with insulating in vegetable oil totally biodegradable. In addition to biodegradable, the vegetable oil used has less environmental aggressiveness and greater thermal capacity, increasing the loading capacity of the transformer without compromising its life expectancy. To prove that the vegetable oil is less aggressive than mineral oil, tests were done out in a transformer that worked for 12 years. The equipment was disassembled for analysis and collection of samples of vegetable oil and paper insulation. The analyses aim to prove the lesser aggressiveness compared to mineral oil, presented in the literature review. This situation makes it possible the proposition of a new philosophy of planning of distribution networks using a smaller amount of new transformers for the same load, making it more compact and efficient.

Dagens samhälle är beroende av el, allt från att få rent vatten i kranen till att kunna tanka bilen kräver el. Vattenkraftverk står för nästan 50% av dagens elproduktion i Sverige vilket medför att vattenkraft är en väsentlig verksamhet för att få samhället att fungera. Ur ett miljöperspektiv anses vattenkraft vara mer miljövänlig än el som produceras på fossila bränslen. I och med den stora rollen vattenkraft spelar i dagens samhälle är det viktigt att förebygga eventuella olyckor och produktionsstopp, till exempel bränder. Bränder har tidigare förekommit på vattenkraftverk runt om i världen. Colorado är ett exempel där det började brinna i det brandfarliga materialet som arbetades med i en tunnel på stationen. Detta resulterade i en brand där flera arbetare blev instängda i en tunnel under marken, samtliga omkom då det endast fanns en utrymningsväg. I vattenkraftstationer som är belägna under marken är det vanligt förekommande att det endast finns en utrymningsväg. Olyckan påvisar den komplexitet som finns vid dimensionering av vattenkraftstationer under marken. Syftet och målet med detta projekt har varit att identifiera brandrisker på två vattenkraftverk och finna passande åtgärder för att minimera och förebygga dessa. För att uppnå projektets mål har bland annat en litteraturstudie genomförts för att ge en förståelse över problem som kan uppstå. En riskidentifiering genom platsbesök har också genomförts för att se hur det ser ut i verkligheten på de två vattenkraftstationerna. Det har även gjorts en datasimulering för att ge en uppfattning av rökspridningen, denna datasimulering har genomförts med hjälp av Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Litteraturstudien påvisade, genom statistik från MSB:s databas IDA, att transformatorbränder är en av de största riskerna i anläggningar under marken. Vid platsbesöket på Messaure, ett vattenkraftverk, fanns det endast lokaltransformatorer placerade under marken. Dessa lokaltransformatorer var av typen torrtransformator vilket medför en mindre brandrisk. Tidigare fanns även övriga transformatorer under mark men dessa är flyttade ovan mark för att minimera brandrisken. Till skillnad från Messaure fanns Akkats, ett vattenkraftverk, transformator placerad under mark i en egen transformatorhall vilket utgör en egen brandcell. Entrén till denna fanns i direkt anslutning till tillfartstunneln som också används för utrymning. För att undersöka hur mycket en brand i transformatorhallen skulle påverka utrymningen valdes detta utrymme för en FDS-analys. Den slutsatsen som kan dras är att skulle dörren stå öppen skulle en brand i transformatorn ha en stor negativ inverkan på utrymningen. Rökutvecklingen skedde snabbt och röken strömmade tidigt ut i tillfartstunneln vilket medförde en påverkan på all utrymning. Vanligtvis ska dörren till transformatorhallen vara stängd men den kan lätt glömmas öppen i och med att det inte finns en dörrstängare. En kostnadseffektiv förbättring vore att installera en dörrstängare, det skulle kunna rädda liv. / Today's society is dependent on electricity, from getting clean water in the faucet to being able to put fuel in the car electricity is required. Hydroelectric power plants account for almost half of today's production of electricity, which means that hydropower is a vital factor for the community to function. From an environmental perspective, hydropower is considered more environmentally friendly than electricity produced from fossil fuels. Since hydroelectric power plants play a big role in society makes it very important to prevent possible accidents and hold-ups in production, such as a fire. Fires have occurred at hydropower plants around the world. Colorado is an example where the fire started in the flammable material that was being used in a tunnel at the hydropower plant. This resulted in a fire where several workers were trapped in a tunnel underground, all workers died since there was only one escape route. In hydropower stations located underground, it is common that there is only one escape route. The accident demonstrates the complexity that exists in the dimensioning of hydropower stations underground. The purpose and goal of this project has been to identify fire risks at two hydropower plants and how to minimize and prevent them. In order to achieve the project's goals, a literature study has been conducted to provide an understanding for the problems that may arise. A risk investigation was also conducted at the hydropower plants to see what they look like in the reality. A computer simulation has also been made to give an idea of the smoke spread. This computer simulation has been performed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The literature study showed, through statistics from MSB's database IDA, that transformer fires are one of the biggest risks in underground facilities. During the visit to Messaure, a hydroelectric power plant, only the local transformers were placed below the ground. These local transformers were of a dry-transformer type, which results in a smaller fire hazard. Previously, there were also other transformers underground, but these are moved above ground to minimize the fire hazard. Unlike Messaure, Akkat's, a hydroelectric power plant, transformer was placed underground in a separate transformer hall, which is a separate fire cell. The entrance to this was directly adjacent to the access tunnel which is also used for evacuation. To investigate how much a fire in the transformer hall would affect the evacuation, this space was chosen for an FDS analysis. The conclusion that can be drawn is that if the door should be left open, a fire in the transformer would have a major negative impact on the evacuation. Smoke quickly streamed into the access tunnel, which has an effect on all evacuation. The door should always be closed . However, there is no automatic door closer, which can result in the door being left open. A cost-effective improvement would be to install a door closer, which could save lives.

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude et la réalisation d'une nouvelle application des convertisseurs multicellulaires parallèles. Le but est de concevoir un système pouvant injecter des forts courants transitoires (milliers d'Ampères) dans l'âme conductrice de câbles haute tension à courant continu afin de mesurer la répartition des charges électriques dans l'isolant par la méthode de l'onde thermique. La structure proposée est basée sur la mise en parallèle de modules de convertisseurs DC/DC à phases couplées utilisant des transformateurs intercellules (ICT). La solution proposée permet de concevoir un dispositif à faible encombrement (portabilité). Une approche de dimensionnement des ICT cycliques basée sur la détermination d'un modèle analytique généralisé permettant de quantifier le flux et la densité de flux à travers le circuit magnétique, est présentée. Une méthode d'optimisation consistant en une permutation des ordres de commande des phases est utilisée pour réduire l'encombrement du coupleur magnétique. Un prototype de convertisseur multicellulaire utilisant un ICT cyclique planar de puissance a été réalisé. Il s'agit d'un module 12 phases, fonctionnant comme une source de courant régulé de 1200 A (grâce à une boucle de régulation de courant), et dont la puissance est de 30 KW. Des résultats expérimentaux validant la possibilité d'utiliser la solution proposée pour la caractérisation diélectrique des câbles haute tension à courant continu sont présentés dans le mémoire. / The purpose of this study is the design of a new application for parallel multi-cell converters. The aim is to setup a portable system that can inject a high current (several Amps current) within 2 s in the conducting core of a HVDC cable, and determinate the distribution of electrical space charge through the insulation using the Thermal Step Method (TSM). The proposed structure will be constituted of paralleled coupled multiphase buck converters using InterCell Transformers (ICT). A dimensioning theoretical approach of planar intercell transformer based on the magnetic core saturation condition is presented. The proposed method is based on calculating a generalized expression on the magnetic flux density matrix for any number of cells. Permutation method is used in order to reduce the magnetic core volume. Its principle is to reduce the flux concentration in the magnetic core by modifying the phase-shift of two successive cells.Finally, the experimental prototype (12-cells 30 kW power converter) using cyclic planar ICT is designed and tested. The converter is used to generate regulated current pulses of 1200 Amps (its operating mode is similar to a current source). Experimental results (thermal step current measurements) are includes in order to confirm the ability of using the proposed solution for power cable dielectric characterization.

Increasing amounts of solar power connected to the low-voltage network will adversely affect the performance of the network. The two impacts that will most often set the limit are overvoltage with the customers and overloading the distribution transformer. In this work, alternative methods have been studied for determining when a transformer is overloaded, to allow more solar power to be connected to the low-voltage network, i.e., increasing the hosting capacity for solar power.A limit-based method on the highest temperature inside the transformer (the hotspot temperature) and a method based on the loss-of-life of the transformer insulation due to hotspot temperatures above the design temperature are those alternative methods in this study. These methods are known as "dynamic transformer rating", a technology proposed in the literature but with very little practical experience in distribution networks.Two models were developed and implemented in MATLAB: a thermal model of the transformer calculating the hotspot temperature for a given time series of loading and ambient temperature; and a model for the loss-of-life of the winding insulation for given time series of the hotspot temperature. These models have been applied to existing distribution networks: measured consumption patterns with high time resolution (10-minute time step) for nine different distribution transformers for 1.5 years (network operator); measured ambient temperature (SMHI); and solar-power production calculated from satellite measurements (Renewables Ninja).For these nine distribution transformers, the time series of the hotspot temperature and the loss-of-life over the 1.5 years have been calculated for different values of the solar power installed capacity on the low-voltage side of the distribution transformer. The resulting time series are used to estimate the hosting capacity for solar power of a 200 kVA transformer. Using the existing design methods, the hosting capacity is 200 kW. Once that value is reached, the further connection of solar power should be stopped until a larger transformer is available. According to IEC design methods, the hosting capacity is about 270 kW using a limit to the hotspot temperature. This value somewhat depends on the loading patterns of the transformer before the connection of solar power. Once that value is reached, the further connection should again be stopped. Even for installed capacity exceeding 270 kW, the loss of life of the transformer insulation is still small and acceptable. This allows for further connection of PV without the immediate need to replace the transformer. Even values up to 350 or 400 kW may be acceptable, but a limit based on loss-of-life will require a detailed risk analysis as the pre-solar loading of the transformer is shown to play an important role.This work has shown that dynamic transformer rating allows more solar power to be connected to a distribution network than using classical rating methods without unacceptable risk for transformer loss-of-life.

The work deals with the analysis of time series of diagnostic quantities measured in power oil transformers. The first part includes power oil transformers and the description of diagnostic variables that are measured inside these non-rotating electrical machines. The next section introduces the decomposition model of time series including analysis of all its components. The last part deals with the predictions of the likely survival time of power oil transformers operating in different power plants in the Czech Republic.

This degree project presents a study case in Eskilstuna-Sweden, regarding the effect of the photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage system (BESS) on a power distribution transformer, and how they could change the transformer lifespan. For that, an extensive literature review has been conducted, and two MATLAB models were used to simulate the system. One model simulates the PV generation profile, with the option of including battery in the system, and the other one simulates the transformer loss of life (LOL) based on the thermal characteristics. Simulations were using hourly time steps over a year with provided load profile based on utility data and typical meteorological year weather data from SMHI and STRÅNG. In this study, three different scenarios have been put into consideration to study the change of LOL. The first scenario applies various levels of PV penetrations without energy storage, while, the other scenarios include energy storage under different operating strategies, self-consumption, and peak shaving. Similarly, different battery capacities have been applied for the purpose of studying the LOL change. Thus, under different PV penetrations and battery capacities, results included the variation of LOL, grid power, battery energy status, and battery power. Moreover, results concluded that the PV system has the maximum impact on LOL variation, as it could decrease it by 33.4 %, and this percentage could increase by applying different battery capacities to the system. Finally, LOL corresponding to the battery under peak shaving strategy varies according to the battery discharge target. As different peak shaving targets were used to control the battery discharge, and hence, study the impact on the transformer and estimate its LOL.

Labelling factual information on the token level in legal cases requires legal expertise and is time-consuming. This thesis proposes transfer-learning and fine-tuning implementation of pre-trained state-of-the-art BERT models to perform this labelling task. Investigations are done to compare whether models pre-trained on solely legal corpus outperforms a generic corps trained BERT and the model’s behaviour as the number of cases in the training sample varies. This work showed that the models metric scores are stable and on par using 40-60 professionally annotated cases as opposed to using the full sample of 100 cases. Also, the generic-trained BERT model is a strong baseline, and a solely pre-trained BERT on legal corpus is not crucial for this task.

La presente tesis describe la gestión logística de la cadena de suministros en empresas proveedoras de suministros eléctricos, en función a los 4 eslabones que la componen: aprovisionamiento, producción, distribución y post venta y logística inversa, para determinar la influencia que tuvo en el éxito de estas empresas en Lima Metropolitana. Para ello, se analizó a cuatro empresas del sector, además de realizar un análisis de transformadores eléctricos importados, ya que es uno de los ejes principales que permiten un óptimo flujo de la corriente eléctrica. Nuestra investigación está dividida en 5 capítulos, los cuales se detallan a continuación: En el primer capítulo, se muestran los antecedentes nacionales e internacionales, como parte del marco teórico de la investigación. En el segundo capítulo, se abordó el plan de investigación, donde se formuló el problema, objetivos e hipótesis sobre el tema en estudio. El tercer capítulo, está centrado en la parte metodológica de la tesis, describiendo el diseño de la investigación, el tamaño de muestra, también se explica a detalle las técnicas de instrumentos de recolección empleados para realizar la investigación, asimismo se desarrollan las entrevistas y focus group para recolectar información valiosa sobre el rubro analizado. En el cuarto capítulo, se ha detallado el perfil de los entrevistados y el análisis de resultados para cada variable encontrada. Finalmente, en el último capítulo, se exponen las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la tesis, en base a los hallazgos encontrados en el capítulo anterior. / This thesis describes the logistics management of the supply chain in electricity supply companies, based on the 4 links that compose it: supply, production, distribution and post-sale and reverse logistics, to determine the influence it had on success of these companies in Metropolitan Lima. For this, four companies in the sector were analysed, in addition to carrying out an analysis of imported electrical transformers, since it is one of the main axes that allow an optimal flow of electrical current. Our research is divided into 5 chapters which are detailed below: In the first chapter, the national and international backgrounds are shown, as part of the theoretical framework of the research. In the second chapter, the research plan was addressed, where the problem, objectives, and hypotheses on the subject under study were formulated. The third chapter is focused on the methodological part of the thesis, describing the research design, the sample size, the collection instrument techniques used to carry out the research are also explained in detail, as well as the interviews and focus group to collect valuable information about the item analysed. In the fourth chapter, the profile of the interviews and the analysis of results for each code found have been detailed. Finally, in the last chapter, the conclusions and recommendations of the thesis are presented, based on the findings found in the previous chapter. / Tesis

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s’intéresse à la prédiction des vibrations d'un noyau de transformateur multicouche, constitué d'un assemblage de tôles ferromagnétiques. Le problème couplé magnéto-mécanique est résolu par une approche séquentielle progressive : la résolution magnétique est suivie d'une résolution mécanique. Un modèle multi-échelle simplifié 3D décrivant les anisotropies magnétiques et magnétostrictives, et considérant les non-linéarités magnétiques et de magnétostriction, est utilisé comme loi de comportement du matériau. La structure du noyau du transformateur est modélisée en 2D. Une technique d'homogénéisation permet de tenir compte du comportement anisotrope de chaque couche afin de définir un comportement moyen pour chaque élément du maillage éléments finis.. Des mesures expérimentales sont ensuite effectuées, permettant d’une part la validation des lois de comportement matériau utilisées, et d’autres part des modèles de comportement structurel statique, du comportement structurel dynamique et de l'estimation du bruit. Différents matériaux et différentes géométries de prototypes de transformateurs sont considérés pour ce travail. Des optimisations structurelles sont finalement proposées grâce à des simulations numériques s’appuyant sur le modèle développé, afin de réduire les vibrations et les émissions de bruit du noyau du transformateur. / This thesis deals with the prediction of the vibration of a multi-layer transformer core made of an assembly of electrical sheets. This magneto-mechanical coupled problem is solved by a stepping finite element method sequential approach: magnetic resolution is followed by mechanical resolution. A 3D Simplified Multi-Scale Model (SMSM) describing both magnetic and magnetostrictive anisotropies is used as the constitutive law of the material. The transformer core structure is modeled in 2D and a homogenization technique is implemented to take the anisotropic behavior of each layer into consideration and define an average behavior at each element of the finite element mesh. Experimental measurements are then carried out, allowing the validation of the material constitutive law, static structural behavior, dynamic structural behavior, and the noise estimation. Different materials geometries are considered for this workStructural optimizations are finally achieved by numerical simulation for lower vibration and noise emission of the transformer cores.