Cette thèse présente une réflexion sur les verbes à particule et les verbes prépositionnels en anglais. La relation qui existe entre la syntaxe et la sémantique est une des pierres angulaires de cette étude. Nous étudierons le rôle de la configuration syntaxique, de la structure argumentale et des connaissances extralinguistiques dans la construction du sens. Nous analyserons également le nombre d’arguments, tels qu’ils apparaissent dans une combinaison, ainsi que leur type sémantique en contexte et la manière dont ces deux paramètres peuvent influencer l’interprétation sémantique finale. Les aspects théoriques abordés sont la catégorisation des particules et des prépositions, l’interaction du sémantisme des particules - prépositions et le sémantisme verbal, la structure interne des verbes à particule, et les raisons pour lesquelles les particules peuvent apparaître soit avant, soit après le complément régi par le verbe. Nous aborderons également certaines questions plus générales telles que la conceptualisation du mouvement, la résultativité, la transitivité et la polysémie. Le travail a été effectué à partir d’un corpus de 286 combinaisons formées d’un élément verbal et over. Chaque combinaison est analysée en contexte afin d’identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’interprétation sémantique finale de la combinaison. Au cours de cette étude, nous identifierons toute une gamme de facteurs qui influencent l’interprétation sémantique finale des verbes à particule et des verbes prépositionnels anglais ainsi que leur interaction. / This thesis explores the construction of sense in English particle and prepositional verbs. It departs from the premise that meaning is something constructed during the process of situated usage. A corpus of 286 combinations formed through the association of a verbal element with over are analysed in context in order to identify the various factors which influence final semantic interpretation. A particular focus of the study is the relationship between form and meaning. The relationship between syntactic configuration and semantic interpretation is investigated and the various ways in which the number and nature of the verbal and/or prepositional arguments can impact semantic interpretation is explored. The role of the extralinguistic in the construction of sense is examined. The major theoretical questions dealt with concern the categorisation of particles and prepositions, the interaction between particle/prepositional semantics and verbal semantics, the internal structure of particle verbs, and the reasons why the particle in a particle verb can either precede or follow the verbal object. The study also explores several more general areas of linguistic investigation including the conceptualisation of movement, resultativity, transitivity and polysemy. During the course of the study a wide range of factors which influence the final semantic interpretation of particle and prepositional verbs in English are identified.

There are numerous connections between the theory of formal languages and that of symbolic dynamics. In each, the transition from one dimension to two dimensionsis accompanied by much difficulty due in large part to the emptiness problem, which is related to the presence (or lack thereof) of periodic points and is known to be undecidable. Here, we focus on two-dimensional languages that have the property that all blocks allowed by the language can be extended to a configuration of the plane satisfying the structure of the language; for such languages the emptiness problem is not an issue. We first show that dot systems may be associated with two-dimensional languages having this property, so that we might employ these languages as varied examples. We next define a new type of finite automaton and with it, a tool for recognizing two-dimensional "strings" of data. It is then shown that these automata correctly represent the sofic shift spaces that result from the application of block maps to shifts of finite type. Thereafter, these automataare utilized to investigate properties of transitivity in the two-dimensional languages that they represent. More specifically, new definitions for different types of two-dimensional transitivity are adapted from topological dynamics and then illustrated through the use of dot systems. The appearance of periodic points in the languages represented by these automata is also explored, with a main result being that the existence of a periodic pointis guaranteed under certain conditions. Finally, issues of equivalence are introduced in the two-dimensional setting with regards to formal languages (syntactic monoids) and symbolic dynamics (the follower sets of a graph representing a sofic shift space).

The aim of this dissertation is twofold. On one hand, I describe the use of tense in the second language of the deaf – written Swedish. There is no previous description of this. On the other hand, I operationalize the transitivity model (Hopper & Thompson 1980) and test its scope. I test in part whether transitivity as it is described by Hopper & Thompson (1980) can be used to explain the use of tense by the deaf in my study. The reason why I connect transitivity with the use of tense is that I would like to see whether a transitivity analysis of a text can replace classification into foreground and background. If so, a transitivity analysis should be a sufficient method for testing the discourse hypothesis, which maintains that second language learners use their emerging verb morphology to signal foreground and background rather than tense. The material I use for both these aims consists of a total of 129 essays written by deaf high school students. The results show that the percentage of clauses with an appropriate choice of tense in all three subsets of material is high. One interesting trend that could be discerned with regard to use of tense is that when informants use a tense that is appropriate for the genre, their command of that tense is better than when it is used in a genre for which it is less appropriate. Calculations testing the hypothesis of co-variance between the components in the transitivity model show in general that such co-variance exists. Nonetheless, the degree of this varies and is far from total. Taken together, the calculations made in this investigation provide support for the claim that these nine components co-vary with one another. The results also show that there is no correlation between the components and the use of tense. Judging from the results, the value of the different components (positive or negative) appears to have no importance in determining whether the choice of tense is appropriate or not. Nor is there any significant difference in the subsets of material for my investigation of whether the number of positive values that a clause has is relevant in classifying the choice of tense as appropriate.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2317258 bytes, checksum: b8f1781dbaff1df9363482819b4d4d52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims at understanding the relationship between the process of meaning and context, via verbal transitivity. Our general hypothesis is that the participants would have an easier understanding of the structures in which the arguments placed after the verbs had met its transitivity. And, with the largest number of language items allowed by the structure, transitivity would act as a facilitator of communication interaction. For this work, we have anchored on the theory of conventional imagery, in special on the notion of Trajector and Landmark proposed by Langacker (2008). Based on experimental psycholinguistic methodology, we have had as dependent variables time and rate of accuracy and the transitivity as an independent variable with three conditions: not prepositioned arguments, prepositioned arguments and simultaneously prepositioned and not prepositioned arguments. This experiment was conducted with young informants from sixteen (16) to eighteen (18) years old, Brazilians natives. After the application of the experiments, the data were treated in three programs, the Qualtrics, and two statistical packages, R and ACTION. Regarding the results, we concluded that there is a relationship between the context and the process of signification. The presence in opposition to the absence of the preposition seems to have acted as facilitator of the understanding. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal entender a relação entre o processo de significação e o contexto, via a transitividade verbal. Nossa hipótese geral é que os informantes teriam uma maior facilidade de compreensão das estruturas em que os argumentos pospostos aos verbos tivessem sua transitividade atendida. E, com o maior número de itens linguísticos que a estrutura permitisse, a transitividade agiria como facilitadora da interação comunicacional. Para este trabalho, ancoramo-nos na teoria da imagética convencional, em especial na noção de Trajetor e Marco proposto por Langacker (2008). Neste fazer, foi utilizada uma metodologia experimental baseada na psicolinguística que teve como variáveis dependentes o tempo e o índice de acerto, e, como variável independente, a transitividade verbal com três condições: argumentos não preposicionados, argumentos preposicionados e, simultaneamente, argumentos preposicionados e não preposicionados. Este experimento teve como informantes jovens entre dezesseis (16) e dezoito (18) anos de idade, nativos brasileiros. Após a aplicação dos experimentos, os dados foram coletados e tratados por três programas, um apenas para a coleta de dados, o Qualtrics e dois de estatística, o R e o ACTION . Em relação aos resultados, pudemos concluir que existe uma relação entre transitividade e os processos de significação. A presença ou ausência da preposição confirmou-se como agente facilitador da compreensão.

O presente trabalho está inserido nas pesquisas sobre linguagem no contexto jurídico, e busca responder às seguintes questões: como os atores sociais beneficiários de cotas para ingresso nas universidades públicas são representados em um conjunto de textos, produzidos pelo Poder Público Brasileiro, acerca do próprio sistema de cotas? E como o Sistema da Transitividade demonstra quem são as forças ativas e as forças passivas da questão das cotas? Para isso, buscou-se um corpus heterogêneo composto pelo voto do Ministro Ricardo Lewandowsky na ADPF168, que decidiu a polêmica das cotas, bem como os textos que apresentam relações de intertextualidade com o julgamento, sejam eles anteriores ao voto, como, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, em especial o artigo 5, caput e inciso I, e a Lei do Estado do Rio de Janeiro n 4151 de 2003; ou posteriores, como a Lei 12.711 de 29 de agosto de 2012, que veio em resposta ao texto do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativa interpretativa, insere-se no ramo da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, em especial na Representação dos Atores Sociais de van Leuween (1996) e no Sistema de Transitividade proposto por Halliday (2004) / This work is included in the area of research on language in the legal context , and aims to answer the following questions : how are social actors, who are beneficiaries of affirmative action for admission into public universities, represented in a set of texts , produced by the Brazilian Government, about the quota system itself ? And how does theTransitivity system (from Systemic-functional linguistics) show who are the active and passive forces in the issue of affirmative action in public universities ? To asnswer these questions, a heterogeneous corpus was compiled, mainly made up of the vote of Minister Ricardo Lewandowsky , who decided the controversy of quotas , and texts that bear intertextual relations with the trial text , whether they were produced before the vote, as the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 , in particular Article 5th , heading and paragraph I , and the Law of the State of Rio de Janeiro No. 4151 , 2003 , or later as Law 12,711 of August 29, 2012 , which came in response to the text issued by the Federal Supreme Court . The nature of the research is interpretive qualitative, and its theoretical foundations are found in Systemic-Functional Linguistics and in the theoretical framework for the study of the Representation of Social Actors by van Leeuwen (1996). Within Systemic-Functional Linguistics proper, the analytical categories are those from the Transitivity System, by Halliday (2004)

Uma das instâncias de representação do mundo é a linguagem. Por meio da língua representamos dados de nossa experiência física e psíquica, ou seja, representamos a realidade que nos cerca. Investigar como o homem representa essa realidade é uma questão inesgotável. Desse modo, é necessário selecionar um aspecto dessa realidade, i.e., fazer um recorte. Para tratar de como o homem representa o mundo, foi escolhido como objeto de pesquisa uma das mais recorrentes representações feitas pela humanidade, a saber, deus. Os questionamentos em torno do personagem deus podem ser considerados uma das questões ontológicas do homem. No âmbito dos estudos da linguagem, a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional mostra-se como suporte teórico ideal, pois entende que a linguagem possui a habilidade de representar a realidade. O propósito da linguagem de representar ideias e expressar experiências remete à Metafunção Ideacional que tem como ferramenta de análise o Sistema de Transitividade. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo é investigar, por meio do Sistema de Transitividade da LSF, que representações de deus José Saramago nos mostra em seu último romance, Caim, e responder às seguintes perguntas: Qual a representação do personagem Deus em Caim a partir da investigação dos enunciados do narrador, do personagem Caim e do próprio personagem Deus? A análise linguística corrobora ou não o posicionamento de Saramago expresso por meio de um narrador que se coloca contra Deus? Como a análise linguística pode corroborar e sustentar uma análise literária? O conceito de religião e a relação homem-deus têm uma presença constante na obra de Saramago e, em Caim, o autor desconstrói uma tradição judaico-cristã, através das próprias narrativas bíblicas do Velho Testamento. Por meio dos processos analisados é possível observar que o divino, na obra em questão, é revestido de características humanas, é vingativo, rancoroso e demonstra pouquíssima compaixão por suas criaturas. Para Saramago, o Deus cristão faz dos seres humanos suas marionetes, por exemplo, quando induz Caim ao primeiro homicídio da historia cristã. Desse modo, o autor desconstrói a concepção judaico-cristã do Deus justo, onipotente, onisciente e bondoso. Para o autor, Deus é egoísta, vingativo e se deixa levar pela ira / One of the instances of the worlds representation is language. Through language we represent our physical and psychic experience, i.e., we represent the reality that surrounds us. To investigate how man represents this reality is an endless question. Thus, it is necessary to select an aspect of reality, i.e., choose a side view. To deal with how man represents the world, the research object chosen is one of the most frequent representations made by mankind, that is, god. The questions surrounding god as a character can be considered one of man's most important ontological questions. Within languages studies, Systemic Functional Linguistics presents as with an ideal theoretical support, since it believes that language has the ability to represent reality. This purpose of language to represent ideas and express experiences is studied under the Ideational Metafunction. Our goal is to investigate, through the Transitivity System of SFL, which representations of God José Saramago shows us in his latest novel, Caim, and answer the following questions: What is the representation of the character God in Caim seen by means of the narrators statements, of the character Caims statments and of the character Gods statements? The linguistic analysis supports or not Saramago's positioning expressed by a narrator who stands against God? How can the linguistic analysis confirm and support a literary analysis? The concept of religion and the relationship between man and God have a constant presence in the work of Saramago, and, in the novel Caim, the author deconstructs a jewish-christian tradition, through the biblical narratives themselves of the Old Testament. By means of the processes analyzed, we could observe that the divine, in Caim, is coated with human characteristics, is vindictive, spiteful and shows no compassion for his creatures. According to Saramago, the Christian God makes humans their puppets, for example, when Caim is induced to the first homicide of Christian history. Therefore, the author deconstructs the jewish-christian conception that God is fair, omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent. For the author, God is selfish, vindictive and gets carried away by anger

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_vc_me_ararafcl.pdf: 1426959 bytes, checksum: 243f23391f31832ac3faa27d9fd98e10 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo geral do estudo é a observação, no uso efetivo da língua, de construções vigentes examinando-as em confronto com cânones prescritos em obras normativas da atualidade. O objetivo específico é o exame da tensão entre o que propõe essas obras e o que ocorre na língua escrita de 1900 a 1950 quanto à regência de alguns dos verbos mais tratados pelos manuais normativos: esquecer(-se), lembrar(-se), pagar, perdoar, assistir, obedecer, ir e chegar. Paralelamente se buscará um confronto com os resultados obtidos em pesquisa anterior, na qual se estudou a regência verbal na segunda metade do século passado. A análise se serviu de uma amostra do corpus do Laboratório de Lexicografia da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara (UNESP), que contém cerca de duzentos milhões de ocorrências. A investigação, de base funcionalista, concentra-se nos processos ligados à manifestação da transitividade verbal. / The general goal of this research is the observation of real constructions in the effective use of the language, examining them in confrontation with prescribed models in normative manuals. The specific goal of the research is the examination of the tension between what these manuals propose and what occurs in the written language, in the period between 1900 and 1950, according to the regency of some of the most treated verbs in the normative Portuguese manuals: esquecer(-se) (to forget), lembrar(-se) (to remember), pagar (to pay), perdoar (to forgive), assistir (to watch), obedecer (to obey), ir (to go) and chegar (to arrive). Besides, it will be made a confrontation with the results of a previous research, in which it was studied the verbal regency in the second half of the last century. The analysis has a sample of the corpus of the Laboratory of Lexicographical Studies of the College of Sciences and Letters of Araraquara (UNESP), which has almost two hundred million occurrences. The investigation, that has a functionalist basis, is concentrated in the processes linked to the manifestation of the verbal transitivity.

O presente trabalho está inserido nas pesquisas sobre linguagem no contexto jurídico, e busca responder às seguintes questões: como os atores sociais beneficiários de cotas para ingresso nas universidades públicas são representados em um conjunto de textos, produzidos pelo Poder Público Brasileiro, acerca do próprio sistema de cotas? E como o Sistema da Transitividade demonstra quem são as forças ativas e as forças passivas da questão das cotas? Para isso, buscou-se um corpus heterogêneo composto pelo voto do Ministro Ricardo Lewandowsky na ADPF168, que decidiu a polêmica das cotas, bem como os textos que apresentam relações de intertextualidade com o julgamento, sejam eles anteriores ao voto, como, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, em especial o artigo 5, caput e inciso I, e a Lei do Estado do Rio de Janeiro n 4151 de 2003; ou posteriores, como a Lei 12.711 de 29 de agosto de 2012, que veio em resposta ao texto do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativa interpretativa, insere-se no ramo da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, em especial na Representação dos Atores Sociais de van Leuween (1996) e no Sistema de Transitividade proposto por Halliday (2004) / This work is included in the area of research on language in the legal context , and aims to answer the following questions : how are social actors, who are beneficiaries of affirmative action for admission into public universities, represented in a set of texts , produced by the Brazilian Government, about the quota system itself ? And how does theTransitivity system (from Systemic-functional linguistics) show who are the active and passive forces in the issue of affirmative action in public universities ? To asnswer these questions, a heterogeneous corpus was compiled, mainly made up of the vote of Minister Ricardo Lewandowsky , who decided the controversy of quotas , and texts that bear intertextual relations with the trial text , whether they were produced before the vote, as the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 , in particular Article 5th , heading and paragraph I , and the Law of the State of Rio de Janeiro No. 4151 , 2003 , or later as Law 12,711 of August 29, 2012 , which came in response to the text issued by the Federal Supreme Court . The nature of the research is interpretive qualitative, and its theoretical foundations are found in Systemic-Functional Linguistics and in the theoretical framework for the study of the Representation of Social Actors by van Leeuwen (1996). Within Systemic-Functional Linguistics proper, the analytical categories are those from the Transitivity System, by Halliday (2004)

Uma das instâncias de representação do mundo é a linguagem. Por meio da língua representamos dados de nossa experiência física e psíquica, ou seja, representamos a realidade que nos cerca. Investigar como o homem representa essa realidade é uma questão inesgotável. Desse modo, é necessário selecionar um aspecto dessa realidade, i.e., fazer um recorte. Para tratar de como o homem representa o mundo, foi escolhido como objeto de pesquisa uma das mais recorrentes representações feitas pela humanidade, a saber, deus. Os questionamentos em torno do personagem deus podem ser considerados uma das questões ontológicas do homem. No âmbito dos estudos da linguagem, a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional mostra-se como suporte teórico ideal, pois entende que a linguagem possui a habilidade de representar a realidade. O propósito da linguagem de representar ideias e expressar experiências remete à Metafunção Ideacional que tem como ferramenta de análise o Sistema de Transitividade. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo é investigar, por meio do Sistema de Transitividade da LSF, que representações de deus José Saramago nos mostra em seu último romance, Caim, e responder às seguintes perguntas: Qual a representação do personagem Deus em Caim a partir da investigação dos enunciados do narrador, do personagem Caim e do próprio personagem Deus? A análise linguística corrobora ou não o posicionamento de Saramago expresso por meio de um narrador que se coloca contra Deus? Como a análise linguística pode corroborar e sustentar uma análise literária? O conceito de religião e a relação homem-deus têm uma presença constante na obra de Saramago e, em Caim, o autor desconstrói uma tradição judaico-cristã, através das próprias narrativas bíblicas do Velho Testamento. Por meio dos processos analisados é possível observar que o divino, na obra em questão, é revestido de características humanas, é vingativo, rancoroso e demonstra pouquíssima compaixão por suas criaturas. Para Saramago, o Deus cristão faz dos seres humanos suas marionetes, por exemplo, quando induz Caim ao primeiro homicídio da historia cristã. Desse modo, o autor desconstrói a concepção judaico-cristã do Deus justo, onipotente, onisciente e bondoso. Para o autor, Deus é egoísta, vingativo e se deixa levar pela ira / One of the instances of the worlds representation is language. Through language we represent our physical and psychic experience, i.e., we represent the reality that surrounds us. To investigate how man represents this reality is an endless question. Thus, it is necessary to select an aspect of reality, i.e., choose a side view. To deal with how man represents the world, the research object chosen is one of the most frequent representations made by mankind, that is, god. The questions surrounding god as a character can be considered one of man's most important ontological questions. Within languages studies, Systemic Functional Linguistics presents as with an ideal theoretical support, since it believes that language has the ability to represent reality. This purpose of language to represent ideas and express experiences is studied under the Ideational Metafunction. Our goal is to investigate, through the Transitivity System of SFL, which representations of God José Saramago shows us in his latest novel, Caim, and answer the following questions: What is the representation of the character God in Caim seen by means of the narrators statements, of the character Caims statments and of the character Gods statements? The linguistic analysis supports or not Saramago's positioning expressed by a narrator who stands against God? How can the linguistic analysis confirm and support a literary analysis? The concept of religion and the relationship between man and God have a constant presence in the work of Saramago, and, in the novel Caim, the author deconstructs a jewish-christian tradition, through the biblical narratives themselves of the Old Testament. By means of the processes analyzed, we could observe that the divine, in Caim, is coated with human characteristics, is vindictive, spiteful and shows no compassion for his creatures. According to Saramago, the Christian God makes humans their puppets, for example, when Caim is induced to the first homicide of Christian history. Therefore, the author deconstructs the jewish-christian conception that God is fair, omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent. For the author, God is selfish, vindictive and gets carried away by anger

Este artículo analiza las construcciones verbales seriales (CVS) del mapudungun, lengua indígena hablada en el sur de la República Argentina, sobre todo en las provincias de La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut. Los estudios tradicionales del mapudungun han tratado los verbos conformadospor dos o más raíces verbales como lexemas compuestos. A partir de la perspectiva tipológica, que define las construcciones verbales seriales como una secuencia de verbos que funciona como un predicado único, sin presentar elementos coordinantes ni subordinantes entre ellos, se las analiza estableciendo los distintos tipos de CVS, sus valores semánticos, así como su frecuencia de aparición en los corpora sobre los que se basanuestro trabajo. -- This article analyzes the serial verb constructions (SVC) of Mapudungun, an indigenous language spoken in the southern region of Argentina —mainly in the provinces of La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut.Traditional investigations of Mapudungun have considered verbs constituted by two or more verbal roots as complex lexemes. From a typological trend, which defines SVC as a sequence of verbs that functions as a unique predicate, without presenting coordination or subordination elements betweenthem, we analyze Mapudungun SVC and, thus, establish a typology, their semantic values and the appearance frequency in the corpora we gathered for this investigation.