Šio darbo tema Antropologiniai Dekalogo interpretavimo ir atskleidimo aspektai religiniame ugdyme. Šiuolaikiniam žmogui mažai žinomi arba sunkiai suprantami Senojo Testamento teisiniai tekstai; Dekalogas – esminis tokių tekstų. Religiniame ugdyme yra nepakankamai išryškinami antropologiniai Dekalogo interpretavimo ir atskleidimo aspektai. Antropologinis Dekalogo interpretavimas kaip toks yra aktualus ne tik įvairiems religinio ugdymo kontekstams, bet religiniam žmogaus išprusimui apskritai. Neteisingas daugumos vaikų, paauglių ir suaugusiųjų požiūris į Dekalogą kaip negatyvų dalyką, ribojantį laisvę ir atimantį gyvenimo džiaugsmą. Taip suprastas Dekalogas yra kliūtis pozityviam Dievo įvaizdžiui ir autentiškam religiniam tikėjimui, todėl šį požiūrį būtina keisti, akcentuojant pozityvią prieigą prie Dekalogo. Tai šiame darbe ir buvo daroma. / The topic of this work is the interpretation and disclosure aspects of Anthropological Decalogue aspects in religious education. The Old Testament’s legal texts are little known or hard to understand for a modern man. Decalogue is essential of the texts. Anthropological Decalogue’s interpretation and disclosure aspects are not enough revealed in religious education. The interpretation of Decalogue is actual not only in various religious education contexts but also it is essential for man’s religious sophistication. Most of the children, teenagers and adults have a negative opinion about Decalogue as being a negative, limiting freedom and taking away the joy of life. Such understanding of Decalogue is the obstacle for the positive image of God and authentic religious belief so it is necessary to change this view point by emphasizing the positive access to the Decalogue. This was revealed in this work.

[pt] A verdade configura-se como um dos objetivos do processo. Sua busca guarda expressão na atividade desempenhada pelo julgador que, frente às alegações trazidas pelas partes, terá de distinguir as falsas das verdadeiras, as que narram fatos existentes das que alegam o que não aconteceu em busca de um resultado favorável a interesses privados. É ao julgador que cabe a tarefa epistemológica para as quais também o direito deve se voltar. Daí a importância das provas como fundamento da decisão que será proferida, assim como da consciência dos traços que marcam o tipo de raciocínio que utiliza. Que o julgador não seja mais uma vítima de uma versão do realismo ingênuo; que saiba que na maior parte das vezes faz uso de induções e que, portanto, suas conclusões, ainda que embasadas em premissas verdadeiras, são apenas mais uma alternativa, nunca necessárias. Isso traz, por fim, a premência de que se reconheça a necessidade de justificar as decisões tomadas. Motivar as decisões com argumentação, isto é, buscando o convencimento das partes imediatamente envolvidas, mas também de qualquer pessoa que venha a ler o processo. Aceitabilidade. / [en] Establishing the truth is one of the aims of the legal process. The search for the truth is taken up by the judge who, in order to arrive at a decision, has to decide, among the allegations of the parts involved, which are true and which are false, distinguishing the narratives that refer to existing facts from those that only assert putative facts. The judge fulfills the epistemological role which law must also face up to. Hence the importance of taking account of the evidence as the basis for justifying the decision as well as understanding the underlying types of reasoning required for this activity. The judge must not be a victim of a naive realism. He must be aware that most of the time he is making use of inductions and therefore his conclusions, albeit based on true premises, are never necessary, characterizing only one possible response. It is of the utmost importance to recognize the need for explicit justification of the decisions taken. Decisions require arguments capable of persuading the parts involved, as well as anyone who is interested in the process, of its acceptability.

O presente trabalho está inserido nas pesquisas sobre linguagem no contexto jurídico, e busca responder às seguintes questões: como os atores sociais beneficiários de cotas para ingresso nas universidades públicas são representados em um conjunto de textos, produzidos pelo Poder Público Brasileiro, acerca do próprio sistema de cotas? E como o Sistema da Transitividade demonstra quem são as forças ativas e as forças passivas da questão das cotas? Para isso, buscou-se um corpus heterogêneo composto pelo voto do Ministro Ricardo Lewandowsky na ADPF168, que decidiu a polêmica das cotas, bem como os textos que apresentam relações de intertextualidade com o julgamento, sejam eles anteriores ao voto, como, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, em especial o artigo 5, caput e inciso I, e a Lei do Estado do Rio de Janeiro n 4151 de 2003; ou posteriores, como a Lei 12.711 de 29 de agosto de 2012, que veio em resposta ao texto do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativa interpretativa, insere-se no ramo da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, em especial na Representação dos Atores Sociais de van Leuween (1996) e no Sistema de Transitividade proposto por Halliday (2004) / This work is included in the area of research on language in the legal context , and aims to answer the following questions : how are social actors, who are beneficiaries of affirmative action for admission into public universities, represented in a set of texts , produced by the Brazilian Government, about the quota system itself ? And how does theTransitivity system (from Systemic-functional linguistics) show who are the active and passive forces in the issue of affirmative action in public universities ? To asnswer these questions, a heterogeneous corpus was compiled, mainly made up of the vote of Minister Ricardo Lewandowsky , who decided the controversy of quotas , and texts that bear intertextual relations with the trial text , whether they were produced before the vote, as the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 , in particular Article 5th , heading and paragraph I , and the Law of the State of Rio de Janeiro No. 4151 , 2003 , or later as Law 12,711 of August 29, 2012 , which came in response to the text issued by the Federal Supreme Court . The nature of the research is interpretive qualitative, and its theoretical foundations are found in Systemic-Functional Linguistics and in the theoretical framework for the study of the Representation of Social Actors by van Leeuwen (1996). Within Systemic-Functional Linguistics proper, the analytical categories are those from the Transitivity System, by Halliday (2004)

O presente trabalho está inserido nas pesquisas sobre linguagem no contexto jurídico, e busca responder às seguintes questões: como os atores sociais beneficiários de cotas para ingresso nas universidades públicas são representados em um conjunto de textos, produzidos pelo Poder Público Brasileiro, acerca do próprio sistema de cotas? E como o Sistema da Transitividade demonstra quem são as forças ativas e as forças passivas da questão das cotas? Para isso, buscou-se um corpus heterogêneo composto pelo voto do Ministro Ricardo Lewandowsky na ADPF168, que decidiu a polêmica das cotas, bem como os textos que apresentam relações de intertextualidade com o julgamento, sejam eles anteriores ao voto, como, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, em especial o artigo 5, caput e inciso I, e a Lei do Estado do Rio de Janeiro n 4151 de 2003; ou posteriores, como a Lei 12.711 de 29 de agosto de 2012, que veio em resposta ao texto do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativa interpretativa, insere-se no ramo da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, em especial na Representação dos Atores Sociais de van Leuween (1996) e no Sistema de Transitividade proposto por Halliday (2004) / This work is included in the area of research on language in the legal context , and aims to answer the following questions : how are social actors, who are beneficiaries of affirmative action for admission into public universities, represented in a set of texts , produced by the Brazilian Government, about the quota system itself ? And how does theTransitivity system (from Systemic-functional linguistics) show who are the active and passive forces in the issue of affirmative action in public universities ? To asnswer these questions, a heterogeneous corpus was compiled, mainly made up of the vote of Minister Ricardo Lewandowsky , who decided the controversy of quotas , and texts that bear intertextual relations with the trial text , whether they were produced before the vote, as the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 , in particular Article 5th , heading and paragraph I , and the Law of the State of Rio de Janeiro No. 4151 , 2003 , or later as Law 12,711 of August 29, 2012 , which came in response to the text issued by the Federal Supreme Court . The nature of the research is interpretive qualitative, and its theoretical foundations are found in Systemic-Functional Linguistics and in the theoretical framework for the study of the Representation of Social Actors by van Leeuwen (1996). Within Systemic-Functional Linguistics proper, the analytical categories are those from the Transitivity System, by Halliday (2004)

This diploma thesis deals with legal, accounting and tax consequences of superficies and easements under the legal system of the Czech Republic. Description of the legal context both subjected institutes is focused on domestic evolution process, as well as historical excursion into the jurisdiction of other states and registration in the Land Registry. Further there is an analysis of superficies and easements reporting approaches of Czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IAS/ IFRS. This section focuses mainly on the reporting of the superficies in the balance sheet of accounting entity according to the Czech accounting law with regard to the change between 2014 and 2015 and IAS/IFRS standards. Tax chapter deals with income tax, value added tax, transfer tax imposed on both institutes in the Czech tax law, including tax burden on inheritance and donation.

By taking the recognition of persons as rights-holders in the framework of international human rights into account, this study directs its attention to women in protracted refugee situations, restricted to stay in camps also when their human rights are at risk due to various forms of violence. The question in focus is the following: To what extent may there be a risk that women in a refugee camp context, distinguished by a protracted refugee situation, do not become visible as rights-holders and entrusted to act with regard to international human rights and the problem of violence against women, especially domestic violence? The research process has taken the form of a continuous dialogue with the material for the study, a dialogue directing attention to material from an established international human rights system on one hand and material dealing with a local refugee camp context on the other. The study finds its entry-point primarily in the context of the international human rights treaty the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), including the work of the CEDAW Committee as a treaty body, and also the international mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. Due to the presence of a variety of justice mechanisms in the camps, certain aspects of a local customary law tradition are also addressed. The existence of an unlocked legal door for women to take actions in family law matters, or in cases of gender-based violence is something not to take for granted. The hindrances could lie deep in the legal system practiced. It could be an issue of not being entrusted by the structure of the system to act in person, as woman, with a legal capacity and by own right before the law. The study underlines the importance of sharpened awareness and analysis of the presence of a complex legal context and a variety of customary law traditions in the camps. It appears from the study that for women in a refugee camp to be able to act as rights-holders and claim human rights as laid down in human rights conventions, the issue of visibility is not only a matter of training in presenting facts on the ground in front of local authorities. To be visible in addressing the problem of gender-based violence and gaps in protection of human rights in a refugee camp context is first and foremost an issue for women to be recognized the right to act in legal matters. It is an issue of having the freedom of expression and to be recognized the social and legal status to act in their own capacity in front of the local legal structures, including the local customary law context, and to address international human rights monitoring mechanisms, such as the CEDAW Committee or the Special Rapporteur.

In recent decades, men’s violence against women has been perceived as an increasing problem in our societies. Men’s violence against women are nowadays also classified as a serious crime against human rights. The violence in an intimate relationship between a man and a woman restricts the woman’s sense of freedom and justice. The violence results in violation of the women’s rights to a private life.  It's usually the physical and sexual abuse of women that is the center in legal contexts within the scope of domestic violence against women. It’s therefore necessary to examine other specific forms of domestic violence within the legal scope in Sweden and the European Convention on Human Rights. This study has focused on the psychological abuse against women as a form of domestic violence. The psychological abuse against women is a serious matter in the Swedish society. This study has examined whether the psychological abuse against women is included in the Swedish criminal classifications. It has also examined whether the psychological abuse is, or should, apply within the state’s positive obligations especially in article 8 in the European Convention.  The results of this study have shown that Sweden do not have legal security for all forms included in psychological violence even though it’s such a serious issue in the Swedish society today. It has also shown that the right to privacy and a private life may be one of the reasons why Sweden hasn’t come up with a criminal provision against psychological abuse against women. Women’s right to a private life and freedom from all forms of abuse are therefore not fulfilled under the state’s positive obligations without this criminal provision, according to the positive obligations that article 8 in the European Convention should provide to all individuals.  Key words: Human rights, Women’s rights, State’s positive obligation, Domestic violence, Psychological abuse, Intimate relationship, Private life, European Court, European Convention on Human Rights, Swedish legal context.