Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Maira de Carvalho.pdf: 846890 bytes, checksum: 1b876a63defdf3d8fc33aa92bba455c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / CARVALHO, M. Calibration models of urban drainage using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms. 2011. Dissertation (Masters of Environmental Engineering) - Civil Engineering College, Post-Graduation Stricto Sensu Program in Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, 2011.. This study proposed to develop and implement a calibration routine hydrological models applied to urban drainage using multiobjective optimization techniques. To make this work possible model was adopted Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the computational algorithms developed in MATLAB environment using an evolutionary algorithm. The method was applied to two different levels of detail in representing the Arroyo Cancels basin, located in the urban area of Santa Maria-RS, submitted to the hydrological processes involved in the process of rainfall-runoff transformation in the search for optimal values of hydrological parameters the basin. Objective functions were defined and applied simultaneously in the calibration parameters. Worked with the simulation of events of low and high intensity settings for two discretization of the watershed, and other simple and subdivided into 18 sub-basins. The sensitivity analysis performed made it possible to check that the parameters that most influenced the basin were simple: Percentage of impervious area and outlet width. Regarding the results for the various watershed discretization can be seen that in most cases when working with a more detailed watershed they were better, except for some isolated events. Overall the model showed better results when high-intensity simulated events for the best compromise solutions, thus showing the importance of using a multiobjective model. / CARVALHO, M. Calibração de modelos de drenagem urbana utilizando algoritmos evolucionários multiobjetivo. 2011. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia do Meio Ambiente) Escola de Engenharia Civil, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Engenharia do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2011. O presente trabalho propôs desenvolver e aplicar uma rotina de calibração de modelos hidrológicos aplicados a drenagem urbana empregando técnicas de otimização multiobjetivo. Para tornar possível a realização deste trabalho foi adotado o modelo Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) e as rotinas computacionais desenvolvidas em ambiente MATLAB, utilizando um algoritmo evolucionário. O método foi aplicado a dois diferentes níveis de detalhamento na representação da bacia do Arroio Cancela, localizada na zona urbana do município de Santa Maria-RS, na busca de valores ótimos de parâmetros hidrológicos da bacia. Foram definidas funções objetivo e aplicadas simultaneamente na calibração de parâmetros. Trabalhou-se com a simulação de eventos de baixa e alta intensidade para duas configurações de bacia hidrográfica, sendo simples e outra subdividida em 18 sub-bacias. A análise de sensibilidade realizada possibilitou a verificação de que os parâmetros que mais influenciaram na bacia simples foram: Porcentagem de área impermeável e Largura do escoamento. Em relação aos resultados para as diferentes configurações de discretização da bacia hidrográfica pode-se verificar que na maioria dos casos quando se trabalhou com uma bacia mais detalhada estes foram melhores, salvo alguns eventos isolados. No geral o modelo apresentou melhores resultados quando simulou eventos de alta intensidade para as soluções de melhor compromisso, assim mostrando a importância da utilização de um modelo multiobjetivo.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-10-29T17:22:34Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 1.pdf: 14003895 bytes, checksum: 1deef8b843839e931401fd2687855c7a (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 2.pdf: 11378546 bytes, checksum: d119c2bfab445495905e8a4e315c0fb7 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 3.pdf: 19840456 bytes, checksum: 7cb224299c4954791ef2b6e2ec860633 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T14:18:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 1.pdf: 14003895 bytes, checksum: 1deef8b843839e931401fd2687855c7a (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 2.pdf: 11378546 bytes, checksum: d119c2bfab445495905e8a4e315c0fb7 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 3.pdf: 19840456 bytes, checksum: 7cb224299c4954791ef2b6e2ec860633 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T14:18:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 1.pdf: 14003895 bytes, checksum: 1deef8b843839e931401fd2687855c7a (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 2.pdf: 11378546 bytes, checksum: d119c2bfab445495905e8a4e315c0fb7 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerani Félix do Nascimento Silva - 2015 parte 3.pdf: 19840456 bytes, checksum: 7cb224299c4954791ef2b6e2ec860633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Conventional urban drainage, defined as a system based on rapid flow of rainwater, has been proven unsustainable. Due to increase in waterproof surfaces resulting from urban sprawl, repeated floods and flooding have been occurring, especially in more densely populated areas. In order to restore the hydrological functions of the place, the development of low impact in urban water management, in this study called low impact development (LID), aims at achieving efficiency in the protection of natural resources and meet environmental regulations in urban planning. To apply LID to Campus Samambaia, of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), since the initial urban planning and also in areas previously consolidated, compensatory techniques in urban drainage were studied based on the concept of LID. This campus was chosen as a case study because of the great densification that has been taking place there, due to the large injection of funds from the Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (Reuni) in the country, from 2008 to 2013, with increased impervious surfaces, reaching 45.5% of its area. To perform this study, a broad literature review on the topic, field visits, and a case study were carried out. This research sought to initially understand the relationship between urban planning and stormwater drainage. The documentary research revealed the grounds of the laws and regulations governing urban planning, drainage within the sanitation context, as well as the master plans of federal institutions of higher education (IFES) in an interface with urban stormwater drainage. Furthermore, based on the review of guides, technical manuals, articles, theses, and dissertations on the subject, the operation of compensatory techniques was detailed, subject to the limitations regarding environmental, sanitary, landscape, and technical aspects. Field visits were made to the Campus Samambaia and a field visit to the Campus São Carlos, of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), in its experimental watershed, where several compensatory techniques are implemented in full scale, as a result of research trials. After confirming the feasibility of using structural and non-structural compensatory techniques at the Campus Samambaia, at the end of this study proposal guidelines were systematized for implementation in two scenarios, with 45.5% and 85.5% of impervious surfaces, the latter representing the limit allowed by the master plan of Goiânia. These recommendations were intended as a reference to the actions of both the physical expansion of UFG and future studies and similar applications. / A drenagem urbana convencional, conceituada como um sistema baseado no rápido escoamento das águas pluviais, tem se mostrado insustentável. Por conta da crescente impermeabilização resultante da expansão urbana, tem havido repetidas ocorrências de inundações e alagamentos, em especial nos espaços mais adensados. Com o intuito de restaurar as funções hidrológicas do lugar, o desenvolvimento de baixo impacto na gestão das águas urbanas, tratado neste trabalho como low impact development (LID), visa atingir a eficiência na proteção dos recursos naturais e atender às regulamentações ambientais no planejamento urbano. Com o objetivo de aplicar o LID ao Campus Samambaia, da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), no município de Goiânia, GO, desde o planejamento urbano inicial e também em espaços já consolidados, foram estudadas técnicas compensatórias em drenagem urbana dentro do conceito LID. Esse campus foi escolhido como estudo de caso por ter ali ocorrido grande adensamento, fruto da ampla injeção de recursos oriundos do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (Reuni) no país, no período de 2008 a 2013, com incremento de áreas impermeáveis, alcançando 45,5% de sua área de ocupação. Para a consecução deste trabalho, foram realizados ampla revisão de literatura sobre o tema, visitas de campo e estudo de caso. Nesta pesquisa, inicialmente buscou-se compreender a relação existente entre planejamento urbano e drenagem de águas pluviais. Por meio de pesquisa documental, evidenciou-se a fundamentação das leis e normativas que regulamentam o planejamento urbano, a drenagem dentro do saneamento básico, bem como os planos diretores de instituições federais de ensino superior (IFES) em interface com a drenagem urbana de águas pluviais. Para além disso, com base na revisão de guias, manuais técnicos, artigos, teses e dissertações sobre o tema, detalhou-se o funcionamento das técnicas compensatórias, observando-se as limitações em aspectos ambientais, sanitários, paisagísticos e técnicos. Foram realizadas visitas de campo ao Campus Samambaia e uma visita de campo ao Campus São Carlos, da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), em sua bacia hidrográfica experimental, na qual várias técnicas compensatórias estão implantadas em escala real como resultado de pesquisas científicas. Confirmada a viabilidade do uso de técnicas compensatórias estruturais e não estruturais no Campus Samambaia, ao final deste estudo foram sistematizadas proposições de diretrizes, com orientações para a sua implantação em dois cenários, com 45,5% e 85,5% de área impermeável, sendo este último o limite permitido pelo plano diretor de Goiânia. Tais recomendações visaram servir de referência para as ações tanto de expansão física da UFG quanto para estudos futuros e aplicações semelhantes.

Em caráter experimental, a tese examina o desempenho de sistemas de biorretenção na mitigação da poluição difusa ocasionada pelas águas de chuva. A avaliação dessa tecnologia ambiental urbana partiu da construção de um modelo de manejo dos escoamentos pluviais, utilizando uma matriz orgânica composta por vegetação, solo e agregados para retenção e tratamento inicial localizados. O protótipo, em escala 1:1, implementado na Cidade Universitária Armando Salles de Oliveira (CUASO-USP), São Paulo, SP, é composto por dois canteiros isolados entre si, que recebem as vazões através da sarjeta na via adjacente. Com preenchimentos iguais, os canteiros receberam coberturas vegetais distintas: gramado (G), com uma única espécie de gramínia, e jardim (J), com forrações, herbáceas e arbustos diversos, predominantemente nativos. O experimento foi monitorado por um ano, entre março de 2012 e março de 2013, quando foram coletados os dados referentes ao seu funcionamento e eficiência em sete eventos chuvosos paulistanos. A compilação dessas informações permitiu a análise comparativa da qualidade da água dos escoamentos antes e depois da passagem pelos canteiros. Com recursos da FUNDEP, FCTH e LabVERDE, a pesquisa interdepartamental e interdisciplinar, desenvolvida numa cooperação entre a FAU-USP e a Escola Politécnica-USP, busca oferecer respostas às hipóteses com que trabalha a Arquitetura da Paisagem ao propor soluções naturalizadas de manejo dos escoamentos pluviais em complementação às técnicas convencionais atualmente empregadas nas cidades brasileiras, tomando a cidade de São Paulo como cenário. Como efeito do processo histórico de canalização do seu patrimônio hídrico, ocupação das áreas de várzea e impermeabilização, a população paulistana e da RMSP tem sofrido com enchentes que se agravam com o crescimento urbano e com a intensificação das chuvas. As soluções imediatistas para essa situação crítica seguem a práxis das obras convencionais de engenharia, que segregam a drenagem urbana dos processos ecológicos e hidrológicos e não contribuem para melhoria da qualidade ambiental dos escoamentos antes de destiná-los aos corpos hídricos superficiais, o que agrava o quadro generalizado de poluição dos rios e córregos urbanos. Os resultados do experimento prático atestam o desempenho da biorretenção na mitigação da poluição difusa, com reduções médias das cargas poluidoras acumuladas de 89,94% para o gramado e 95,49% para o jardim, que foi comprovadamente mais eficiente. Aliados ao estudo de tipologias paisagísticas já utilizadas com sucesso em outras cidades do mundo, esses resultados poderão corroborar o processo de transição na infraestrutura de São Paulo, respaldando tecnicamente e cientificamente as soluções investigadas de manejo das águas de chuva através da biorretenção no tratamento dos espaços abertos e na conformação de uma Infraestrutura Verde na cidade. / This thesis experimentally assesses the performance of bioretention systems in mitigating nonpoint-source pollution caused by runoff. A 1:1 scale experiment of a stormwater management facility was built in USP Campus based in São Paulo, SP. This prototype has been evaluated for one year, since March 2012, over its technical efficiency to improve water quality by analyzing runoff samples collected in its inlet and outlet. Combining landscape architecture and hydraulic engineering knowledge, this experiment consists of two independent vegetated plots connected to the gutter through a concrete channel, which drives the runoff into the facility from the avenue next to it. Each plot has its own spillway, where samples were collected for laboratory analysis under 22 water quality parameters and thus compared to gutter runoff. Regarding construction techniques, it was decided to apply simplified solutions without unnecessary expenses, but that ensured feasibility, solidity and isolation to the plots from the ground on all faces. As for filling the model, it was chosen to use the same material for both facilities, laid out from bottom to surface: 60cm of broken rocks, 15cm of gravel, coconut geotextile fabric, 5cm of coarse sand and, finally, 45 to 75cm of planting substrate with side slopes and covered with mulch. Regarding vegetation cover, two sets of plants have been used in the bioretention cells as a research strategy to compare the efficiency among different models in stormwater management, considering other issues in addition to improving the environmental quality of water, such as maintenance, adaptation and development of species and visual interest. Thus, the experiment plots were filled with the same substrate but with different vegetable toppings, according to the following configuration: mixed garden (M) - ground covers with predominance of native shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, and lawn (L) - covered only with emerald grass carpet (Zoysia japonica), which has been extensively used for lawns all over the country. This experimental model has provided scientific answers that attest the effectiveness of techniques using vegetated surfaces to retain and treat stormwater. Its results have attested the performance of bioretention for diffuse pollution mitigation, with average reductions of accumulated pollutant loads of 89.94% in the lawn (L) and 95.49% in the mixed garden (M), which wasproven to be more efficient. This research developed by USP Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism in partnership with Polythecnic School, does not aim to threat conventional methods of urban drainage in local cities, but to join them in the efforts of reaching solutions and technical knowledge that are suitable for urban ecosystems and harmless to environment and landscape.

The overarching goal of this research is to establish a successful forum for a transition from the existing paradigm of managing wastewater infrastructure to a more sustainable paradigm that achieves a more efficient utilisation of wastewater assets. A transitioning approach to support a more efficient utilisation of surface water and wastewater assets and infrastructure is proposed and developed. The determined transitioning approach possesses key stages namely developing the arena, developing the agenda, case study, and monitoring. The case study stage investigates a drainage utility identifying their improvement drivers, the removal of surface water through detailed drainage modelling and the financial examination of the costs incurred under the various scenarios conducted. Understanding the implications of removing/attenuating surface water from the network is improved through obtaining data by detailed drainage modelling. Infoworks software is used to investigate and assess the current and future operational scenarios of a wastewater system operating over one calendar year. Modelling scenarios were conducted removing surface water from selected areas focusing on the volumes requiring pumping and durations of pumping station(s) operation prior to treatment during storm conditions. The financial implication of removing surface water in combined sewer systems is examined in three main components. Firstly the costs of electricity incurred at the single sewage pumping station (SPS) investigated during the various scenarios modelled require to be addressed. Secondly the costs to retrofit sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) solutions needs to be identified. Thirdly the implications of removing surface water for the drainage utility at the national level and the potential saving for householder’s committing to a surface water disconnection rebate scheme. When addressed at the macro level i.e., with over 2,100 pumping stations, some operating in sequence and contained within one drainage utility annually treating 315,360 megalitres the significance of the same multiple quantifiable and intangible benefits becomes amplified. The research aims, objectives and findings are presented to the identified and convened stakeholders. The transitioning approach developed encourages positive discourse between stakeholders. The level of success of the transitioning approach determined is then tested using a quantitative methodology through the completion of questionnaires. From the questionnaires completed the respondents unanimously agreed that surface water flows should be removed as well as reduced from the combined sewer system. The respondents agreed that the removal of surface water from a typical combined sewer system is justified by applying a transitioning approach focusing on the energy consumption required to pump increased volumes during storm events. This response is significant based upon the economic evidence and is contrary to the respondents previous position that finance was their most influencing factor. When provided with other potentially available benefits the respondents were even more supportive of the justification to remove surface water from the combined sewer system. The combined findings of the work presented in this thesis provide further justification that the transitioning approach applied to the removal of surface water from a typical combined sewer system, as determined in this research has been successful.

Resumo: A expansão das áreas urbanas promove consideráveis alterações no uso e ocupação da terra de uma bacia hidrográfica. Estas novas características condicionam a bacia hidrográfica a um novo regime das variáveis hidrológicas. Desse modo, antecipar o comportamento das variáveis hidrológicas passou a ser o desafio dos planejadores urbanos, pois com a redução de áreas permeáveis o volume que antes infiltrava passa a escoar superficialmente requerendo espaços para ser locado. Com o intuito de locar este acréscimo problemático da vazão as pesquisas em hidráulica e hidrologia passaram a recorrer aos modelos de previsão de vazão. Aos modelos de previsão de vazões somou-se o advento dos programas de geoprocessamento, possibilitando a estruturação de bancos de dados mais detalhados. Assim, este trabalho configurou um banco de dados no ArcMap 9.2 utilizando cartas temáticas confeccionadas no AutoCAD 2000 e planilhas cadastrais sobre o uso e ocupação da terra no Excel 2003 para a sub-bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Sem Nome, localizada no município de Ilha Solteira - SP. Esta bacia hidrográfica tornou-se um caso interessante para estudo, pois além de ser de pequeno porte, área de 3,47 km², em 45 anos deixou de ser rural e passou a ser 100% urbana, sofrendo com intensos processos erosivos. A aplicação do ArcMap 9.2 na determinação dos parâmetros da bacia de drenagem forneceu uma estimativa mais acurada dos coeficiente de runoff, parâmetros da fórmula de Horton e coeficientes de Manning. O Método do Balanço de Massas foi empregado para o cálculo das vazões, a fórmula de Horton para a determinação da infiltração e o método da onda cinética para o cálculo dos tempos de concentração dos trechos a serem analisados. Dessa forma, confeccionou-se um ferramental computacional que possibilitou simulações dos efeitos da urbanização ao longo dos anos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The urban areas expansion brings significant changes in use and land cover watershed. These new features make the basin to a new system of hydrological variables. Thus, the challenge for urban planners was anticipate the behavior of hydrologic variables because the decrease of permeable areas decreased the volume that infiltrate, increasing runoff, requiring space to be leased. In order to resolve this flood's increase problem researches in hydraulics and hydrology are turning to predictive modeling of flow. Models for forecasting stream flow added to the advent of GIS programs, enabling the structuring more detailed databases. This paper set up a database in ArcMap 9.2 using thematic maps prepared in AutoCAD 2000 and cadastral spreadsheets about the use and land cover in Excel 2003 for the catchment area of the Sem Nome Stream, located in Ilha Solteira- SP, Brazil. This basin has become an interesting case to study, as well as being small, area of 3.47 square kilometers, in 45 years no longer rural and has become 100% urban, suffering from severe erosion. The application of ArcMap 9.2 on watershed parameters determination provides a more accurate estimate of runoff coefficient, of the parameters of the Horton's formula and of the Manning coefficients. The method of mass balance was used to calculate the flow, the Horton's formula for determining the infiltration and wave kinetic method for calculating time of concentration of watercourses to be analyzed. Thus, a simulations tool has been concocted turning possible to know the effects of urbanization all over the years, providing the peak flow for each stage of the occupation in the runoff launch. Finally, with the peak flows determined, we evaluated the efficiency of the existing drainage system in the watershed, since it was built along with the city's projected deployment Ilha Solteira - SP, Brazil / Orientador: José Augusto de Lollo / Coorientador: Jefferson Nascimento de Oliveira / Banca: Paulo Augusto Romera e Silva / Banca: Sergio dos Anjos Ferreira Pinto / Mestre

Der Einsatz von hydrologischen Modellen zur Unterstützung von Planung und Betrieb von Entwässerungssystemen ist als Stand der Technik anzusehen. Realitätsnahe und sichere Modellergebnisse stellen dabei die Grundlage für eine zielgerichtete Entscheidungsfindung dar. Nur durch eine Kalibrierung können Parameter von konzeptionellen Modellen zur Berechnung des Niederschlag-Abfluss-Prozesses an die Randbedingungen des zu simulierenden technischen oder natürlichen Systems angepasst werden. Auch wenn die Kalibrierung eines Modells entscheidend zur Erhöhung der Realitätsnähe beiträgt, kann diese durch unterschiedliche Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass bei hydrologischen Modellen nicht ausschließlich deterministische Gleichungen mit physikalisch basierten Parametern eingesetzt werden. Wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Kalibrierung von urbanhydrologischen Modellen sind die gewählte Modellstruktur, die Eingangsdaten, die Kalibrierdaten, die Auswahl von Kalibrierereignissen sowie die eigentliche Kalibriermethodik. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Einflüsse der Kalibrierdaten, der Auswahl von Ereignissen und der Kalibriermethodik auf die Ergebnisse der automatischen Kalibrierung mittels multikriterieller Optimierungsverfahren untersucht.

Der demografische Wandel in Sachsen stellt Unternehmen der Siedlungsentwässerung vor neue Herausforderungen und innovative Lösungsansätze. Eine Abnahme der Siedlungsdichte infolge rückgängiger Bevölkerungszahlen bringt neue Anforderungen an das Ver- und Entsorgungsnetz für Wasser mit sich. In den nächsten Jahren werden sich im Bereich der Siedlungsentwässerung des Freistaates aufgrund der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, nach der bis 2015 alle sächsischen Grundstücke an eine Abwasserentsorgungsanlage angeschlossen werden müssen, weitreichende Veränderungen ereignen. Die Lebensdauer verschiedener Bestandteile des Abwassersystems variiert zwischen wenigen Jahren und mehreren Jahrzehnten. Neben hohen Investitionskosten fallen daher bei einem Teil der Anlagen auch signifikante Kosten für Betrieb, Wartung, Sanierung und Deinstallation an. Daher ist es sinnvoll in der Projektplanung einer solchen Anlage nicht nur die Kosten der reinen Anschaffung zu betrachten, sondern die Kosten des gesamten Lebenszyklus in die Berechnung zu integrieren. In dieser Arbeit soll die Methodik der Lebenszykluskostenrechnung in der Siedlungsentwässerung angewendet werden. Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, dem Freistaat Sachsen und der Emschergenossenschaft finanzierten Projektes Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die Siedlungsentwässerung sind weitere Veröffentlichungen mit den Schwerpunktthemen Szenarioanalyse (Teil 1) und Ökologische Bewertung (Teil 3) in der Schriftenreihe „Dresdner Beiträge zur Lehre der Betrieblichen Umweltökonomie“ erhältlich.

Urban streams are influenced by number of human activities. Diploma thesis discusses the impact of urban drainage (specifically storm water drains) on toxic metal concentrations, of, in one of Prague's minor creeks - Zátišský Creek. Zátišský Creek flows from the right side to the Vltava River. The creek is 3080 m long with a natural flow 1.9 m3 /s. The creek is affected by seven storm water drains and three rain settling tanks. The creek was monitored from April 2009 to June 2010 during this period six sampling campaign was conducted. The samples were collected from seven remote sampling points, located both upstream and downstream from the storm water drains and rain settling tanks. The impact of storm water drains was assessed based on monitoring of toxic metals content in different parts of the aquatic environments, samples of water, sediment and aquatic biota (benthic organisms and attached algae) were collected and analyzed. The sediment samples and organisms were dried by lyophilisation (freeze dry), and digested in a microwave oven using a solution of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Metal concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry utilizing instrument Solaar S. Overall nine metals were identified: cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, manganese...

Our planet stands before many great challenges, where climate change and urbanization are two of the major challenges. One of the challenges due to climate change is the increased amount of precipitation and of extreme rainfall, which creates a higher amount of stormwater within the urban areas and an increased risk of urban flooding. Urbanization and an increasing global population put pressure on the environment as more land is exploited and existing urban areas are further developed and densified. Urban areas are already under high pressure to handle the risks of climate change, therefore is climate change adaptation prominent to create more resilient and sustainable urban areas, where stormwater management is one of the challenges that need to be tackled. The aim of this study is to answers one main research question and three sub research question about enablers, barriers, and key factors regarding planning, designing, and implementing sustainable urban drainage systems in the built environment. The used methods are literature study research and multiple case study research. Five case study areas where studied to gather knowledge about areas that have implemented sustainable urban drainage systems. Lessons learned for each of the case study areas where gathered and connected to the literature and used to answer the research questions. The gathered knowledge from the literature and case studies where used to compile recommendations of how a sustainable urban drainage system could be planned and implemented at a pilot study area, which is Välsviken in Karlstad, Sweden. To be able to achieve a sustainable and resilient urban drainage system, that can handle the challenges of climate change and urbanization, it is important that the stormwater planning process is changing. It is crucial to implement facilities and systems that are sustainable, multifunctional, and flexible. The planning process needs to use planning and costing approaches that include flood mitigation and co-benefits, in the long-term and short-term simultaneously. Implementation of sustainable urban drainage systems also needs to be enabled in new areas or being retrofitted into already exploited areas. This could make it possible to create urban areas that are able to tackle the challenges of climate change and urbanization, and create multifunctional, sustainable, and flood mitigated urban areas. / Vår planet står inför många stora utmaningar, där klimatförändringar och urbanisering är två av dessa. En av utmaningarna med avseende på klimatförändringarna är den ökade mängden av nederbörd och extrema regntillfällen, vilka bidrar till större mängder dagvatten i urbana områden och en ökad risk för översvämningar. Urbaniseringen och det ökande antalet invånare globalt sätter press på miljön eftersom mer landyta exploateras och nuvarande urbana områden fortsätter att bebyggas och förtätas. De urbana områdena har redan stora utmaningar med att hantera riskerna med klimatförändringarna. Klimatanpassning är därför viktigt för att skapa mer resilienta och hållbara urbana områden, där dagvattenhanteringen är en av utmaningarna som behöver hanteras. Målet med denna studie är att besvara en övergripande forskningsfråga och tre underliggande forskningsfrågor om möjliggörare, barriärer och nyckelfaktorer gällande planering, design och implementering av hållbara urbana dagvattensystem i den bebyggda miljön.  Metoderna som användes var litteraturstudie och multipel fallstudie. Arbetet började med litteraturstudien och sedan genomfördes en fallstudie där fem områden som implementerat hållbara urbana dagvattensystem undersöktes. Lärdomar från varje område sammanställdes och kopplades samman med den andra litteraturen för att besvara forskningsfrågorna.  Utifrån litteraturen och fallstudierna sammanställdes rekommendationer för hur ett hållbart urbant dagvattensystem kan planeras och implementeras inom ett utvalt studieområde, vilket är Välsviken i Karlstad, Sverige.   För att åstadkomma ett hållbart och resilient urbant dagvattensystem, som kan hantera utmaningarna gällande klimatförändringar och urbanisering, är det viktigt att planeringsprocessen för dagvatten ändras. Det är viktigt att implementera anläggningar och system som är hållbara, multifunktionella och flexibla. Planeringsprocessen behöver använda planerings- och kostandsmetoder som inkluderar översvämningsanpassning och sidofördelar, både långsiktigt och kortsiktigt samtidigt. Man behöver också möjliggöra implementering av hållbara urbana dagvattensystem i nya områden eller anpassa områden som redan är bebyggda. Detta kan bidra till att skapa urbana områden som kan hantera klimatförändringarnas och urbaniseringens utmaningar, och skapa multifunktionella, hållbara och översvämningssäkrade områden.

Over the past decades, the fast-changing global climate poses a significant challenge to many cities around the world to embrace resilience concepts, whereby a safe-to-fail planning approach replaces traditional fail-safe practices. The change in perspectives has seen an increase in climate-adapted infrastructural projects being integrated with the new urban planning agendas across the world. The investigation conducted was designed to understand the process of how resilience concepts travel between different cities, by investigating the actors who move policy knowledge, their roles in it, as well as the knowledge transfer process mechanism that is responsible for the movement of such policies. The investigation took advantage of a scoping study technique to answer the research questions, using mostly secondary data and an interview to verify the secondary sources. The findings and the discussion provided insights on who is involved in resilience policies and how these policies are transferred from one place to another. The investigation uncovered the influence policy mobilizers has on the movement of policy knowledge, as well as how the mobilization of policy knowledge can both be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the way it was moved or implemented. / Under de senaste decennierna utgör det snabba föränderliga globala klimatet en betydande utmaning för många städer runt om i världen med att anamma motståndskraftskoncept, där en planeringsstrategi med säkerhet att misslyckas ersätter traditionella felsäkra metoder. Förändringen i perspektiv har ökat klimatanpassade infrastrukturprojekten som integrerats med nya stadsplaneringsagendorna över hela världen. Studien genomfördes för att få en förståelse av hur motståndskraftskonceptet färdas mellan olika städer och detta genomfördes genom att undersöka de aktörer som förflyttar politisk kunskap och deras roller i den samt den kunskapsöverföringsmekanism som är ansvarig för rörelsen av sådan politik. Studien utnyttjade en scoping-studieteknik för att få svar på forskningsfrågorna, med mestadels sekundär data och en intervju för att verifiera sekundärkällorna. Resultaten och diskussionen gav insikter om vem som är inblandad i motståndskraft och hur policy överförs från en plats till en annan. Studien avslöjade även inflytande av politiskt mobilisering och kunskap som både kan vara fördelaktig eller skadlig beroende på hur den flyttades eller genomfördes.