Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los sistemas de drenaje urbano, también conocidos como sistemas de alcantarillado, tienen el propósito de drenar tanto las aguas lluvias como las aguas residuales de nuestras ciudades. Estos sistemas son una de las diferentes infraestructuras civiles que permiten el correcto funcionamiento de las ciudades actuales. Los sistemas de alcantarillados pluviales se encargan de mover las aguas lluvias que caen en la ciudad en forma segura y en un tiempo razonable, sin permitir inundaciones, hacia los cuerpos receptores naturales localizados aguas abajo. Los sistemas de alcantarillado sanitario, por otra parte, tienen el objetivo de recolectar las aguas servidas, de origen domiciliario, industrial y comercial, y trasportarlas en forma segura hacia una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales antes de enviarlas en forma definitiva hacia un cuerpo receptor o hacia un sistema de reuso, en caso de que este exista. Ambos tipos de alcantarillado, pero particularmente los sanitarios, tienen un profundo impacto sobre la salud pública con implicaciones sobre la viabilidad de una ciudad. La infraestructura de drenaje urbano existente plantea nuevos retos a la ingeniería hidráulica urbana. Por un lado, los sistemas de drenaje de aguas lluvias, además de verse sometidos a problemas de envejecimiento con deterioros de materiales y asentamientos de suelos, se están enfrentando a serios problemas causados por el Cambio Climático. En muchas ciudades este fenómeno está implicando cambios radicales en la hidrología urbana; en muchas ciudades las intensidades y frecuencias de los eventos de lluvia están aumentando con lo cual los sistemas existentes, que fueron diseñados para hidrologías diferentes, se quedan sin capacidad aumentando la frecuencia de las inundaciones urbanas con sus consecuencias sobre la seguridad y salud humana. Por otro lado, los sistemas sanitarios también presentan retos a la ingeniería por problemas de aumento de la densidad poblacional de las ciudades, la falta de resiliencia ante eventos externos como sismos, y a problemas de calidad de agua en los cuerpos receptores al interior de las zonas urbanas, en las aguas freáticas y las corrientes naturales de agua. Estos sistemas también se ven afectados por el deterioro de los materiales y los problemas de asentamiento de los suelos. Ahora, un problema diferente es la no existencia de sistemas de drenaje urbano en muchas ciudades de nuestro mundo, particularmente en aquellas localizadas en países en vías de desarrollo. En la gran mayoría de esos casos, esa falta de alcantarillados es causada por el alto costo de esa infraestructura cuya construcción hace inviable para los gobiernos locales. Además, el crecimiento de las zonas urbanas en esos países agrava el problema. No solamente la infraestructura necesaria se hace más grande y compleja, sino que aumentan los problemas de salud pública asociados con la falta de sanidad ambiental. Por consiguiente, el reto para la ingeniería hidráulica urbana moderna es lograr un mayor acceso a ese servicio esencial. Una de las formas de resolverlo es bajando los costos de construcción y operación de los sistemas de drenaje, haciéndolos financieramente viables a la vez que se mantienen su resiliencia y seguridad. De esta manera se ayudará a cumplir con el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible No. 6 Agua Limpia y Saneamiento. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo de esta tesis fue proponer una metodología que llevara al diseño de mínimo costo de redes de alcantarillado convencionales, manteniendo su resiliencia y facilidad de operación, a la vez que se cumplieran todas las restricciones hidráulicas, constructivas y de operación que, de acuerdo con la experiencia empírica internacional, son las apropiadas para garantizar un correcto comportamiento del sistema de drenaje. El diseño optimizado de una red de alcantarillado está compuesto por dos partes mutuamente dependientes: la selección del árbol y el diseño hidráulico. En esta tesis se resolvieron / [CA] Els sistemes de drenatge urbà, també coneguts com a sistemes de clavegueram, tenen el propòsit de drenar tant les aigües pluges com les aigües residuals de les nostres ciutats. Aquests sistemes són una de les diferents infraestructures civils que permeten el correcte funcionament de les ciutats actuals. Els sistemes de claveguerams pluvials s'encarreguen de moure les aigües pluges que cauen a la ciutat en forma segura i en un temps raonable, sense permetre inundacions, cap als cossos receptors naturals localitzats aigües avall. Els sistemes de clavegueram sanitari, d'altra banda, tenen l'objectiu de recol·lectar les aigües servides, d'origen domiciliari, industrial i comercial, i transportar-les en forma segura cap a una planta de tractament d'aigües residuals abans d'enviar-les en forma definitiva cap a un cos receptor o cap a un sistema de reuse, en cas que aquest existisca. Tots dos tipus de clavegueram, però particularment els sanitaris, tenen un profund impacte sobre la salut pública amb implicacions sobre la viabilitat d'una ciutat. La infraestructura de drenatge urbà existent planteja nous reptes a l'enginyeria hidràulica urbana. D'una banda, els sistemes de drenatge d'aigües pluges, a més de veure's sotmesos a problemes d'envelliment amb deterioracions de materials i assentaments de sòls, s'estan enfrontant a seriosos problemes causats pel Canvi Climàtic. En moltes ciutats aquest fenomen està implicant canvis radicals en la hidrologia urbana; en moltes ciutats les intensitats i freqüències dels esdeveniments de pluja estan augmentant amb la qual cosa els sistemes existents, que van ser dissenyats per a hidrologies diferents, es queden sense capacitat augmentant la freqüència de les inundacions urbanes amb les seues conseqüències sobre la seguretat i salut humana. D'altra banda, els sistemes sanitaris també presenten reptes a l'enginyeria per problemes d'augment de la densitat poblacional de les ciutats, la falta de resiliència davant esdeveniments externs com a sismes, i a problemes de qualitat d'aigua en els cossos receptors a l'interior de les zones urbanes, en les aigües freàtiques i els corrents naturals d'aigua. Aquests sistemes també es veuen afectats per la deterioració dels materials i els problemes d'assentament dels sòls. Ara, un problema diferent és la no existència de sistemes de drenatge urbà en moltes ciutats del nostre món, particularment en aquelles localitzades en països en vies de desenvolupament. En la gran majoria d'aqueixos casos, aqueixa falta de claveguerams és causada per l'alt cost d'aqueixa infraestructura la construcció de la qual fa inviable per als governs locals. A més, el creixement de les zones urbanes en aqueixos països agreuja el problema. No solament la infraestructura necessària es fa més gran i complexa, sinó que augmenten els problemes de salut pública associats amb la falta de sanitat ambiental. Per consegüent, el repte per a l'enginyeria hidràulica urbana moderna és aconseguir un major accés a aqueix servei essencial. Una de les maneres de resoldre-ho és baixant els costos de construcció i operació dels sistemes de drenatge, fent-los financerament viables alhora que es mantenen la seua resiliència i seguretat. D'aquesta manera s'ajudarà a complir amb l'Objectiu de Desenvolupament Sostenible No. 6 Aigua Neta i Sanejament. Tenint en compte l'anterior, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser proposar una metodologia que portara al disseny de mínim cost de xarxes de clavegueram convencionals, mantenint la seua resiliència i facilitat d'operació, alhora que es compliren totes les restriccions hidràuliques, constructives i d'operació que, d'acord amb l'experiència empírica internacional, són les apropiades per a garantir un correcte comportament del sistema de drenatge. El disseny optimitzat d'una xarxa de clavegueram està compost per dues parts mútuament dependents: la selecció de l'arbre i el disseny hidràulic. En aquesta tesi es van resoldre els dos problemes en forma separada des del punt / [EN] Urban drainage systems, also known as sewer systems, have the purpose of draining both rainwater and wastewater from our cities. These systems are one of the different civil infrastructures that allow the proper functioning of modern cities. Stormwater systems are responsible for moving the rainwater that falls in the city safely and in a reasonable time, without allowing flooding, to the natural receiving bodies located downstream. On the other hand, wastewater systems are designed to collect sewage from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources and transport it safely to a wastewater treatment plant before sending it definitively to a receiving body or to a reuse system, if available. Both types of sewer systems, but particularly wastewater systems, have an extensive impact on public health with implications for the viability of a city. The existing urban drainage infrastructure presents new challenges to urban hydraulic engineering. On the one hand, stormwater systems, in addition to being subjected to aging problems with deterioration of materials and soil settlement, are facing serious problems caused by climate change. In many cities this phenomenon is implying radical changes in urban hydrology; intensities and frequencies of rainfall events are increasing so that the existing systems, which were designed for different hydrological conditions, are running out of capacity, increasing the frequency of urban flooding with its consequences on safety and human health. On the other hand, wastewater systems also present engineering challenges due to problems of increasing population density in cities, lack of resilience to external events such as earthquakes, and water quality problems in receiving waters within urban areas, in groundwater, and natural water currents. These systems are also affected by the deterioration of materials and soil settlement problems. Now, a different problem is the non-existence of urban drainage systems in many cities of the world, particularly in those located in developing countries. In the vast majority of these cases, the lack of sewers is caused by the high cost of this infrastructure, making its construction unfeasible for local governments. In addition, the growth of urban areas in these countries exacerbates the problem. Not only does the necessary infrastructure become larger and more complex, but the public health problems associated with the lack of environmental sanitation increase. Therefore, the challenge for modern urban water engineering is to achieve greater access to this essential service. One way to solve this is by lowering the construction and operating costs of drainage systems, making them financially viable while maintaining their resilience and safety. This will help meet Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 Clean Water and Sanitation. Considering the above, the aim of this thesis was to propose a methodology that would lead to the minimum cost design of conventional sewer networks, maintaining their resilience and ease of operation, while complying with all the hydraulic, constructive, and operational restrictions that, according to international empirical experience, are appropriate to guarantee a correct behavior of the drainage system. The optimized design of a sewer network is composed of two mutually dependent parts: the layout selection and the hydraulic design. In this thesis, the two problems were solved separately from a mathematical point of view, maintaining their interdependence through an iterative process. For a given layout, which could be random for a first iteration, the hydraulic design problem was solved as a shortest path problem using the Bellman-Ford algorithm that guarantees the global minimum cost for that layout. The problem is model as a directed graph in which the nodes represent the combination of diameters and invert elevations at every manhole, and the arcs represent the diameter and upstream and downstream invert elevation of a specific pi / Saldarriaga, J. (2024). OPTIMAL DESIGN OF URBAN SEWER SYSTEMS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202962 / Compendio

No rápido e intenso processo da urbanização de São Paulo, suas várzeas urbanas foram descaracterizadas com os cursos d\'água canalizados sob vias automobilísticas ou invadidas e degradadas pelo modelo de urbanização caracterizado por uma dicotomia entre o homem e a natureza. Destacam-se, no início da década de 2000, políticas públicas formuladas para dar início a novos paradigmas nas relações entre os rios e as várzeas da área urbana e sua cidade, inaugurando uma nova forma de atuação para solucionar os conflitos expressos na forma de ocupação dessas áreas até então. Nesse contexto, os parques lineares surgem como uma forma de uso adequado de fundos de vale, desestimulando invasões e ocupações indevidas por meio de ações estruturadoras do território. Concebidos como elementos de qualificação da paisagem urbana e de sua recuperação ambiental, tais parques contribuem com a drenagem urbana e constituem espaços livres públicos capazes de conectar áreas verdes e favorecer a possível criação de um sistema de espaços livres em São Paulo. Espaços capazes de abrigar práticas de lazer, esporte e cultura, além de contribuir com alternativas não motorizadas de mobilidade urbana. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas e visitas a campo, a presente pesquisa contextualiza a implantação dos parques lineares em São Paulo e aprofunda a análise, pautada em uma abordagem paisagística do tema, a partir de 3 estudos de casos que apresentam um leque amplo das problemáticas que os envolvem e das suas potencialidades. Inserida na busca por cidades mais humanas e pautada em dinâmicas mais democráticas, a pesquisa defende a participação popular como meio para a construção de uma melhor qualidade da cidade. Por fim, espera-se contribuir para que a imagem de uma São Paulo permeada por áreas verdes e públicas, associadas aos seus cursos hídricos presentes na paisagem urbana, capazes de abrigar ciclovias e arborizados passeios de pedestres, concebidas através de processos participativos ganhe espaço no imaginário do paulistano para que possam cooperar na construção de uma cidade de São Paulo mais fluida, mais permeável, mais verde e azul, mais viva. / In São Paulo\'s rapid and intense urbanization process, its urban floodplains were disfigured with waterways channeled under automobile ways or invaded and de- graded by urbanization model characterized by a dichotomy between man and nature. Stand out in the early 2000s, public politics formulated to initiate new paradigms in the relationship between rivers and floodplains of the city and its urban area, ushering in a new form of action to resolve the conflict expressed in the form of occupation of these areas until then. In this context, linear parks emerge as a form of proper use of valley bottoms, discouraging unwarranted in- vasions and occupations by structuring actions of the territory. Designed as qua- lifying elements of the urban landscape and its environmental remediation, such parks contribute to urban drainage and public open spaces and are capable of connecting green areas and encourage the possible creation of an open spaces system in São Paulo. Spaces capable of harboring practices of leisure, sport and culture, and contribute to non-motorized alternative for urban mobility. Through literature review, interviews and field visits, this study contextualizes the im- plementation of linear parks in São Paulo and deepens the analysis, based on a landscape approach, from three case studies that feature a wide range of issues that concern them and their potential. Inserted in the search for more human ci- ties and based in democratic dynamics, research supports the popular participa- tion as a means to build a better quality of the city. Finally, we hope to contribute to the image of São Paulo ermeated by green and public areas, associated with its water resources present in the urban landscape, able to accommodate bike lanes and pedestrian wooded walks, designed through participatory processes to gain space in local people imagination so that they can cooperate in building a more fluid, more permeable, green and blue, more lively São Paulo city.

A presente tese de doutorado aborda a formação profissional dos trabalhadores da construção civil com objetivo de contribuir com experiências pedagógicas alternativas à sua atual condição heterônoma e oprimida de trabalho, por meio de ensaios experimentais, no formato de \'canteiro escola autogestionário\'. Essas práticas levantaram questões e revelaram lacunas de conhecimento da história das modalidades alternativas unitárias e integrais de educação. Pesquisamos exemplos de escolas e espaços de ampliação da autonomia dos construtores como contribuição para sua emancipação social e política. Nos perguntamos como chegamos a atual separação das profissões, divididas entre teóricas - arquitetos - e práticas - operários. Em busca de sua genealogia, abordamos as primeiras sociedades de classe, na antiguidade, e os primeiros espaços formativos duais, que separam a formação das elites para direção da sociedade - educação liberal e teórica, das classes subalternas - educação prática para o trabalho. A formação de arquitetos e construtores se deu de modo particular nas sociedades de classe: há momentos de formação dual onde arquitetos apreendem seu ofício distante das práticas construtivas, sem uso de sua força de trabalho, a formar \"arquitetos sem construção\", e os construtores apreendem seu trabalho nas oficinas, sem controlar a produção da arquitetura, numa relação dialética, dominados por arquitetos. Noutras sociedades, a formação de arquitetos se dá pela experiência prática físico-corporal na produção material da arquitetura, quando desenvolvem o ofício do desenho, e da representação. É ali, no canteiro de obras que formam-se \"arquitetos com construção\", de origem popular, compondo coletivos autônomos que idealizam e constroem. Na invasão das Américas os europeus treinaram os povos escravizados a construir com estéticas européias. Ergueram edifícios com trabalho heterônomo, oprimido e explorado - salvo exceções como nas Missões Jesuíticas. Com o avanço das forças produtivas no século XIX, criaram Liceus assistenciais, para \"qualificar\" construtores com apoio de trabalhadores italianos. Nesse período - 1870 a 1914, São Paulo - as elites não perceberam que a qualificação artística ampla e autônoma dos construtores resultaria em mobilizações por direitos trabalhistas. Quando se deram conta, recusaram os italianos anarquistas e os capomastri coletivistas construtores do ecletismo paulistano, e apoiaram tecnologia que exclui o trabalhador da criação: o concreto armado. É período de desqualificação e treinamento do trabalhador. Para formar os nacionais, criam a educação empresarial: \"Sistema S\" e em 1964 dão o golpe civil militar, que perdura até 1988. Com a redemocratização ampliam-se experiências formativas autogestionárias, e políticas publicas socializantes até 2016 - golpe midiático parlamentar. Foram 28 anos que permitiram experiências de \"educação de trabalhadores por trabalhadores\", como ensaiado nos \'canteiro escola\' com movimento popular, o MST, e universidade, a USP. Edificamos a \'casa das artes\', na ENFF - Guararema, com técnicas agroecológicas de construção e uma \'viela publica\' no Parque dos Químicos - São Bernardo do Campo, com técnicas compensatórias de drenagem urbana. Os ensaios praticaram as idiossincrasias da formação libertária dos trabalhadores da construção percebidas no levantamento do processo histórico. Essa vivência nos permitiu identificar que os \'canteiro escola\' contemporâneos se inserem nas tradicionais linhas de ação popular pela emancipação da classe. / The present doctoral thesis deals with the professional education of construction workers with the objective of contributing to pedagogical experiences that are alternative to their current heteronomous and oppressed work conditions, through experimental tests in the form of \'construction site - self - managed school\'. These practices raised questions and revealed gaps in knowledge of the history of alternative and unitary modes of education. We have explored examples of schools and spaces for the expansion of the autonomy of the constructors as a contribution to their social and political emancipation. We wonder how we came to the current separation of professions, divided between theoretical - architects - and practices - workers. In search of their genealogy, we approach the first class based societies in antiquity and the first dual formative spaces, separating education of the elites for the direction of society - liberal and theoretical education, and the subaltern classes - practical education for work. The education of architects and builders takes place particularly in class based societies: there are societies where the formation is dual where architects learn their craft away from constructive practices, without using their work force, to create \"architects without construction\", and The builders apprehend their work in the workshops, without controlling the production of architecture, in a dialectical relationship dominated by architects. In other societies, the formation of architects is due to the physical-corporal practical experience in the material production of architecture, when they develop the office of drawing, and in representation, it is at the construction site that they form \"architects with construction\", of popular origin. They are autonomous professionals who idealize and build. In the invasion of the Americas by Europeans the elites trained enslaved people to build with European aesthetics. They erected buildings with heteronomous work, oppressed and exploited. With the advance of productive forces in the nineteenth century, they created assistencial Liceus, to \"qualify\" builders with the support of Italian workers. In this period - 1870 to 1914, São Paulo - we verified that they did not realize that the broad and autonomous artistic qualification of the builders would result in mobilizations for labor rights. When they realized it, they refused the Italian anarchists and the capomastri collectivists builders of the São Paulo eclecticism, sponsoring technology that excludes the worker from creation: the reinforced concrete. There is a period of disqualification and training of the worker. \"National System\" is created, and in 1964 the civilian military coup has place, and lasts until 1988. With redemocratization, self-managed formative experiences and socializing public policies are extended to 2016 - year of media-partisan coup of the elites. These 28 years have generated experiences of \"education of workers by workers\", as rehearsed in the \"construction site school\" with popular movement, the MST, and university, USP. We built the \'house of arts\' at the ENFF - Guararema, with agro-ecological construction techniques and a \'public gallery\' at the Chemical Park - São Bernardo do Campo, with compensatory urban drainage techniques. The essays practiced the idiosyncrasies of the libertarian education of construction workers perceived in the survey of the historical process. This experience allowed us to identify the contemporaries \'construction site schools\' fall within the traditional lines of people`s action for the emancipation of the class.

The impact of climate change is increasingly important to the design of urban water infrastructure like stormwater systems, sewage systems and drinking water systems. Growing evidence indicates that the water sector will not only be affected by climate change, but it will reflect and deliver many of its impacts through floods, droughts, or extreme rainfall events. Water resources will change in both quantity and quality, and the infrastructure of stormwater and wastewater facilities may face greater risk of damage caused by storms, floods and droughts. The effect of the climate change will put more difficulties on operations to disrupted services and increased cost of the water and wastewater services. Governments, urban planners, and water managers should therefore re-examine development processes for municipal water and wastewater services and are adapt strategies to incorporate climate change into infrastructure design, capital investment projects, service provision planning, and operation and maintenance. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the global mean temperature has increased by 0,7 °C during the last 100 years and, as a consequence, the hydrological cycle has intensified with, for example, more acute rainfall events. As urban drainage systems have been developed over a long period of time and design criteria are based upon climatic characteristics, these changes will affect the systems and the city accordingly. The overall objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about the climate change impacts on the stormwater system in Al Hillah city/Iraq. In more detail, the objective is to investigate how climate change could affect urban drainage systems specifically stormwater infrastructure, and also to suggest an adaptation plan for these changes using adaptation plans examples from international case studies. Three stochastic weather generators have been investigated in order to understand the climate and climate change in Al Hillah. The stochastic weather generators have been used in different kind of researches and studies; for example in hydrology, floods management, urban water design and analysis, and environmental protection. To make such studies efficient, it is important to have long data records (typically daily data) so the weather generator can generate synthetic daily weather data based on a sound statistical background. Some weather generators can produce the climate change scenarios for different kind of global climate models. They can be used also to produce synthetic data for a site that does not have enough data by using interpolation methods. To ensure that the weather generator is fitting the climate of the region properly, it should be tested against observed data, whether the synthetic data are sufficiently similar. At the same time, the accuracy of the weather generator is different from region to region and depends on the respective climate properties. Testing three weather generators GEM6, ClimGen and LARS-WG at eight climate stations in the region of Babylon governorate/Iraq, where Al Hillah is located, is one of the purposes of the first part of this study. LARS-WG uses a semi-parametric distribution (developed distribution), whereas GEM6 and ClimGen use a parametric distribution (less complicated distribution). Different statistical tests have been selected to compare observed and synthetic weather data for the same kind, for instance, the precipitation and temperature distribution (wet and dry season). The result shows that LARS-WG represents the observed data for Babylon region in a better way than ClimGen, whereas GEM6 seems to misfit the observed data. The synthetic data will be used for a first simulation of urban run-off during the wet season and the consequences of climate change for the design and re-design of the urban drainage system in Al Hillah. The stochastic weather generator LARS is then used to generate ensembles of future weather data using five Global Climate Models (GCMs) that best captured the full range of uncertainty. These Global Climate Models are used to construct future climate scenarios of temperature and precipitation over the region of Babylon Governorate in Iraq. The results show an increase in monthly temperatures and a decrease in the total amount of rain, yet the extreme rain events will be more intense in a shorter time. Changes in the amount, timing, and intensity of rain events can affect the amount of stormwater runoff that needs to be controlled. The climate change calculated projections may make existing stormwater-related flooding worse. Different districts in Al Hillah city may face more frequent stormwater floods than before due to the climate change projections. All the results that have been taken from the Global Climate Models are in a daily resolution format and in order to run the Storm Water Management Model it is important to have all data in a minimum of one hour resolution. In order to fulfill this condition a disaggregation model has been used. Some hourly precipitation data were required to calibrate the temporal disaggregation model; however none of the climate stations and rain gauges in the area of interest have hourly resolution data, so the hourly data from Baghdad airport station have been used for that calibration. The changes in the flood return periods have been seen in the projected climate change results, and a return period will only remain valid over time if environmental conditions do not change. This means that return periods used for planning purposes may need to be updated more often than previously, because values calculated based on the past 30 years of data may become unrepresentative within a relatively short time span. While return periods provide useful guidance for planning the effects of flooding and related impacts, they need to be used with care, and allowances have to be made for extremes that may occur more often than may be expected. In the study area with separated stormwater systems, the Storm Water Management Model simulation shows that the number of surface floods as well as of the floods increases in the future time periods 2050s and 2080s. Future precipitation will also increase both the flooding frequency and the duration of floods; therefore the need to handle future situations in urban drainage systems and to have a well-planned strategy to cope with future conditions is evident. The overall impacts on urban drainage systems due to the increase of intensive precipitation events need to be adapted. For that reason, recommendations for climate change adaptation in the city of Al Hillah have been suggested. This has been accomplished by merging information from the review of five study cases, selected based on the amount and quality of information available. The cities reviewed are Seattle (USA), Odense (Denmark), Tehran (Iran), and Khulna (Bangladesh). / Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Gestaltung der städtischen Wasserinfrastruktur wie Regenwasser, Kanalisation und Trinkwassersysteme werden immer wichtiger. Eine wachsende Anzahl von Belegen zeigt, dass der Wassersektor nicht nur durch den Klimawandel beeinflusst werden wird, aber er wird zu reflektieren und liefern viele seiner Auswirkungen durch Überschwemmungen, Dürren oder extreme Niederschlagsereignisse. Die Wasserressourcen werden sich in Quantität und Qualität verändern, und die Infrastruktur von Regen-und Abwasseranlagen kann einer größeren Gefahr von Schäden durch Stürme, Überschwemmungen und Dürren ausgesetzt sein. Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels werden zu mehr Schwierigkeiten im Betrieb gestörter Dienstleistungen und zu erhöhten Kosten für Wasser-und Abwasserdienstleistungen führen. Regierungen, Stadtplaner, und Wasser-Manager sollten daher die Entwicklungsprozesse für kommunale Wasser-und Abwasserdienstleistungen erneut überprüfen und Strategien anpassen, um den Klimawandel in Infrastruktur-Design, Investitionsprojekte, Planung von Leistungserbringung, sowie Betrieb und Wartung einzuarbeiten. Nach Angaben des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change hat die globale Mitteltemperatur in den letzten 100 Jahren um 0,7 °C zugenommen, und in der Folge hat sich der hydrologische Zyklus intensiviert mit, zum Beispiel, stärkeren Niederschlagsereignisse. Da die städtischen Entwässerungssysteme über einen langen Zeitraum entwickelt wurden und Design-Kriterien auf klimatischen Eigenschaften beruhen, werden diese Veränderungen die Systeme und die Stadt entsprechend beeinflussen. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Wissen über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Regenwasser-System in der Stadt Hilla / Irak zu bereichern. Im Detail ist das Ziel, zu untersuchen, wie der Klimawandel die Siedlungsentwässerung und insbesondere die Regenwasser-Infrastruktur betreffen könnte. Desweiteren soll ein Anpassungsplan für diese Änderungen auf der Grundlage von beispielhaften Anpassungsplänen aus internationalen Fallstudienvorgeschlagen werden. Drei stochastische Wettergeneratoren wurden untersucht, um das Klima und den Klimawandel in Hilla zu verstehen. Stochastische Wettergeneratoren wurden in verschiedenen Untersuchungen und Studien zum Beispiel in der Hydrologie sowie im Hochwasser-Management, Siedlungswasser-Design- und Analyse, und Umweltschutz eingesetzt. Damit solche Studien effizient sind, ist es wichtig, lange Datensätze (in der Regel Tageswerte) haben, so dass der Wettergenerator synthetische tägliche Wetterdaten erzeugen kann, dieauf einem soliden statistischen Hintergrund basieren. Einige Wettergeneratoren können Klimaszenarien für verschiedene Arten von globalen Klimamodellen erzeugen. Sie können unter Verwendung von Interpolationsverfahren auch synthetische Daten für einen Standort generieren, für den nicht genügend Daten vorliegen. Um sicherzustellen, dass der Wettergenerator dem Klima der Region optimal entspricht, sollte gegen die beobachteten Daten geprüft werden, ob die synthetischen Daten ausreichend ähnlich sind. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich die Genauigkeit des Wettergenerator von Region zu Region und abhängig von den jeweiligen Klimaeigenschaften. Der Zweck des ersten Teils dieser Studie ist es daher, drei Wettergeneratoren, namentlich GEM6, ClimGen und LARS-WG, an acht Klimastationen in der Region des Gouvernements Babylon / Irak zu testen. LARS-WG verwendet eine semi-parametrische Verteilung (entwickelte Verteilung), wohingegen GEM6 und ClimGen eine parametrische Verteilung (weniger komplizierte Verteilung) verwenden. Verschiedene statistische Tests wurden ausgewählt, um die beobachteten und synthetischen Wetterdaten für identische Parameter zu vergleichen, zum Beispiel die Niederschlags- und Temperaturverteilung (Nass-und Trockenzeit). Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass LARS-WG die beobachteten Daten für die Region Babylon akkurater abzeichnet, als ClimGen, wobei GEM6 die beobachteten Daten zu verfehlen scheint. Die synthetischen Daten werden für eine erste Simulation des städtischen Run-offs in der Regenzeit sowie der Folgen des Klimawandels für das Design und Re-Design des städtischen Entwässerungssystems in Hilla verwendet. Der stochastische Wettergenerator LARS wird dann verwendet, um Gruppen zukünftiger Wetterdaten unter Verwendung von fünf globalen Klimamodellen (GCM), die das gesamte Spektrum der Unsicherheit am besten abdecken, zu generieren. Diese globalen Klimamodelle werden verwendet, um zukünftige Klimaszenarien der Temperatur und des Niederschlags für die Region Babylon zu konstruieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, eine Steigerung der monatlichen Temperaturen und eine Abnahme der Gesamtmenge der Regen, wobei es jedoch extremere Regenereignissen mit höherer Intensivität in kürzerer Zeit geben wird. Veränderungen der Höhe, des Zeitpunkt und der Intensität der Regenereignisse können die Menge des Abflusses von Regenwasser, die kontrolliert werden muss, beeinflussen. Die Klimawandel-Prognosen können bestehende regenwasserbedingte Überschwemmungen verschlimmern. Verschiedene Bezirke in Hilla können stärker von Regenfluten betroffen werden als bisher aufgrund der Prognosen. Alle Ergebnisse, die von den globalen Klimamodellen übernommen wurden, sind in täglicher Auflösung und um das Regenwasser-Management-Modell anzuwenden, ist es wichtig, dass alle Daten in einer Mindestauflösung von einer Stunde vorliegen. Zur Erfüllung dieser Bedingung wurde ein eine Aufschlüsselungs-Modell verwendet. Einige Stunden-Niederschlagsdaten waren erforderlich, um das zeitliche Aufschlüsselungs-Modell zu kalibrieren. Da weder die Klimastationen noch die Regen-Messgeräte im Interessenbereich über stundenauflösende Daten verfügt, wurden die Stundendaten von Flughäfen in Bagdad verwendet. Die Veränderungen in den Hochwasserrückkehrperioden sind in den projizierten Ergebnissen des Klimawandels ersichtlich, und eine Rückkehrperiode wird nur dann über Zeit gültig bleiben, wenn sich die Umweltbedingungen nicht ändern. Dies bedeutet, dass Wiederkehrperioden, die für Planungszwecke verwendet werden, öfter als bisher aktualisiert werden müssen, da die auf Grundlage von Daten der letzten 30 Jahre berechneten Werte innerhalb einer relativ kurzen Zeitspanneunrepräsentativ werden können. Während Wiederkehrperioden bieten nützliche Hinweise für die Planung die Effekte von Überschwemmungen und die damit verbundenen Auswirkungen, müssen aber mit Vorsicht verwendet werden, und Extreme, die öfter eintreten könnten als erwartet, sollten berücksichtigt werden. Im Studienbereich mit getrennten Regenwassersystemen zeigt die Simulation des Regenwasser-Management-Modells, dass sich die Anzahl der Oberflächenhochwasser sowie der Überschwemmungen im Zeitraum 2050e-2080 erhöhen wird. Zukünftige Niederschläge werdensowohl die Hochwasser-Frequenz als auch die Dauer von Überschwemmungen erhöhen. Daher ist die Notwendigkeit offensichtlich, zukünftige Situationen in städtischen Entwässerungssystemen zu berücksichtigen und eine gut geplante Strategie zu haben, um zukünftige Bedingungen zu bewältigen. Die gesamten Auswirkungen auf die Siedlungsentwässerungssyteme aufgrund der Zunahme von intensiven Niederschlagsereignissen müssen angepasst werden. Aus diesem Grund wurden Empfehlungen für die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in der Stadt Hilla vorgeschlagen. Diese wurden durch die Zusammenführung von Informationen aus der Prüfung von fünf Fallstudien, ausgewählt aufgrund der Menge und Qualität der verfügbaren Informationen, erarbeitet,. Die bewerteten Städte sind Seattle (USA), Odense (Dänemark), Teheran (Iran), und Khulna (Bangladesch).

No rápido e intenso processo da urbanização de São Paulo, suas várzeas urbanas foram descaracterizadas com os cursos d\'água canalizados sob vias automobilísticas ou invadidas e degradadas pelo modelo de urbanização caracterizado por uma dicotomia entre o homem e a natureza. Destacam-se, no início da década de 2000, políticas públicas formuladas para dar início a novos paradigmas nas relações entre os rios e as várzeas da área urbana e sua cidade, inaugurando uma nova forma de atuação para solucionar os conflitos expressos na forma de ocupação dessas áreas até então. Nesse contexto, os parques lineares surgem como uma forma de uso adequado de fundos de vale, desestimulando invasões e ocupações indevidas por meio de ações estruturadoras do território. Concebidos como elementos de qualificação da paisagem urbana e de sua recuperação ambiental, tais parques contribuem com a drenagem urbana e constituem espaços livres públicos capazes de conectar áreas verdes e favorecer a possível criação de um sistema de espaços livres em São Paulo. Espaços capazes de abrigar práticas de lazer, esporte e cultura, além de contribuir com alternativas não motorizadas de mobilidade urbana. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas e visitas a campo, a presente pesquisa contextualiza a implantação dos parques lineares em São Paulo e aprofunda a análise, pautada em uma abordagem paisagística do tema, a partir de 3 estudos de casos que apresentam um leque amplo das problemáticas que os envolvem e das suas potencialidades. Inserida na busca por cidades mais humanas e pautada em dinâmicas mais democráticas, a pesquisa defende a participação popular como meio para a construção de uma melhor qualidade da cidade. Por fim, espera-se contribuir para que a imagem de uma São Paulo permeada por áreas verdes e públicas, associadas aos seus cursos hídricos presentes na paisagem urbana, capazes de abrigar ciclovias e arborizados passeios de pedestres, concebidas através de processos participativos ganhe espaço no imaginário do paulistano para que possam cooperar na construção de uma cidade de São Paulo mais fluida, mais permeável, mais verde e azul, mais viva. / In São Paulo\'s rapid and intense urbanization process, its urban floodplains were disfigured with waterways channeled under automobile ways or invaded and de- graded by urbanization model characterized by a dichotomy between man and nature. Stand out in the early 2000s, public politics formulated to initiate new paradigms in the relationship between rivers and floodplains of the city and its urban area, ushering in a new form of action to resolve the conflict expressed in the form of occupation of these areas until then. In this context, linear parks emerge as a form of proper use of valley bottoms, discouraging unwarranted in- vasions and occupations by structuring actions of the territory. Designed as qua- lifying elements of the urban landscape and its environmental remediation, such parks contribute to urban drainage and public open spaces and are capable of connecting green areas and encourage the possible creation of an open spaces system in São Paulo. Spaces capable of harboring practices of leisure, sport and culture, and contribute to non-motorized alternative for urban mobility. Through literature review, interviews and field visits, this study contextualizes the im- plementation of linear parks in São Paulo and deepens the analysis, based on a landscape approach, from three case studies that feature a wide range of issues that concern them and their potential. Inserted in the search for more human ci- ties and based in democratic dynamics, research supports the popular participa- tion as a means to build a better quality of the city. Finally, we hope to contribute to the image of São Paulo ermeated by green and public areas, associated with its water resources present in the urban landscape, able to accommodate bike lanes and pedestrian wooded walks, designed through participatory processes to gain space in local people imagination so that they can cooperate in building a more fluid, more permeable, green and blue, more lively São Paulo city.

A presente tese de doutorado aborda a formação profissional dos trabalhadores da construção civil com objetivo de contribuir com experiências pedagógicas alternativas à sua atual condição heterônoma e oprimida de trabalho, por meio de ensaios experimentais, no formato de \'canteiro escola autogestionário\'. Essas práticas levantaram questões e revelaram lacunas de conhecimento da história das modalidades alternativas unitárias e integrais de educação. Pesquisamos exemplos de escolas e espaços de ampliação da autonomia dos construtores como contribuição para sua emancipação social e política. Nos perguntamos como chegamos a atual separação das profissões, divididas entre teóricas - arquitetos - e práticas - operários. Em busca de sua genealogia, abordamos as primeiras sociedades de classe, na antiguidade, e os primeiros espaços formativos duais, que separam a formação das elites para direção da sociedade - educação liberal e teórica, das classes subalternas - educação prática para o trabalho. A formação de arquitetos e construtores se deu de modo particular nas sociedades de classe: há momentos de formação dual onde arquitetos apreendem seu ofício distante das práticas construtivas, sem uso de sua força de trabalho, a formar \"arquitetos sem construção\", e os construtores apreendem seu trabalho nas oficinas, sem controlar a produção da arquitetura, numa relação dialética, dominados por arquitetos. Noutras sociedades, a formação de arquitetos se dá pela experiência prática físico-corporal na produção material da arquitetura, quando desenvolvem o ofício do desenho, e da representação. É ali, no canteiro de obras que formam-se \"arquitetos com construção\", de origem popular, compondo coletivos autônomos que idealizam e constroem. Na invasão das Américas os europeus treinaram os povos escravizados a construir com estéticas européias. Ergueram edifícios com trabalho heterônomo, oprimido e explorado - salvo exceções como nas Missões Jesuíticas. Com o avanço das forças produtivas no século XIX, criaram Liceus assistenciais, para \"qualificar\" construtores com apoio de trabalhadores italianos. Nesse período - 1870 a 1914, São Paulo - as elites não perceberam que a qualificação artística ampla e autônoma dos construtores resultaria em mobilizações por direitos trabalhistas. Quando se deram conta, recusaram os italianos anarquistas e os capomastri coletivistas construtores do ecletismo paulistano, e apoiaram tecnologia que exclui o trabalhador da criação: o concreto armado. É período de desqualificação e treinamento do trabalhador. Para formar os nacionais, criam a educação empresarial: \"Sistema S\" e em 1964 dão o golpe civil militar, que perdura até 1988. Com a redemocratização ampliam-se experiências formativas autogestionárias, e políticas publicas socializantes até 2016 - golpe midiático parlamentar. Foram 28 anos que permitiram experiências de \"educação de trabalhadores por trabalhadores\", como ensaiado nos \'canteiro escola\' com movimento popular, o MST, e universidade, a USP. Edificamos a \'casa das artes\', na ENFF - Guararema, com técnicas agroecológicas de construção e uma \'viela publica\' no Parque dos Químicos - São Bernardo do Campo, com técnicas compensatórias de drenagem urbana. Os ensaios praticaram as idiossincrasias da formação libertária dos trabalhadores da construção percebidas no levantamento do processo histórico. Essa vivência nos permitiu identificar que os \'canteiro escola\' contemporâneos se inserem nas tradicionais linhas de ação popular pela emancipação da classe. / The present doctoral thesis deals with the professional education of construction workers with the objective of contributing to pedagogical experiences that are alternative to their current heteronomous and oppressed work conditions, through experimental tests in the form of \'construction site - self - managed school\'. These practices raised questions and revealed gaps in knowledge of the history of alternative and unitary modes of education. We have explored examples of schools and spaces for the expansion of the autonomy of the constructors as a contribution to their social and political emancipation. We wonder how we came to the current separation of professions, divided between theoretical - architects - and practices - workers. In search of their genealogy, we approach the first class based societies in antiquity and the first dual formative spaces, separating education of the elites for the direction of society - liberal and theoretical education, and the subaltern classes - practical education for work. The education of architects and builders takes place particularly in class based societies: there are societies where the formation is dual where architects learn their craft away from constructive practices, without using their work force, to create \"architects without construction\", and The builders apprehend their work in the workshops, without controlling the production of architecture, in a dialectical relationship dominated by architects. In other societies, the formation of architects is due to the physical-corporal practical experience in the material production of architecture, when they develop the office of drawing, and in representation, it is at the construction site that they form \"architects with construction\", of popular origin. They are autonomous professionals who idealize and build. In the invasion of the Americas by Europeans the elites trained enslaved people to build with European aesthetics. They erected buildings with heteronomous work, oppressed and exploited. With the advance of productive forces in the nineteenth century, they created assistencial Liceus, to \"qualify\" builders with the support of Italian workers. In this period - 1870 to 1914, São Paulo - we verified that they did not realize that the broad and autonomous artistic qualification of the builders would result in mobilizations for labor rights. When they realized it, they refused the Italian anarchists and the capomastri collectivists builders of the São Paulo eclecticism, sponsoring technology that excludes the worker from creation: the reinforced concrete. There is a period of disqualification and training of the worker. \"National System\" is created, and in 1964 the civilian military coup has place, and lasts until 1988. With redemocratization, self-managed formative experiences and socializing public policies are extended to 2016 - year of media-partisan coup of the elites. These 28 years have generated experiences of \"education of workers by workers\", as rehearsed in the \"construction site school\" with popular movement, the MST, and university, USP. We built the \'house of arts\' at the ENFF - Guararema, with agro-ecological construction techniques and a \'public gallery\' at the Chemical Park - São Bernardo do Campo, with compensatory urban drainage techniques. The essays practiced the idiosyncrasies of the libertarian education of construction workers perceived in the survey of the historical process. This experience allowed us to identify the contemporaries \'construction site schools\' fall within the traditional lines of people`s action for the emancipation of the class.

The impact of climate change is increasingly important to the design of urban water infrastructure like stormwater systems, sewage systems and drinking water systems. Growing evidence indicates that the water sector will not only be affected by climate change, but it will reflect and deliver many of its impacts through floods, droughts, or extreme rainfall events. Water resources will change in both quantity and quality, and the infrastructure of stormwater and wastewater facilities may face greater risk of damage caused by storms, floods and droughts. The effect of the climate change will put more difficulties on operations to disrupted services and increased cost of the water and wastewater services. Governments, urban planners, and water managers should therefore re-examine development processes for municipal water and wastewater services and are adapt strategies to incorporate climate change into infrastructure design, capital investment projects, service provision planning, and operation and maintenance. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the global mean temperature has increased by 0,7 °C during the last 100 years and, as a consequence, the hydrological cycle has intensified with, for example, more acute rainfall events. As urban drainage systems have been developed over a long period of time and design criteria are based upon climatic characteristics, these changes will affect the systems and the city accordingly. The overall objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about the climate change impacts on the stormwater system in Al Hillah city/Iraq. In more detail, the objective is to investigate how climate change could affect urban drainage systems specifically stormwater infrastructure, and also to suggest an adaptation plan for these changes using adaptation plans examples from international case studies. Three stochastic weather generators have been investigated in order to understand the climate and climate change in Al Hillah. The stochastic weather generators have been used in different kind of researches and studies; for example in hydrology, floods management, urban water design and analysis, and environmental protection. To make such studies efficient, it is important to have long data records (typically daily data) so the weather generator can generate synthetic daily weather data based on a sound statistical background. Some weather generators can produce the climate change scenarios for different kind of global climate models. They can be used also to produce synthetic data for a site that does not have enough data by using interpolation methods. To ensure that the weather generator is fitting the climate of the region properly, it should be tested against observed data, whether the synthetic data are sufficiently similar. At the same time, the accuracy of the weather generator is different from region to region and depends on the respective climate properties. Testing three weather generators GEM6, ClimGen and LARS-WG at eight climate stations in the region of Babylon governorate/Iraq, where Al Hillah is located, is one of the purposes of the first part of this study. LARS-WG uses a semi-parametric distribution (developed distribution), whereas GEM6 and ClimGen use a parametric distribution (less complicated distribution). Different statistical tests have been selected to compare observed and synthetic weather data for the same kind, for instance, the precipitation and temperature distribution (wet and dry season). The result shows that LARS-WG represents the observed data for Babylon region in a better way than ClimGen, whereas GEM6 seems to misfit the observed data. The synthetic data will be used for a first simulation of urban run-off during the wet season and the consequences of climate change for the design and re-design of the urban drainage system in Al Hillah. The stochastic weather generator LARS is then used to generate ensembles of future weather data using five Global Climate Models (GCMs) that best captured the full range of uncertainty. These Global Climate Models are used to construct future climate scenarios of temperature and precipitation over the region of Babylon Governorate in Iraq. The results show an increase in monthly temperatures and a decrease in the total amount of rain, yet the extreme rain events will be more intense in a shorter time. Changes in the amount, timing, and intensity of rain events can affect the amount of stormwater runoff that needs to be controlled. The climate change calculated projections may make existing stormwater-related flooding worse. Different districts in Al Hillah city may face more frequent stormwater floods than before due to the climate change projections. All the results that have been taken from the Global Climate Models are in a daily resolution format and in order to run the Storm Water Management Model it is important to have all data in a minimum of one hour resolution. In order to fulfill this condition a disaggregation model has been used. Some hourly precipitation data were required to calibrate the temporal disaggregation model; however none of the climate stations and rain gauges in the area of interest have hourly resolution data, so the hourly data from Baghdad airport station have been used for that calibration. The changes in the flood return periods have been seen in the projected climate change results, and a return period will only remain valid over time if environmental conditions do not change. This means that return periods used for planning purposes may need to be updated more often than previously, because values calculated based on the past 30 years of data may become unrepresentative within a relatively short time span. While return periods provide useful guidance for planning the effects of flooding and related impacts, they need to be used with care, and allowances have to be made for extremes that may occur more often than may be expected. In the study area with separated stormwater systems, the Storm Water Management Model simulation shows that the number of surface floods as well as of the floods increases in the future time periods 2050s and 2080s. Future precipitation will also increase both the flooding frequency and the duration of floods; therefore the need to handle future situations in urban drainage systems and to have a well-planned strategy to cope with future conditions is evident. The overall impacts on urban drainage systems due to the increase of intensive precipitation events need to be adapted. For that reason, recommendations for climate change adaptation in the city of Al Hillah have been suggested. This has been accomplished by merging information from the review of five study cases, selected based on the amount and quality of information available. The cities reviewed are Seattle (USA), Odense (Denmark), Tehran (Iran), and Khulna (Bangladesh).:Preface Acknowledgment Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Listing List of Abbreviation Introduction 1.1. Background of The Research 1.2. The Climate Change Challenge 1.3. Urban Water Systems and Climate Change 1.4. Climate Change and Urban Drainage Adaptation Plan 1.5. Objectives of the Research 1.6. Research Problems and Hypothesis 1.7. Dissertation Structure 1.8. Delimitations Climate History and Climate Change Projections in Al Hillah City Chapter One: State of the Art on Climate Change 2.1.1. The Earth’s Climate System 2.1.2. Climate Change 2.1.3. Emission Scenarios 2.1.4. Global Climate Change 2.1.5. Climate Models 2.1.6. Downscaling Chapter Two: Topography and Climate of the Study Area 2.2.1. Location 2.2.2. Topography 2.2.3. Climate Chapter Three: Climate Change - Methodology and Data 2.3.1. Methodology 2.3.1.1. Stochastic Weather Generators 2.3.1.2. Description of Generators Used in the Comparison 2.3.1.3. Statistical Analysis Comparison Test 2.3.2. Data 2.3.2.1. Required data for modelling 2.3.2.2. Historical daily data required for the weather generators 2.3.2.3. Minimum requirements 2.3.2.4. Data Availability Chapter Four: Results Analysis and Evaluation of Climate Change 2.4.1. Weather Generators Comparison Test results 2.4.1.1.The p-value test Temperature Comparison results Precipitation Comparison Results 2.4.2. LARS Weather Generator Future Scenario 2.4.2.1.1. Climate Change Scenarios for the region of Babylon governorate Storm Water System and Urban Flooding in Al Hillah City Chapter one: Urban Water Modelling 3.1.1. General Overview and Background 3.1.1.1. Storm water systems 3.1.2. Urban Runoff Models 3.1.3. An Overview of Runoff Estimation Methods 3.1.3.1. Computer Modelling in Urban Drainage 3.1.3.2.Statistical Rational Method (SRM) 3.1.4. Models Based on Statistical Rational Method 3.1.5. Urban Rainfall-Runoff Methods 3.1.6. Accuracy Level in Urban Catchment Models Chapter Two: Urban Water System in Al Hillah City and Data Requirement for Modelling 3.2.1. History 3.2.2. Current Situation 3.2.2.1. Urban water system Iraq 3.2.2.2. Urban Water description in Babylon governorate 3.2.2.3. Drinking water network 3.2.2.4. Sewerage infrastructure 3.2.3. Required data for modelling Chapter Three: Methodology to Disaggregate Daily Rain Data and Model Storm Water Runoff 3.3.1. Temporal Disaggregation (hourly from daily) 3.3.1.1. Background of Disaggregation 3.3.1.2. Disaggregation techniques 3.3.1.3. DiMoN Disaggregation Tool 3.3.1.4. Input Data 3.3.1.5. Methods Formerly Used 3.3.2. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 3.3.2.1. Verification and Calibration 3.3.2.2. Stormwater Management Model PCSWMM 3.3.2.3. Complete support for all USEPA SWMM5 engine capabilities Chapter Four: Urban Flooding Results 3.4.1. Disaggregation of the daily rain data to hourly data 3.4.1.1.The 1 hour events properties 3.4.1.2. Estimating the rain events in each climate change scenario 3.4.1.3. Past, Current and future return periods 3.4.2. Storm Water Management Model PCSWMM Calibration 3.4.3.Return periods and Urban Floods 3.4.3.1.Network simulation 3.4.3.2.Properties with previous flooding problems 3.4.3.3.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-2, 5 and 10 years return period 3.4.3.4.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-25 years return period 3.4.3.5.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-50 years return period 3.4.3.6. Storm water system simulation under 1 hour – 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years return period 3.4.3.7.Total Flooding Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City Chapter One: International Case Studies 4.1.1. Historical precipitation analysis 4.1.2. Current and projected future climate change, impacts and adaptation plan for each selected city 4.1.2.1. Seattle 4.1.2.2. Odense 4.1.2.3. Tehran 4.1.2.4. Khulna 4.1.2.5. Melbourne 4.1.3. Drainage System of the Studied Cities 4.1.3.1. Drainage System in Seattle 4.1.3.2. Drainage System in Odense 4.1.3.3. Drainage System in Tehran 4.1.3.4. Drainage System in Khulna 4.1.3.5. Drainage System in Melbourne Chapter Two: Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City 4.2.1. Conclusions from Adaptation Options Analysed 4.2.2. Suggestions for Al Hillah City 4.2.3. Adaptation Actions Overall Conclusion Bibliography / Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Gestaltung der städtischen Wasserinfrastruktur wie Regenwasser, Kanalisation und Trinkwassersysteme werden immer wichtiger. Eine wachsende Anzahl von Belegen zeigt, dass der Wassersektor nicht nur durch den Klimawandel beeinflusst werden wird, aber er wird zu reflektieren und liefern viele seiner Auswirkungen durch Überschwemmungen, Dürren oder extreme Niederschlagsereignisse. Die Wasserressourcen werden sich in Quantität und Qualität verändern, und die Infrastruktur von Regen-und Abwasseranlagen kann einer größeren Gefahr von Schäden durch Stürme, Überschwemmungen und Dürren ausgesetzt sein. Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels werden zu mehr Schwierigkeiten im Betrieb gestörter Dienstleistungen und zu erhöhten Kosten für Wasser-und Abwasserdienstleistungen führen. Regierungen, Stadtplaner, und Wasser-Manager sollten daher die Entwicklungsprozesse für kommunale Wasser-und Abwasserdienstleistungen erneut überprüfen und Strategien anpassen, um den Klimawandel in Infrastruktur-Design, Investitionsprojekte, Planung von Leistungserbringung, sowie Betrieb und Wartung einzuarbeiten. Nach Angaben des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change hat die globale Mitteltemperatur in den letzten 100 Jahren um 0,7 °C zugenommen, und in der Folge hat sich der hydrologische Zyklus intensiviert mit, zum Beispiel, stärkeren Niederschlagsereignisse. Da die städtischen Entwässerungssysteme über einen langen Zeitraum entwickelt wurden und Design-Kriterien auf klimatischen Eigenschaften beruhen, werden diese Veränderungen die Systeme und die Stadt entsprechend beeinflussen. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Wissen über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Regenwasser-System in der Stadt Hilla / Irak zu bereichern. Im Detail ist das Ziel, zu untersuchen, wie der Klimawandel die Siedlungsentwässerung und insbesondere die Regenwasser-Infrastruktur betreffen könnte. Desweiteren soll ein Anpassungsplan für diese Änderungen auf der Grundlage von beispielhaften Anpassungsplänen aus internationalen Fallstudienvorgeschlagen werden. Drei stochastische Wettergeneratoren wurden untersucht, um das Klima und den Klimawandel in Hilla zu verstehen. Stochastische Wettergeneratoren wurden in verschiedenen Untersuchungen und Studien zum Beispiel in der Hydrologie sowie im Hochwasser-Management, Siedlungswasser-Design- und Analyse, und Umweltschutz eingesetzt. Damit solche Studien effizient sind, ist es wichtig, lange Datensätze (in der Regel Tageswerte) haben, so dass der Wettergenerator synthetische tägliche Wetterdaten erzeugen kann, dieauf einem soliden statistischen Hintergrund basieren. Einige Wettergeneratoren können Klimaszenarien für verschiedene Arten von globalen Klimamodellen erzeugen. Sie können unter Verwendung von Interpolationsverfahren auch synthetische Daten für einen Standort generieren, für den nicht genügend Daten vorliegen. Um sicherzustellen, dass der Wettergenerator dem Klima der Region optimal entspricht, sollte gegen die beobachteten Daten geprüft werden, ob die synthetischen Daten ausreichend ähnlich sind. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich die Genauigkeit des Wettergenerator von Region zu Region und abhängig von den jeweiligen Klimaeigenschaften. Der Zweck des ersten Teils dieser Studie ist es daher, drei Wettergeneratoren, namentlich GEM6, ClimGen und LARS-WG, an acht Klimastationen in der Region des Gouvernements Babylon / Irak zu testen. LARS-WG verwendet eine semi-parametrische Verteilung (entwickelte Verteilung), wohingegen GEM6 und ClimGen eine parametrische Verteilung (weniger komplizierte Verteilung) verwenden. Verschiedene statistische Tests wurden ausgewählt, um die beobachteten und synthetischen Wetterdaten für identische Parameter zu vergleichen, zum Beispiel die Niederschlags- und Temperaturverteilung (Nass-und Trockenzeit). Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass LARS-WG die beobachteten Daten für die Region Babylon akkurater abzeichnet, als ClimGen, wobei GEM6 die beobachteten Daten zu verfehlen scheint. Die synthetischen Daten werden für eine erste Simulation des städtischen Run-offs in der Regenzeit sowie der Folgen des Klimawandels für das Design und Re-Design des städtischen Entwässerungssystems in Hilla verwendet. Der stochastische Wettergenerator LARS wird dann verwendet, um Gruppen zukünftiger Wetterdaten unter Verwendung von fünf globalen Klimamodellen (GCM), die das gesamte Spektrum der Unsicherheit am besten abdecken, zu generieren. Diese globalen Klimamodelle werden verwendet, um zukünftige Klimaszenarien der Temperatur und des Niederschlags für die Region Babylon zu konstruieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, eine Steigerung der monatlichen Temperaturen und eine Abnahme der Gesamtmenge der Regen, wobei es jedoch extremere Regenereignissen mit höherer Intensivität in kürzerer Zeit geben wird. Veränderungen der Höhe, des Zeitpunkt und der Intensität der Regenereignisse können die Menge des Abflusses von Regenwasser, die kontrolliert werden muss, beeinflussen. Die Klimawandel-Prognosen können bestehende regenwasserbedingte Überschwemmungen verschlimmern. Verschiedene Bezirke in Hilla können stärker von Regenfluten betroffen werden als bisher aufgrund der Prognosen. Alle Ergebnisse, die von den globalen Klimamodellen übernommen wurden, sind in täglicher Auflösung und um das Regenwasser-Management-Modell anzuwenden, ist es wichtig, dass alle Daten in einer Mindestauflösung von einer Stunde vorliegen. Zur Erfüllung dieser Bedingung wurde ein eine Aufschlüsselungs-Modell verwendet. Einige Stunden-Niederschlagsdaten waren erforderlich, um das zeitliche Aufschlüsselungs-Modell zu kalibrieren. Da weder die Klimastationen noch die Regen-Messgeräte im Interessenbereich über stundenauflösende Daten verfügt, wurden die Stundendaten von Flughäfen in Bagdad verwendet. Die Veränderungen in den Hochwasserrückkehrperioden sind in den projizierten Ergebnissen des Klimawandels ersichtlich, und eine Rückkehrperiode wird nur dann über Zeit gültig bleiben, wenn sich die Umweltbedingungen nicht ändern. Dies bedeutet, dass Wiederkehrperioden, die für Planungszwecke verwendet werden, öfter als bisher aktualisiert werden müssen, da die auf Grundlage von Daten der letzten 30 Jahre berechneten Werte innerhalb einer relativ kurzen Zeitspanneunrepräsentativ werden können. Während Wiederkehrperioden bieten nützliche Hinweise für die Planung die Effekte von Überschwemmungen und die damit verbundenen Auswirkungen, müssen aber mit Vorsicht verwendet werden, und Extreme, die öfter eintreten könnten als erwartet, sollten berücksichtigt werden. Im Studienbereich mit getrennten Regenwassersystemen zeigt die Simulation des Regenwasser-Management-Modells, dass sich die Anzahl der Oberflächenhochwasser sowie der Überschwemmungen im Zeitraum 2050e-2080 erhöhen wird. Zukünftige Niederschläge werdensowohl die Hochwasser-Frequenz als auch die Dauer von Überschwemmungen erhöhen. Daher ist die Notwendigkeit offensichtlich, zukünftige Situationen in städtischen Entwässerungssystemen zu berücksichtigen und eine gut geplante Strategie zu haben, um zukünftige Bedingungen zu bewältigen. Die gesamten Auswirkungen auf die Siedlungsentwässerungssyteme aufgrund der Zunahme von intensiven Niederschlagsereignissen müssen angepasst werden. Aus diesem Grund wurden Empfehlungen für die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in der Stadt Hilla vorgeschlagen. Diese wurden durch die Zusammenführung von Informationen aus der Prüfung von fünf Fallstudien, ausgewählt aufgrund der Menge und Qualität der verfügbaren Informationen, erarbeitet,. Die bewerteten Städte sind Seattle (USA), Odense (Dänemark), Teheran (Iran), und Khulna (Bangladesch).:Preface Acknowledgment Abstract Kurzfassung Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Listing List of Abbreviation Introduction 1.1. Background of The Research 1.2. The Climate Change Challenge 1.3. Urban Water Systems and Climate Change 1.4. Climate Change and Urban Drainage Adaptation Plan 1.5. Objectives of the Research 1.6. Research Problems and Hypothesis 1.7. Dissertation Structure 1.8. Delimitations Climate History and Climate Change Projections in Al Hillah City Chapter One: State of the Art on Climate Change 2.1.1. The Earth’s Climate System 2.1.2. Climate Change 2.1.3. Emission Scenarios 2.1.4. Global Climate Change 2.1.5. Climate Models 2.1.6. Downscaling Chapter Two: Topography and Climate of the Study Area 2.2.1. Location 2.2.2. Topography 2.2.3. Climate Chapter Three: Climate Change - Methodology and Data 2.3.1. Methodology 2.3.1.1. Stochastic Weather Generators 2.3.1.2. Description of Generators Used in the Comparison 2.3.1.3. Statistical Analysis Comparison Test 2.3.2. Data 2.3.2.1. Required data for modelling 2.3.2.2. Historical daily data required for the weather generators 2.3.2.3. Minimum requirements 2.3.2.4. Data Availability Chapter Four: Results Analysis and Evaluation of Climate Change 2.4.1. Weather Generators Comparison Test results 2.4.1.1.The p-value test Temperature Comparison results Precipitation Comparison Results 2.4.2. LARS Weather Generator Future Scenario 2.4.2.1.1. Climate Change Scenarios for the region of Babylon governorate Storm Water System and Urban Flooding in Al Hillah City Chapter one: Urban Water Modelling 3.1.1. General Overview and Background 3.1.1.1. Storm water systems 3.1.2. Urban Runoff Models 3.1.3. An Overview of Runoff Estimation Methods 3.1.3.1. Computer Modelling in Urban Drainage 3.1.3.2.Statistical Rational Method (SRM) 3.1.4. Models Based on Statistical Rational Method 3.1.5. Urban Rainfall-Runoff Methods 3.1.6. Accuracy Level in Urban Catchment Models Chapter Two: Urban Water System in Al Hillah City and Data Requirement for Modelling 3.2.1. History 3.2.2. Current Situation 3.2.2.1. Urban water system Iraq 3.2.2.2. Urban Water description in Babylon governorate 3.2.2.3. Drinking water network 3.2.2.4. Sewerage infrastructure 3.2.3. Required data for modelling Chapter Three: Methodology to Disaggregate Daily Rain Data and Model Storm Water Runoff 3.3.1. Temporal Disaggregation (hourly from daily) 3.3.1.1. Background of Disaggregation 3.3.1.2. Disaggregation techniques 3.3.1.3. DiMoN Disaggregation Tool 3.3.1.4. Input Data 3.3.1.5. Methods Formerly Used 3.3.2. EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 3.3.2.1. Verification and Calibration 3.3.2.2. Stormwater Management Model PCSWMM 3.3.2.3. Complete support for all USEPA SWMM5 engine capabilities Chapter Four: Urban Flooding Results 3.4.1. Disaggregation of the daily rain data to hourly data 3.4.1.1.The 1 hour events properties 3.4.1.2. Estimating the rain events in each climate change scenario 3.4.1.3. Past, Current and future return periods 3.4.2. Storm Water Management Model PCSWMM Calibration 3.4.3.Return periods and Urban Floods 3.4.3.1.Network simulation 3.4.3.2.Properties with previous flooding problems 3.4.3.3.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-2, 5 and 10 years return period 3.4.3.4.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-25 years return period 3.4.3.5.Storm water system simulation under 1 hour-50 years return period 3.4.3.6. Storm water system simulation under 1 hour – 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years return period 3.4.3.7.Total Flooding Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City Chapter One: International Case Studies 4.1.1. Historical precipitation analysis 4.1.2. Current and projected future climate change, impacts and adaptation plan for each selected city 4.1.2.1. Seattle 4.1.2.2. Odense 4.1.2.3. Tehran 4.1.2.4. Khulna 4.1.2.5. Melbourne 4.1.3. Drainage System of the Studied Cities 4.1.3.1. Drainage System in Seattle 4.1.3.2. Drainage System in Odense 4.1.3.3. Drainage System in Tehran 4.1.3.4. Drainage System in Khulna 4.1.3.5. Drainage System in Melbourne Chapter Two: Adaptation Plan for Al Hillah City 4.2.1. Conclusions from Adaptation Options Analysed 4.2.2. Suggestions for Al Hillah City 4.2.3. Adaptation Actions Overall Conclusion Bibliography

This work deals with the use of 3D mathematical models of fluid in water management practice. Using 3D mathematical model was assessed retention tank Jeneweinova, which is situated on a sewer network of the city of Brno and is an important object of urban drainage. Retention basin designed to keep overflow from CSO chambers to Svratka and Svitavský náhon during storm events. Retention tank Jeneweinova is suitable for the assessment, because tank was designed bassed the Master Plan drainage of Brno using 1D mathematical model. Another factor was the physical model, which was build in LVV Vin FAST BUT. And finally, near the retention tank will be installed measurement on the sewerage network, which will be able to verify the results whitch has been predicted in this work. Mathematical model of retention tanks Jeneweinova was build in software FLOW-3D. FLOW-3D is a general purpose CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software for flow of fluid in steady and unsteady mode and uses computational techniques to solve the equations of motion of fluids. This software is mainly used for the calculation of hydraulic fluids, gas flow and heat transfer simulations. Results from 3D mathematical model has been compared with the values in the physical and 1D mathematical model.