Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T15:30:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Santos Farias.pdf: 1234303 bytes, checksum: 420e49b91acb05fb1346e95075411509 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T15:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Santos Farias.pdf: 1234303 bytes, checksum: 420e49b91acb05fb1346e95075411509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / CAPES, FAPEMA,CNPQ / This paper describes the development of a simple and new sensor electrochemical determination of flutamide in voltamétrica formulations pharmaceutical and artificial urine specimens using a carbon electrode vitreous (ECV) modified with oxidized carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide (NCO-OG), which was named ECV/NCO-OG. Electronic microscopy techniques scanning (SEM) and Raman Spectroscopy were used for the characterization of carbon based materials. The electrochemical response of the analyte front of the ECV/NCO-OG was investigated by cyclic voltammetry techniques (VC) and square wave voltammetry (VOQ). The sensor exhibited a high activity eletrocatalítica for the reduction of flutamide in 0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The parameters experimental influence the response of the electrode was investigated and the optimum conditions were found for the electrode modified with NCO-OG, in Britton-Robinson buffer solution-BR on concentration of 0.1 mol L-1 (pH 5). The proposed sensor presented a wide range of linear response of concentration for the flutamide of 0.1 to 1000 µmol L-1 (or µ g L-1 27.6 to 0.27 g L-1) for n = 15 (R2 = 0.997), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and sensitivity of 0.03 µmol L-1, 0.1 µmol L-1, and 0.30 µmol µA -1 L, respectively. The ECV/NCO-OG was successfully applied to the determination of flutamide in pharmaceutical formulations used in the treatment of prostate cancer and artificial urine samples. The results obtained with the proposed sensor were compared with the method described in the literature and showed a level of 95% confidence, demonstrating that there is no statistical difference between the method of reference and the method proposed. The addition and recovery studies show that the proposed method presents a satisfactory accuracy with average value of 101% recovery ( 1)%. for the fortified samples. / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um simples e novo sensor eletroquímico para determinação voltamétrica de flutamida em formulações farmacêuticas e amostras de urina artificial empregando um eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) modificado com nanotubos de carbono oxidado e óxido de grafeno (NCO-OG), o qual foi denominado ECV/NCO-OG. As técnicas microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a Espectroscopia Raman foram utilizadas para a caracterização dos materiais à base de carbono. A resposta eletroquímica do analito frente ao ECV/NCO-OG foi investigada através das técnicas de voltametria cíclica (VC) e voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ). O sensor exibiu uma alta atividade eletrocatalítica para a redução da flutamida em 0,05 V vs Ag/AgCl. Os parâmetros experimentais que influenciam a resposta do eletrodo foram investigados e as condições ótimas foram encontradas para o eletrodo modificado com NCO-OG, em solução tampão Britton-Robinson-BR na concentração de 0,1 mol L-1 (pH 5). O sensor proposto apresentou uma ampla faixa de resposta linear de concentração para a flutamida de 0,1 a 1000 µmol L-1 (ou 27,6 µg L-1 a 0,27 g L-1) para n=15 (R2=0,997), com limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), e sensibilidade de 0,03 µmol L-1, 0,1 µmol L-1, e 0,30 µA µmol-1 L, respectivamente. O ECV/NCO-OG foi aplicado com sucesso para a determinação de flutamida em formulações farmacêuticas utilizadas no tratamento de câncer de próstata e amostras de urina artificial. Os resultados obtidos com o sensor proposto foram comparados com o método descrito na literatura e observou-se um nível de confiança de 95%, demonstrando que não há diferença estatística entre o método de referência e o método proposto. Os estudos de adição e recuperação mostram que o método proposto apresenta uma exatidão satisfatória com valor médio de recuperação de 101% ( 1) %. para as amostras fortificadas.

As drogas facilitadoras de crime (DFC) são uma série de substâncias químicas que permitem o ato sexual e/ou roubo com pouca ou nenhuma resistência da vítima. Benzodiazepínicos, gama-hidroxibutirato (GHB), cetamina e etanol são clássicas DFC, porém outras substâncias também têm sido utilizadas. Devido às diferentes classes de DFC e a necessidade de métodos sensíveis, a determinação dessas substâncias é um desafio aos toxicologistas forenses. A proposta do estudo foi desenvolver métodos analíticos para determinação principais analitos alvos de DFC para benzodiazepínicos, cetamina e GHB em amostras de urina. Esta matriz biológica é considerada uma amostra não-invasiva e apresenta um período de detecção maior que o sangue. A preparação das amostras foi avaliada através de microextração em fase líquida (LPME) e extração líquido-líquido (LLE). A LPME é uma técnica de extração de drogas que utiliza menor quantidade de solventes orgânicos, maior praticidade e possibilidade de obtenção de altos valores de recuperação. Os analitos foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A LPME validada para benzodiazepínicos e seus produtos de biotransformação exigiu uma combinação de solventes e dupla derivatização para atingir a sensibilidade exigida, enquanto o método para determinação de cetamina, norcetamina e deidronorcetamina utilizou óleo essencial de eucalipto como meio extrator, caracterizando-se um procedimento ecologicamente correto com alta sensibilidade. A extração de GHB foi efetiva por LLE com redução da quantidade de solvente e tempo de análise sem o prejuízo na sensibilidade. Em geral, os métodos desenvolvidos neste trabalho são sensíveis e confiáveis para todos os analitos relatados e conclui-se que a LPME é uma técnica de preparo de amostra eficiente, versátil de baixo custo. Estas condições permitem que sua implementação em qualquer laboratório de análises toxicológicas, podendo ser aplicada em situações de DFC ou de qualquer outra natureza. / Drug-facilitated crime (DFC) are a series of chemicals that allow the sexual act and/or theft with little or no resistance from the victim. Benzodiazepines, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and ketamine and ethanol are considered classic DFC, however other substances were also used as the DFC. Due to the different classes of DFC and the need for sensitive methods, the determination of these substances is a challenge to forensic toxicologists. The purpose of this study was to develop analytical methods for determination of the main target analytes of DFC for benzodiazepines, ketamine and GHB in urine samples. This biological matrix is considered a non-invasive sample and shows a larger window of detection than blood. Sample preparation was assessed using liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The LPME is a drug extraction technique that uses less organic solvents, greater practicality and possibility of obtaining high recovery values. The analytes were determined by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The validated LPME technique for benzodiazepines and their metabolites required a combination of solvents and double derivatization to achieve the required sensitivity, while the ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine method used essential oil of eucalyptus as solvent, characterizing a green chemistry approach with high sensitivity. The extraction of GHB was effective by LLE with a reduced amount of solvent and the analysis time without loss in sensitivity. In general, the methods developed in this work using GC-MS are sensitive and reliable for all analytes reported and LPME technique showed to be an efficient sample preparation, versatile and low cost. These conditions allow LPME implementation in any laboratory of toxicological analysis and it can be applied in situations of DFC or any other kind of analysis.

Metabolômica é a técnica que analisa quantitativamente metabólitos endógenos e exógenos de baixa massa molecular encontrados em biofluidos e tecidos. Estas pequenas moléculas representativas encontradas em um sistema biológico abrangem carboidratos, ácidos graxos, nucleotídeos, aminoácidos entre outras classes de compostos. Alguns estudos têm mostrado a importância da manutenção da saúde bucal para pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). DRC, um problema mundial de saúde pública, pode ser definida em função da presença de danos renais ou de uma taxa de filtração glomerular < 60 mL/min por 1.73m2 por 3 meses, independente da causa. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e interpretar a função de metabólitos salivares e de urina de pacientes com DRC e sua possível associação com a doença periodontal (DP). Trinta adolescentes e adultos jovens, 12-18 anos, diagnóstico médico definitivo de DRC, cadastrados no CAPE (Centro de atendimento a pacientes especiais) da Faculdade de Odontologia e no Instituto da Criança da Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), fizeram parte deste estudo. O grupo controle também foi composto por 30 indivíduos, porém, clinicamente saudáveis. Todos os participantes receberam informações prévias à coleta de urina e saliva. As amostras de saliva e a primeira urina da manhã foram coletadas e armazenadas a -80°C até a realização da análise. A análise periodontal foi realizada por meio do índice de higiene oral simplificado (OHI-S), sangramento à sondagem e profundidade de sondagem. Todas as amostras foram avaliadas no departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da USP por meio de análise de cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa (GC-MS). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio da análise de componentes principais (PCA), testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. A quantificação relativa de cada metabólito mostrou maiores concentrações estatisticamente significativas entre pacientes com DRC sem DP e com DRC e com DP, de alanina (p<0.0001), glicina (p<0.0001), tirosina (p=0.021), serina (p<0.0001), prolina (p<0.0002), leucina (p<0.0003), citrulina (p<0.0001) e arginina (p<0.0002). Os valores médios da concentração de p-Cresol também mostraram-se alterados para os mesmos grupos citados acima. Grupos com DRC mostraram concentrações alteradas de ácidos carboxílicos como ácido butírico e de dimetilarginina. Concluímos, portanto, que ambas as patologias estimulam o processo oxidativo sintetizando metabólitos como ácido butírico, L-prolina, dentre outros, os quais podem potencializar a severidade da DRC. Verificamos também que, apesar do perfil metabólico ser diferente, alguns metabólitos como uréia, creatinina, ácido octadecanóico, ciclohexano, são compartilhados por todos os grupos. / Metabolomics is a quantitative analysis of biofluids and tissue for low molecular mass organic endogenous / exogenous metabolites. These representative small molecules found within a system cover a broad range of small molecules, such as carbohydrates, fatty acids, nucleotides, amino acids among many other classes of compounds. A few studies have been published focusing on the oral health of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. CKD, a public health problem worldwide, can be defined based on the presence of kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min per 1.73m2 for 3 months, regardless of cause. On account of that, the aim of this study was to identify and interpret the role of saliva and urine metabolites of CKD individuals and their possible association with periodontitis (PD). Thirty adolescents and young adults, aged 12-18 years, with definite medical diagnosis of CKD and attending the CAPE (Center of Attendance for Special Needs Patients) of the Dental School and the Children Institute of the Medical School - University of São Paulo (USP), comprised the study. The control group was comprised of 30 clinically healthy individuals. Participants were asked to refrain from oral activities for 2 h prior to saliva collection. The first morning urine was also collected and both specimens were frozen at -80°C until assay. Periodontal evaluation was carried out by means of the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), bleeding on probing and probing depth. All samples were analyzed in the Chemical Engineering Department of the Polytechnics School of USP, by means of the Gas-chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Statistical analyses were performed by means of the principal component analysis (PCA), Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The relative quantification showed higher levels of alanine (p<0.0001), glycine (p<0.0001), tyrosine (p=0.021), serine (p<0.0001), proline (p<0.0002) ,leucine (p<0.0003), citrulline (p<0.0001) and arginine (p<0.0002) for groups II and IV. The mean concentration of p-Cresol was also greater and statically significant when comparing groups II and IV. Groups with CKD displayed higher concentrations of carboxylic acids such as butyric acid, and also of dimetilarginine. In conclusion, it could be verified that both pathologies stimulate oxidative stress which synthetises metabolites such as butyric acid and L-proline which can potentialise the severity of CKD. Additionally, despite being possible to distinguish the metabolic profile of patients with PD, PD and CKD and only CKD from clinically healthy individuals, some of these metabolites such as acetic acid, urea, creatinine, octadecanoic acid and cyclohexane were shared among all groups.

A presente tese de doutorado propõe investigar mapas peptídicos urinários via eletroforese capilar acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas e avaliar se existe correlação entre estes e a presença de refluxo vésico-ureteral (RVU), visando desenvolver um novo método não invasivo para diagnosticar RVU em crianças, e ainda averiguar a existência de possíveis biomarcadores para a doença. Vinte e quatro amostras de urina de crianças positivas para RVU e quinze saudáveis, anteriormente submetidas à uretrocistografia miccional, foram disponibilizadas ao nosso grupo. Estas foram filtradas para eliminar proteínas de alta massa molar e pré-concentradas em coluna de fase reversa C2. Os mapas peptídicos foram obtidos via CE-MS em um eletrólito composto por 0,8% de ácido metanóico e 20% de metanol; já o líquido auxiliar consistia em 0,8% de ácido metanóico e 60% de metanol. Diversos métodos de classificação de aglomerados foram experimentados com os mapas peptídicos. Todos indicaram que as variáveis mais importantes para este discernimento eram os picos mais intensos ordenados em blocos de tempo. Entre os métodos de classificação não supervisionada, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) foi o mais perceptível na tarefa de distribuir os conjuntos de amostras. Para este, a porcentagem de acertos entre as amostras positivas foi de 75% e, entre as amostras negativas foi de 86,7%. No entanto, a taxa de erro encontrada por este método foi de 20,5%, não cumprindo o objetivo proposto. Entre os métodos de classificação supervisionada, SVM (Support Vector Machines) foi o selecionado, exprimindo melhor habilidade em prever que os modelos lineares e boa capacidade de generalização. O método otimizado apontou para o uso da função de base radial, o que está de acordo com outros trabalhos na área. Outras três variáveis ajustadas foram o parâmetro capacidade, o responsável por controlar a amplitude da função gaussiana e o &#949;-insensitive loss function. A validação cruzada LOO (leave-one-out) realizada para a rede treinada pelo SVM exibiu 0,00454 para a raiz quadrada da média dos erros e coeficiente de correlação próximo de um, indicando que o ajuste dos dados foi bem realizado. Empregando um mínimo de 80% das amostras para treinamento e 10% para verificação, o modelo foi capaz de classificar corretamente as amostras restantes. Três grupos de amostras para testes foram separados e a rede foi capaz de classificá-los corretamente. Biomarcadores específicos para RVU foram pesquisados durante o trabalho. Peptídeos que apareceram em mais de 70% das amostras de urina positivas para RVU e em menos de 15% das amostras de urina saudáveis foram selecionados. Espectros MS2 foram obtidos para estes peptídeos, e a pesquisa em bancos de espectros indicou um fragmento da imunoglobulina G como um possível candidato. No entanto, a existência de um biomarcador específico para RVU é ainda incerta, carecendo de uma investigação mais aprofundada para se concretizar este objetivo. Nos mapas peptídicos existem disparidades entre os dois grupos de amostras, que foram correlacionadas nesta tese com a presença de refluxo vésico-ureteral, sendo o nosso espaço amostral classificado corretamente / The present doctorate thesis intends to investigate urinary peptides maps by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) to evaluate whether there is a correlation between these maps and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) pathology, with the purpose of developing a new non invasive method for RVU diagnosis in children, and to investigate possible biomarkers for the illness. Twenty four urine samples of positive children for RVU and fifteen healthy children samples, previously submitted to the miccional cystourethrography, were available. Samples were filtered to eliminate proteins of high molar mass and preconcentrated in reversed-phase C2 columns. Peptide enriched samples were submitted to analysis by CE-MS in an electrolyte consisted of 0.8% formic acid and 20% methanol; sheath liquid was composed of 0.8% formic acid and 60% methanol. Diverse cluster analysis techniques were attempted to classify the peptide maps. The most important variables for screening were the most intense peaks organized by blocks of time. Among the non supervised methods, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) performed best in the task of discriminating the sample sets. For PCA, 75% of positive samples and 86.7% of negative samples were correctly assigned. However, the error found for this method was 20.5%, not fulfilling the purpose. Among the supervised methods, SVM (Support Vector Machines) performed best, exhibiting better prediction ability than the linear models and good generalization. The optimized method used a radial basis function, which is in agreement with literature. Three other variables were adjusted: the capacity parameter, responsible for controlling the Gaussian function amplitude and the e- insensitive loss function. The LOO (leave-one-out) cross-validation for the training set showed 0.005011 for the root-mean-square error (RMS) and a coefficient of correlation close to one, indicating good fitting and consistency. With a minimum of 80% samples for training and 10% for verification, the model was capable to classify correctly the remaining samples. Three sample groups for tests had been separated and the net was capable to classify them correctly. Specific biomarkers for VUR were searched. Peptides that appeared in more than 70% of positive urine samples for VUR and less than 15% of negative samples were selected. MS2 spectra were acquired for these peptides and database search pointed to an IgG fragment as a possible candidate biomarker. However, the existence of a specific biomarker for VUR is not conclusive with the present data and a more thorough investigation must be pursued. Nevertheless, the peptidic maps inspected in this work carried enough information that allowed discrimination of two sample sets, one of them correctly associated with VUR

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a powerful protein expression platform where protein synthesis machinery is borrowed from living organisms. Target proteins are synthesized in a reaction tube together with cell extract, amino acids, energy source, and DNA. This reaction is versatile, and dynamic optimizations of the reaction conditions can be performed. The "œopen" nature of CFPS makes it a compelling candidate for many technologies and applications. This dissertation reports new and innovative applications of CFPS including 1) enzyme encapsulation in a virus-like particle, 2) detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the presence of blood and urine, and 3) expression of a multi-disulfide bond therapeutic protein. Two major limitations of enzymes are their instability and recycling difficulty. To overcome these limitations, we report the first enzyme encapsulation in the CFPS by immobilizing in a virus-like particle using an RNA aptamer. This technique allows simple and fast enzyme production and encapsulation We demonstrate, for the first time, the Rapid Adaptable Portable In vitro Detection biosensor platform (RAPID) for detecting endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human blood and urine samples. Current living cell-based assays can take a week to detect EDCs, but RAPID requires only 2 hours. It utilizes the versatile nature of CFPS for biosensor protein complex production and EDC detection. Biotherapeutic protein expression in E. coli suffers from inclusion body formation, insolubility, and mis-folding. Since CFPS is not restricted by a cell wall, dynamic optimization can take place during the protein synthesis process. We report the first expression of full-length tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) using CFPS. These research works demonstrate the powerful and versatile nature of the CFPS.

abstract: Urinary sucrose and fructose has been suggested as a predictive biomarker of total sugars intake based on research involving UK adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between total sugars consumption and 24-hour urinary sucrose and fructose (24uSF) in US adult population and to investigate the effect of physical activity on this association. Fifty seven free-living healthy subjects 20 to 68 years old, participated in a 15-day highly controlled feeding study, consuming their habitual diet, provided by the research metabolic kitchen. Dietary sugars were estimated using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). Subjects collected eight 24-hour urine samples measured for urinary sucrose and fructose. Physical activity was assessed daily using a validated 15-day log that inquired about 38 physical activities across six domains; home activities, transportation, occupation, conditioning, sports and leisure. The mean total sugars intake and added sugars intake of the sample was 112.2 (33.1) g/day and 65.8 (29.0) g/day (9.7%EI), respectively. Significant moderate positive correlation was found between 15-d mean total sugars intake and 8-day mean 24uSF (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). Similarly, added sugars were moderately correlated with 24uSF (r = 0.56, p < 0.001), while no correlation was found between naturally-occurring sugars and 24uSF (r = 0.070, p < 0.001). In a linear multiple regression, total and added sugars each explained 30% of variability in 24uSF (Adjusted R2, p value; total sugars: 0.297, 0.001; added sugars: 0.301, p < 0.001). Physical activity had no effect on the association between dietary and urinary sugars in neither the correlation nor the linear regression analysis. 24uSF can be used as a biomarker for total and added sugars consumption in US adults, although its predictability was weaker compared to findings involving UK adults. No evidence was found showing that physical activity levels affect the association between 24uSF and total sugars intake in US adults. More detailed investigation through future feeding studies including subjects with wide range of sugars intake and of different ethnic/racial backgrounds are needed to better understand the characteristics of the biomarker and its uses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019

Cystinuria is defined as an inherited disorder characterized by increased urinary excretion of cystine and the dibasic amino acids arginine, lysine and ornithine. The only clinical manifestation of cystinuria is renal cystine stone formation due to the low solubility of cystine in the urine. Cystinuria can be attributed to mutations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes in the majority of all cases and it has been a common expectation that molecular genetic studies of cystinuria would aid in understanding of the varying clinical outcome seen in the disease. Besides human, the disease has been most extensively studied in the domestic dog. The present study was undertaken to investigate the molecular genetic basis of cystinuria in patients from Sweden and to correlate genetic findings with phenotypes produced regarding cystine and dibasic amino acid excretion. Further, attempts were made to elucidate the molecular genetics of cystinuria in the dog. The entire coding sequences of the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes were analysed by means of SSCA and DNA sequencing in 53 cystinuria patients and genetic findings were related to urinary excretion of cystine and dibasic amino acids in a subset of the patient group. We detected a total number of 22 different mutations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes, 18 of which were described for the first time. We have found a probable genetic cause of cystinuria in approximately 74 % of our patients and a possible contribution to the disease in another 19 %. Mutations in the SLC3A1 gene is the major cause of cystinuria in our group, with only a minor contribution of SLC7A9 mutations. The group of patients presenting SLC3A1 mutations in a heterozygous state or lacking mutations in both genes had higher values of total urinary cystine and dibasic amino acids compared to patients homozygous for SLC3A1 mutations. The reason for this discrepancy remains unclear, but the possible impact of medical treatment with sulfhydryl compounds on total cystine values was ruled out. Sequencing of the full-length canine SLC7A9 cDNA was accomplished using the RACE technology and results from mutation analyses of SLC7A9 and SLC3A1 in cystinuric dogs showed that only two out of 13 dogs have mutations with possible impact on protein function in these genes. DNA sequencing was used for all exons of both genes in the dog, and in human cystinuria patients, all samples lacking mutations or showing heterozygosity after SSCA screening were sequenced in both genes as well. This implies that all point mutations present have been detected, but the possibility of mutations escaping PCR based methods as well as mutations in regulatory parts of the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes remains in cases lacking a full molecular genetic explanation of the disease. Finally, clinical and genetic data from our study of cystinuria both in man and dog exemplifies that manifestation and clinical severity of cystinuria is not determined by genetic alterations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 alone. Environmental factors, congenital malformations and modulating genetic factors are all possible contributors to the clinical outcome of cystinuria.

Η χρήση των βιοϋλικών ως εμφυτεύματα στην Ουρολογία και ιδιαίτερα στις ενδοουρολογικές επεμβάσεις είναι πράξη ρουτίνας τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες. Παρ’ όλα αυτά τα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν από την ευρεία χρήση τους μπορεί να θέσουν σε κίνδυνο τη υγεία του ασθενή που τις φέρει (λοιμώξεις ή και επανεπεμβάσεις). Αναφορικά με τις επικαθίσεις δυσδιάλυτων αλάτων στην επιφάνεια των ενδοπροθέσεων αυτών υπάρχει εκτεταμένο πεδίο έρευνας αλλά οι μηχανισμοί του φαινομένου δεν έχουν διαλευκανθεί πλήρως. Ο βασικός στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η προσομοίωση του φαινομένου στο εργαστήριο με ασταθή διαλύματα συνθετικών ούρων υπέρκορα ως προς το οξαλικό ασβέστιο καθώς και η μελέτη της κινητικής και των θερμοδυναμικών παραμέτρων του φαινομένου. Το πειραματικό πρότυπο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε κρίνεται ικανοποιητικό για την κινητική μελέτη των επικαθίσεων (εναποθέσεων) σε βιοϋλικά του ουροποιητικού συστήματος. Η γραφική παράσταση της συνάρτησης της αρχικής ταχύτητας κρυστάλλωσης του μονοένυδρου οξαλικού ασβεστίου με το γινόμενο των ιοντικών ενεργοτήτων ασβεστίου και οξαλικών στην παρούσα διατριβή είναι γραμμική και σε καλή συμφωνία με αποτελέσματα από τη βιβλιογραφία. Η επιφάνεια του καθετήρα καταλύει την πυρηνογένεση ενώ οι χαμηλές τιμές επιφανειακής ενέργειας που υπολογίστηκαν υποδηλώνουν μηχανισμό ετερογενούς πυρηνογένεσης. Η αντίδραση για τον γυάλινο καθετήρα φαίνεται να ελέγχεται από την διάχυση δομικών μονάδων από το διάλυμα των συνθετικών ούρων ενώ για τους καθετήρες Foley ισχύουν διεργασίες επιφανειακής διάχυσης. Δεν φαίνεται να υπάρχει σημαντική διαφοροποίηση μεταξύ του γυαλιού και του καθετήρα Foley όσον αφορά στην επιφανειακή ενέργεια του σχηματιζόμενου στερεού. Η συμβατότητα των πυρήνων του μονοένυδρου οξαλικού ασβεστίου (COM) οι οποίοι αναπτύσσονται στους αντίστοιχους κρυσταλλίτες με τις επιφάνειες των καθετήρων Foley και των γυάλινων καθετήρων (control) – γωνία θ- βρέθηκε ότι ήταν παραπλήσια. Οι μικρές διαφοροποιήσεις στην επιφανειακή ενέργεια των υλικών τα οποία μελετήθηκαν, υποδεικνύουν ότι υλικά με μεγάλη επιφανειακή ενέργεια της αναπτυσσόμενης φάσης μπορούν να αναστείλουν τον σχηματισμό επικαθίσεων σε ενδοπροθέσεις. Η ποιοτική ανάλυση των επικαθίσεων των δυσδιάλυτων αλάτων μέσω της φασματοσκοπίας υπερύθρου είναι σημαντική για τη λήψη πληροφοριών σχετικά με τις συνθήκες σχηματισμού καθώς και του ρυθμού ανάπτυξής τους. Σε όλα τα πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν, από την ανάλυση των στερεών που ελήφθησαν διαπιστώθηκε ότι καταβυθίζεται αποκλειστικά μονοένυδρο οξαλικό ασβέστιο (COM). Η ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία σάρωσης μας παρείχε πληροφορίες για τη μορφολογία των στερεών. Παρατηρείται αλλαγή της μορφολογίας των κρυστάλλων του μονοένυδρου οξαλικού ασβεστίου παρουσία συνθετικών ούρων σε σχέση με τη μορφολογία του κρυστάλλου απουσία των συνθετικών ούρων. Η ποιοτική ταυτοποίηση 63 ουρητηρικών καθετήρων (stents) ανέδειξε πιο συχνά απαντώμενη την επικάθιση του μονοένυδρου οξαλικού ασβεστίου μόνη ή σε συνδυασμό με άλλες (36,5%). Στους καθετήρες κύστης (12) ήταν πιο συχνές οι επιμολύνσεις και οι επικαθίσεις στρουβίτη-απατίτη. Από τον μεταβολικό έλεγχο των ούρων όλων των παραπάνω ασθενών βρέθηκε σε υψηλό ποσοστό συνύπαρξη υποκιτρικουρίας (50 - 85,71%) καθώς και άλλες μεταβολικές διαταραχές όπως υπεροξαλουρία και υπομαγνησιουρία. Είναι πιθανό τέτοιοι μεταβολικοί παράγοντες να υπεισέρχονται στους μηχανισμούς ανάπτυξης των κρυσταλλικών επικαθίσεων. Τέλος, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το λογισμικό Phreeqc Interactive v 2.6 για τον υπολογισμό του υπερκορεσμού των ούρων ασθενών όσον αφορά στο μονοένυδρο οξαλικό ασβέστιο, στον υδροξυαπατίτη και στον βρουσίτη με ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα. Δεδομένου ότι ο υπερκορεσμός είναι μία αναγκαία αλλά όχι και ικανή συνθήκη για την καταβύθιση ενός άλατος η βάση δεδομένων του λογισμικού χρήζει τροποποιήσεων ώστε να έχει ακριβέστερη εφαρμογή στην βασική έρευνα και στην κλινική λιθίαση. Η ανάλυση των επικαθίσεων δυσδιάλυτων αλάτων σε βιοϋλικά του ουροποιητικού συστήματος είναι σημαντική για τη λήψη πληροφοριών σχετικά με τις συνθήκες σχηματισμού καθώς και του ρυθμού ανάπτυξής των. Οι πληροφορίες για τη διαδικασία σχηματισμού εναποθέσεων είναι σημαντικές για το σχεδιασμό νέων βιοϋλικών ανθεκτικών στα φαινόμενα των εναποθέσεων οργανικού υλικού (biofilm), μικροοργανισμών, και δυσδιάλυτων αλάτων. / The use of biomaterials as devices in Urology and particularly in endourological interventions is an ordinary practice in the last decades. Unfortunately problems that result from their wide use can get patient’s health into risk (with infections or even reoperation). There is an extensive field of research concerning encrustations (deposits) from undissolved salts in the surface of the endourological devices (stents, catheters) but the mechanisms of this phenomenon has not been cleared up completely till now. The main objective of the present study is the simulation of the phenomenon in the laboratory dealing with unstable solutions of synthetic urine supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate monohydrate as well as the study of kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the phenomenon. The experimental model that was used was characterised satisfactory for the kinetic study of salt deposits in biomaterials of the urinary system. The graphic representation of the function of initial rate of crystallization of calcium oxalate monohydrate with ion activity product of calcium oxalate monohydrate in the present study is linear and in accordance with results from the bibliography. The surface of catheter catalyses the formation of the nuclei of crystals while the low values of surface energy that were calculated imply mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation. The reaction in the surface of the glass catheter seems to be depended upon the diffusion of structural units from the solution of synthetic urine but the one in the Foley catheters suggests a surface diffusion mechanism. There is no important differentiation between the glass catheter and Foley catheter with respect to the surface energy of the formatted solid phase. The compatibility of calcium oxalate monohydrate nuclei which developed on the surfaces of Foley catheters and glass catheters (control) was found to be similar. The small differentiations concerning the surface energy of the materials were studied, indicate that materials with high surface energy of the developing solid phase could minimize the formation of encrustations in endourological devices. The qualitative analysis of salt encrustations via infrared spectroscopy is important for informing the conditions of nucleation as well as the rate of nuclei growth. The analysis of the solid phase took place in all experiments show exclusively calcium oxalate monohydrate formation(COM). The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provided us information about the morphology of the solid phase developed in the biomaterials surface. There was a differentiation on the crystal morphology of calcium oxalate monohydrate in the presence of synthetic urine comparing with other solutions in the bibliography. Presenting results from 11 samples– stents and catheters- was found that calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was the undissolved salt identified more often in such deposits. The qualitative identification of other 53 stents also showed increased calcium oxalate monohydrate deposits alone or in combination with other salts (36,5%). In 11 bladder catheters studied, the bacterial colonization was more often and the crystalline deposits were consisted mostly of struvite or apatite. Metabolic evaluation of urine of all above patients showed the coexistence of hypocitruria in high percentage (50-85,71%) as well as other metabolic disturbances such as hyperoxaluria and hypomagnesuria. It is supposed that such metabolic factors inside into the mechanisms of growth of crystal deposits. Finally, software Phreeqc Interactive v 2.6 was used for the calculation of patients’ urine supersaturation. The results were satisfactory with respect to calcium oxalate monohydrate, brushite and apatite. Since supersaturation is a necessary but not the unique factor for a salt precipitation seems that this software database requires modifications so that it has more sophisticated applications in basic research and clinical urolithiasis in future. The analysis of encrustations of undissolved salts in biomaterials used in the urinary system is important for collecting information concerning the conditions of crystal formation as well as their crystal growth. This is also important for planning new materials could resist in the phenomenon of deposits of either organic material (biofilm) and microorganisms or salts.

Identification of trace unknown analytes in complex samples remains a significant challenge for analytical chemistry. Mass spectrometry (MS) and analytical separations techniques can now be used to develop and support a new analytical strategy called non-target analysis which aims to provide comprehensive identification and quantification of all detectable chemical species in a complex sample. This thesis addresses challenges currently limiting the utility of this non-target approach by developing analytical methods for acquiring MS data suitable for identification of trace unknowns and investigating current tools available for unknown identification from MS spectral data. Liquid chromatography (LC) - MS, a widely used technique in trace analysis, was used to develop an analytical method capable of simultaneously acquiring high resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data for hundreds of metabolites in urine. An emerging separation technique called high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) was also investigated, as an alternative to LC, for the identification of non-target analytes in urine. Modifications were carried out to the FAIMS-MS source interface allowing for transmission of small metabolite ions from FAIMS to MS. The challenge of direct electrospray (ESI) in urine analysis using ESI-FAIMS-MS was addressed by using sample dilution and extending MS data acquisition time using FAIMS. This allowed for higher quality MS data to be acquired for low abundance urinary metabolites than was possible by LC-MS and the complete elimination of ionization suppression in dilute urine samples. Insight gained into ESI suppression in complex samples allowed for two methods of semi-quantification to be proposed for non-target analytes in complex samples without using unavailable chemical standards. To address the challenge of unknown identification, faced throughout this thesis, an integrated approach was implemented to identify metabolites based only on spectral data without the usual requirement of availability of chemical standards. This approach combined spectral libraries, literature reports on ion chemistry and de novo identification based on gas phase ion chemistry with a detailed fragmentation study on nucleic acid bases, notably protonated uracil. Together, the instrumental methods and approaches to data analysis described allowed for the identification of 110 abundant chemical species detected in urine. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Canadian Foundation for Innovation

Les pyréthrinoïdes et les pyréthrines sont des insecticides neurotoxiques auxquels on attribue également des effets néfastes sur les systèmes immunitaire, hormonal et reproducteur. Ils sont abondamment utilisés en agriculture, mais aussi en horticulture, en extermination et dans le traitement d’infestations parasitaires humaines et animales (gale, poux). Il y a donc un intérêt en santé environnementale à connaître l’ampleur de l’exposition humaine à ces pesticides. La mesure des métabolites urinaires des pyréthrinoïdes et des pyréthrines apparaît une approche de choix pour arriver à cette fin puisqu’elle permet, en théorie, d’obtenir un portrait global de l’exposition. Or,traditionnellement et par soucis de simplicité les concentrations volumiques ou ajustées pour la créatinine) de ces biomarqueurs dans des urines ponctuelles sont déterminées, mais l’effet de l’utilisation de ces unités sur la validité des estimations de dose quotidienne absorbée n’a jamais été vérifié. L’objectif général de cette thèse était donc de développer, appliquer et valider une nouvelle stratégie de mesure et d’analyse de biomarqueurs pour améliorer la précision et la fiabilité des évaluations de l’exposition individuelles et populationnelles aux pyréthrinoïdes et pyréthrines. Les objectifs spécifiques étaient : i) de caractériser l’exposition humaine à ces contaminants en région urbaine et rurale au Québec et ii) de comparer la validité de la nouvelle stratégie de mesure et d’analyse de biomarqueurs urinaires proposée avec les autres méthodes plus usuelles utilisées pour estimer l’exposition individuelle et populationnelle et les doses absorbées de pyréthrinoïdes. Des adultes et des enfants, recrutés dans la population de l’Île de Montréal et de la Montérégie ont recueilli leurs urines pendant une période d’au moins douze heures et complété un questionnaire documentant les sources potentielles d’exposition. Les quantités de métabolites de pyréthrinoïdes et pyréthrines (pmol) mesurées dans les urines ont été ajustées pour une période de douze heures exactement et pour le poids corporel. Les quantités excrétées en région urbaine ont été comparées à celles excrétées en région rurale et les données individuelles et populationnelles ont été comparées à celles qui auraient été obtenues si des concentrations volumiques ou ajustées pour la créatinine avaient été mesurées. Les résultats montrent que l’exposition à ces pesticides est ubiquiste puisque plus de 90% des participants excrétaient les principaux métabolites de pyréthrinoïdes et pyréthrines à un niveau supérieur au seuil de détection analytique. Les résultats suggèrent que l’alimentation pourrait être à l’origine de ce niveau de base puisque les autres sources d’exposition connues n’ont été que rarement rapportées. Au Québec, l’exposition en milieu rural apparaissait légèrement plus importante qu’en milieu urbain et certains facteurs d’exposition, comme l’utilisation de pesticides domestiques, ont été rapportés plus fréquemment en milieu rural. Enfin, il a été démontré que la mesure des concentrations volumiques ou ajustées pour la créatinine de biomarqueurs est une approche qui peut entraîner des biais importants (jusqu’à 500% d’erreur et plus) en particulier lors de l’évaluation de l’exposition individuelle. Il est évident que les autorités de santé publique et de santé environnementale employant des biomarqueurs urinaires afin d’évaluer l’exposition aux pyréthrinoïdes et aux pyréthrines (ainsi qu’à d’autres molécules ayant des demi-vies d’élimination similaire)devraient diriger leurs efforts vers la mesure des quantités excrétées pendant une période d’au moins douze heures pour obtenir un portrait le plus valide possible de l’exposition. Il serait aussi souhaitable de mieux documenter la toxicocinétique de ces molécules chez l’humain afin d’établir avec une plus grande confiance la relation entre les quantités excrétées de biomarqueurs et les doses absorbées de ces contaminants. / Pyrethroids and pyrethrins are neurotoxic insecticides also considered to have negative effects on the immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. They are abundantly used for agricultural and horticultural purposes, for pest control and to treat human and animal parasitic infestations (scabies, lice). Consequently, there is in environmental health an interest in evaluating the extent of human exposure to these pesticides. The measurement of pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites in urine seems to be the best approach because it provides in theory a global depiction of the exposure. Because of it straightforwardness, it is common practice to use the biomarkers volume-weighted or creatinine-adjusted concentrations in spot urine samples, however the validity of daily doses estimates derived from these units has yet to be assessed. The main goal of this research was to develop, apply and validate a new approach to the measurement and analysis of biomarkers to improve the precision and the reliability of estimates of pyrethroid and pyrethrin exposure at the individual and population levels. The specific objectives were: i) to characterize human exposure to these contaminants in urban and rural populations in Quebec and ii) to assess the validity of this new strategy of measurement and analysis of urinary biomarkers with the biological monitoring strategies generally used to assess individual and population pyrethroid exposure and absorbed doses. Adults and children recruited in the population of the Island of Montreal and of Monteregie collected their urines for at least twelve hours and filled a questionnaire about their potential sources of exposure. The amounts of pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites measured in urine (pmol) were adjusted to a fixed twelve hour period and for the body weight. The amounts excreted in the urban area were compared to those from the rural area and individual and population data were compared to those that would have been obtained if volume-weighted or creatinine-adjusted concentrations would have been used. Results show that exposure to these pesticides is very common, with more than 90% of the participants excreting the main pyrethroid and pyrethrin metabolites above the analytical limit of detection. These results also suggest that the diet could be the main contributor to this base level because the other known sources of exposure were rarely reported. In the province of Quebec, the exposure in a rural area seemed slightly more important than in an urban area and some exposure factors, like the use of household pesticides, were reported more frequently in rural area. Finally, it was shown that the measurement of volume-weighted or creatinine-adjusted concentrations is an approach that can lead to an important bias (an error of up to 500% and more) especially for the assessment of individual exposure. It becomes obvious that public health and environmental health authorities using urinary biomarkers to assess pyrethroid and pyrethrin exposure (or other compounds with similar half-lives) should focus their efforts on measuring the amounts excreted during a period of at least twelve hours to obtain the best picture of the exposure. It would also be pertinent to increase the knowledge of the toxicokinetic behaviour of these compounds in humans in order to establish with greater confidence the relation between the excreted amounts and the absorbed doses of these contaminants.