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The identity analysis of modern sociology claims that individuals, rather than presenting a “realistic”, or genuine picture of themselves, intends to highlight a desirable identity that is not rooted in its actual, current situation. Consequently, the individual opposes one identity and gives foreground to another which is in line with a specific image that intends to meet the norm of what it means to be a man, or a woman. Previous research shows how men tend to resign a victim role, because it goes against masculine ideals and thus refrains from seeking protection in the belief of not losing their masculinity. Thus, narratives are formed in which men tend to steer the impressions away from forced victimhood. What this study aims at, is to investigate hegemonic masculinity, and how it is expressed in connection with young men being exposed to crime and tactics of discrimination in pub-contexts. Through qualitative interviews with 5 informants, we have seen how young men relate to the role of victims of crime in a dissonance to their masculinity. And that it is possible to distinguish patterns of dominance and subordination between the “perpetrator” and the “victim”. What has been demonstrated is how hegemonic masculinity is reproduced in roles that do not evoke connotations of masculinity. The study also addresses the issue of men’s views on their own victimisation in shaping and reducing serious situations of violence. Which is derived in line with how hegemonic values are expressed. / Den moderna sociologins identitetsanalys hävdar att individer snarare än att presentera en realistisk, eller genuin bild av sig själv, ämnar framhäva en önskvärd identitet som inte är förankrad i dennes egentliga, aktuella situation. Följaktligen motsätter individen sig en identitet, och ger förgrund åt en annan som går i linje med en specifik bild som ämnar tillgodose normen av vad det innebär av att vara man, eller kvinna. Tidigare forskning påvisar hur män tenderar att avsäga sig en offerroll, då det går emot maskulina ideal och således avstå från att söka skydd i tro om att inte mista sin maskulinitet. Härvid bildas narrativ, i vilket män tenderar att styra intrycken bort från ett påtvingat offerskap. Vad denna studie syftar till är att undersöka hegemonisk maskulinitet, och hur det kommer till uttryck i samband med att unga män blivit utsatta för brott och taktiker av diskriminering i krogsammanhang. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med 5 informanter har vi sett hur unga män förhåller sig till rollen som brottsoffer i en dissonans till sin maskulinitet, samt att det går att urskilja mönster av dominans och underordning förövaren och offret emellan. Det som således påvisats är hur hegemonisk maskulinitet reproduceras i roller som inte väcker konnotationer av maskulinitet. Studien tar också upp problematiken i mäns syn på sitt eget offerskap i gestaltandet och förminskandet av allvarliga våldssituationer. Vilket härleds i linje med hur hegemoniska värdegrunder tas i uttryck.

Background: Veiled Muslim women are particularly vulnerable to hate crime vic-timization. This is both due to the visibility of the veil and to Islamophobic stereo-types. Islamophobic hate crimes target a central part of these women’s identity and have the potential to affect both actual and potential victims in a multitude of ways. However, research on this particular group is limited, especially in Sweden. Aim: The aim was to explore how Islamophobic hate crimes are experienced by veiled Muslim women in Malmö. Method: Eight veiled Muslim women were re-cruited through Muslim associations in Malmö and interviewed through focus group interviews and individual interviews. Three of the women wrote diaries about their experiences. The interview data was analysed through thematic analy-sis. Results: Four themes were identified in the analysis: a) Islamophobia is a part of veiled Muslim women’s everyday lives and is experienced both in public places and in formal settings, b) experiences of Islamophobia restrict the women’s lives, both through limiting their behaviours and through creating geographical boundaries in the city, c) awareness of Islamophobic hate crime against other Muslim women induces a feeling of “if it can happen to her, it can happen to me too”, finally, d) international and political issues increase Islamophobia toward these women. Discussion: Islamophobia permeates the lives of veiled Muslim women across a multitude of arenas. Due to fear of victimization, Islamophobia and hate crimes threaten Muslim women’s liberty in their day-to-day lives. Thus, there is a need for authorities across a variety of domains to be aware of these women’s vulnerable position in society and work towards providing the support veiled Muslim women need.

Up to 20% of US students reported being victimized by their classmates in 2017 (Wang et al., 2020). Consequences of peer victimization include self-harm and suicide attempts (Peng et al., 2019; Sigurdson et al., 2018), depression (Chou et al., 2020), anxiety (Mulder et al., 2017), low self-esteem (Cénat et al., 2015), substance use (Glassner & Cho, 2018), and bringing weapons to school (Smalley et al., 2017). Consequences appear to be worse among youth victimized due to actual or perceived social identities (e.g., targeted because of race or sexual orientation; Bucchianeri, 2016). Peer aggression has been declared a public health issue (Feder, 2007) and researchers continue to seek interventions to decrease its frequency (Olweus & Limber, 2010; Salmivalli et al., 2011; Newman-Carlson & Horne, 2004). This research found youth reporting social identity-based victimization were more likely to experience negative consequences than others, and feelings of social alienation partially explained these outcomes.

This study describes the consequences as well as risk and protective factors associated with adolescent use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) and exposure to peer victimization. Peer victimization has been shown to be a risk factor for ATOD use and it may be important to identify factors that attenuate this relationship in order to pursue and develop preventive interventions. High emotional intelligence (EI) has been found to be associated with lower ATOD use, but the research evidence is mixed. High EI may neutralize the effects of exposure to peer victimization and act as a protective factor against increased ATOD use. Results from this cross-sectional study of 376 middle school students (45% male) found that youth who were victimized were more likely to report ATOD use. Youth who were better at identifying and sharing their emotions were less likely to report ATOD use. Conversely, youth who were better at influencing and socializing with others were more likely to report ATOD use. EI was not found to be protective in the presence of peer victimization. Results are discussed in the context of prevention related to increasing EI and reducing ATOD use. / Public Health

Social media engagement has become a critical part of adolescent social interactions, making it important to examine individual differences in motivations for social media engagement as well as associated adjustment outcomes. Additionally, much of the extant research focuses on how much time adolescents spend on social media; researchers have only recently begun to differentiate specific social media behaviors and their varied role in adolescent development (e.g., Valkenberg & Peter, 2011). Based on recent research, I investigated four social media behaviors: self-disclosure, self-presentation, lurking, and social monitoring, along with social media engagement in terms of time and frequency. Based on hormonal activation theory (Forbes & Dahl, 2010), I focused on pubertal and social goal correlates of individual differences in social media engagement among adolescents. I also examined positive (prosocial support) and negative (peer victimization, internalizing problems) adjustment associated with social media engagement. Participants were 426 public school students (54.2% female, 73.6% Caucasian, mean age = 12.91, SD = .92) from sixth (N = 152), seventh (N = 142), and eighth (N = 132) grades who completed self-reported survey measures during their Health classes. Adolescents used more passive (lurking, social monitoring) than active social media (self-disclosure, self-presentation) behaviors. Girls reported more social media engagement than boys, and older adolescents reported more social media engagement than younger adolescents. Pubertal timing was not associated with social media engagement; instead, social goals (i.e., popularity goals and preference goals) were strongly associated with adolescents’ social media use. Social media engagement was reliably associated with adolescent adjustment. Self-presentation may function as a double-edged sword, promoting peer prosocial support but also increasing the risk for peer victimization and internalizing problems. Self-disclosure was uniquely associated with an increased risk of peer victimization, and lurking was uniquely associated with internalizing problems. Social monitoring was not uniquely associated with any of the adjustment outcomes. Contrary to previous literature (e.g., Kross et al., 2013), the amount of time spent on social media was not uniquely associated with any adjustment outcomes after social media behaviors were controlled, suggesting the importance of examining what adolescents are doing with that time. Unexpectedly, the frequency of social media use (a measure less often considered in the literature) appeared to be uniquely associated with more adaptive adjustment. The association between social media engagement and adjustment was stronger for girls than for boys (particularly for peer victimization). Findings extend previous research demonstrating the importance of considering specific social media behaviors in adolescent development. Future research should longitudinally examine the role of social media engagement on adolescent adjustment. Additionally, multi-method approaches (e.g., observational data collection, peer nominations) should be utilized to better understand the role of social media engagement on adolescent development. Finally, future research should examine different social media platforms (e.g., Twitter, Fortnite, Snapchat) and adolescent adjustment. / Psychology

Previous research regarding the victimization of college students is primarily geared toward physical or sexual encounters. There is a limited scope of research regarding the online victimization of college students, specifically those involved in Greek life organizations. Furthermore, there is a misinterpretation of the definition of cyberstalking among college students, as many students are unaware that they have been personally victimized (Cass, 2011). This study seeks to examine college students’ perceptions of online victimization and how they may vary. The different student impressions and the prevalence of online victimization were examined using self-reported data from students enrolled in a university located in Eastern Tennessee (n=181). Statistical analyses were conducted and showed that increased activity on social media escalated the potential for victimization, which improved the understanding of cyberstalking among college students.

Over the past several decades, the victimization of women on college campuses has not decreased despite an uptick in research and concern surrounding the topic. In this study, I analyzed the victimization prevention messages on the websites of 30 4-year PWIs and 30 4-year HBCUs in the Southeastern United States to investigate how they contextualized such messages. Drawing on a comparative thematic analysis of 132 documents from HBCUs and 138 documents from PWIs, I elaborate on four key themes, with several subthemes: gendered safety messages, rape culture education, racialized safety messages, and collective responsibility. I found that victimization prevention messaging was contextualized by community engagement at HBCUs, and both types of schools engage in victim-centered crime prevention. Additionally, PWIs used language on their webpages that encourages peer-to-peer racialized coveillance. This study contributes to the literature on victimization prevention on college campus, the college-prison nexus, and understandings of sexual assault prevention.