Unser zwischen Musik- und Sprechwissenschaft angesiedelter Beitrag versteht sich als Einführung in die für WAGNER-LESARTEN elementare Thematik der Bühnenaussprache beim Sprechen und Singen und in weiteren Sprechsituationen im 19. Jahrhundert und speziell bei Richard Wagner. Es werden Dimensionen des Aussprachebegriffs – die Zusammenhänge zwischen Aussprache und Phonetik / Phonologie sowie Aussprache und Orthografie – beschrieben und Hintergründe der Herausbildung einer deutschen Standardaussprache dargestellt. Das Konzept einer »Historischen Aussprachepraxis« soll am Beispiel Wagners und speziell am Ring des Nibelungen in seinen Anfängen ausgeführt werden. Wie kann Wagners Ausspracheideal gefunden werden? Welche Spuren lassen sich bereits erahnen? Diese und weitere Fragen werden aufgegriffen und zu beantworten versucht. Unser Beitrag versteht sich als Auftakt zu einer aufführungspraktisch motivierten Untersuchung der Ausspracheideale sowie konkreter Vorgaben für das Sprechen und Singen auf der Bühne im 19. Jahrhundert. Weitere Studien sollen im Anschluss hieran anknüpfen und verschiedene Aspekte tiefenscharf untersuchen. / Our article, situated between musicology and speech science, can be understood as an introduction to the major themes for »Wagner Readings« with regard to stage pronunciation while speaking and singing and other conversational situations in the 19th century with a particular focus on Richard Wagner. The dimensions of pronun-ciation will be described – the correlations between pronunciation and phonetics/ phonology as well as between pronunciation and orthography – and the reasons behind the establishment of a standard German pronunciation will be outlined. The concept of a »historical pronunciation practice« in its beginnings using Wagner as an example and the »Ring of the Nibelung« in particular will be realized. How can Wagner's ideal pronunciation be determined? Which clues are already open to speculation? – Questions such as these and others will be raised and attempts at answers made. Our contribution is to be understood as the beginning of performance practice-motivated research into pronunciation ideals and concrete standards of speaking and singing on stage in the 19th century. Further studies that tie in to this and that examine various aspects in great detail are to follow. (Übersetzung: Jennifer Smyth)

Das Dirigieren eines größeren Ensembles war in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts weder bereits etabliert, ein institutionell erlernbarer Beruf noch als solcher in seiner Berechtigung anerkannt. So musste sich auch Richard Wagner das Handwerkliche von tätigen Dirigenten wie Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, François-Antoine Habeneck oder Gaspare Spontini »abschauen« und selbst erarbeiten. Dies begann in seiner Leipziger Ausbildungszeit etwa durch das Abschreiben von Beethovens 5. und 9. Symphonie und durch das Hörerlebnis des Conservatoire-Orchesters während des Aufenthalts in Paris. Hier hatte Wagner Gelegenheit, die intensive Probenarbeit Habenecks mit dem Orchester kennenzulernen, die ihm als Vorbild für seine Aufführung der 9. Symphonie Beethovens 1846 in Dresden als Grundlage dienen sollte – erweitert durch seine selbst entwickelten Konzepte wie seine Melos-Auffassung. Die Gruppen-, Orchester-, Chor- und letztlich Gesamtproben nach vorausgegangenem akribisch durchgeführtem Partiturstudium waren dazu angetan, nicht nur durch intensive Einstudierungsarbeit eine exzellente Aufführung zu erreichen, sondern auch die Vorstellungen einer dirigentischen Interpretation zu verwirklichen und zu verfestigen. Die auch bei Franz Liszt zu findende Vorstellung, ein Dirigent müsse wie ein Pianist mit dessen Mitteln eine Dirigierinterpretation gestalten, umfasst dabei unter anderem sowohl Tempomodifikationen als auch die Ausdrucksgestaltung. Eine auf dieser Basis erfolgte Vorbereitung und Durchführung kann durchaus als Grundlage einer neuen Kunst des Dirigierens anerkannt werden. / In the first half of the 19th century, conducting a larger-scale ensemble was neither an already-established, institutionally-taught profession nor did it warrant recognition as such. Thus, Richard Wagner was also compelled to »eyeball« the skills of active conductors such as Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, François-Antoine Habeneck and Gaspare Spontini in order to develop his own. This began during his studies in Leipzig through, for example, copying out Beethoven's 5th and 9th symphonies and by listening to the con-servatoire orchestra during a stay in Paris in 1839. Here, Wagner had the opportunity to familiarize himself with Habeneck's intensive rehearsal methods with the orchestra that served as the groundwork-forming inspiration for the 1846 performance of Beethoven's 9th symphony in Dresden – enhanced by his insights acquired by that time such as his notion of Melos. The aim of the group, orchestra, choir and ultimately general dress rehearsals based upon a previous, meticulously-executed study of the score was not only to achieve an excellent performance through intense rehearsal work but also to realize and solidify the conductor's interpretation of ideas. Fostered also by Franz Liszt, the idea that a conductor, with his means, must form an interpretation as would a pianist, encompasses not only tempo modifications but expressive presentation as well. Such preparation and implementation based upon this idea may certainly be recognized as the foundation of the new art of conducting. (Übersetzung: Jennifer Smyth)

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L'étude de l'esthétique de Richard Wagner est stimulée par la contradiction qui existe dans un sens entre l'option nationaliste et la volonté de créer une œuvre universelle. Par l'union de la musique et de la poésie, le compositeur a recréé un drame qui rappelle l'art hellénique. Par ce drame tragique, Wagner a donc voulu représenter le monde tel qu'il apparaît aux sens de tous les individus. Croyant que le monde est tombé dans une forme de décadence morale, il a estimé quel 'Art vrai pourrait agir comme rédempteur de l'humanité. C'est à ce moment que l'Allemand doit agir en tant que seul témoin d'un monde enharmonie avec lui-même. C'est par l'Amour du Beau naturel que les hommes vrais vaincront l'arbitraire et l'égoïsme du monde moderne.

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We developed a quantitative measurement technique using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the effects of both DC and AC external electric fields on the forces between two dielectric microspheres. In this work we measured the DC and AC electric field-induced forces and adhesion force between two barium titanate (BaTiO?) glass microspheres in a low humidity environment by this technique. The objective here is to find out the correlation between these measured forces and applied field strength, frequency, and the separation distance between the two spheres was studied. Since the spheres would oscillate under an AC field, the AC field-induced force was divided into dynamic component (i.e., time-varying term) and static component (i.e., time-averaged term) to investigate. The oscillatory response occurs at a frequency that is twice the drive frequency since the field-induced force is theoretically proportional to the square of the applied field. This behavior can be observed in the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) spectra of the time series of the deflection signal. The magnitude of the vibration response increases when the frequency of the drive force is near resonant frequency of the particle-cantilever probe. The amplitude of this vibration increases with proximity of the two particles, and ultimately causes the particles to repeatedly hit each other as in tapping mode AFM. The effect of the Maxwell-Wagner interfacial relaxation on the DC electric field-induced force was discovered by monitoring the variation of the field-induced force with time. The static component of the AC electric field-induced force does not vary with the applied frequency in the range from 1 to 100 kHz, suggesting that the crossover frequency may equal to or less than 1 kHz and the permittivities of the BaTiO? glass microspheres and medium dominate the field-3 induced force. The AC field-induced force is proportional to the square of the applied electric field strength. This relationship persists even when the separation between the spheres is much smaller than the diameter of the microspheres. The large magnitude of the force at small separations suggests that the local field is distorted by the presence of a second particle, and the continued dependence on the square of the field but the measured force is much larger than the theoretical results, suggesting that the local electric field around the closely spaced spheres is distorted and enhanced but the effects of the local field distortion may have not much to with the applied electric field. Compared with the calculated results from different models, our results demonstrate that the field-induced force is much more long-range than expected in theory. In addition, the DC field-induced adhesion force is larger than the AC field-induced one due to the interfacial charge accumulation, agreeing with the discovery of the Maxwell-Wagner interfacial relaxation effect on the DC field-induced force. No obvious correlation between the field-induced adhesion and the applied frequency is found. However, both the DC and AC field-induced adhesion forces display the linearity with the square of the applied electric field strength as well. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isadora Raquel Petry.pdf: 1301552 bytes, checksum: 34ee2fa6a4e5d5bd792128a9fc25c07b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-09 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This dissertation aims at presenting some aspects of Nietzsche's theory of décadence. It limits itself to Nietzsche's confrontation with 19th century art and focuses on the way in which Nietzsche undertakes, by means of the décadent-artists, a certain diagnosis and a certain critique of his own epoch, i.e, of modernity. In order to bring this diagnosis to light the philosopher undertakes an analysis of certain artists; among these it is Richard Wagner the one who best expresses the modern condition. In The case of Wagner, written in 1888, Nietzsche interprets the musician as a very great actor owing to Wagner's necessity to disguise, to travesty a decadent and fragmented reality into a seemingly unified and coherent form. Art is thus transformed into an art of seduction and excitement, into an attempt at escaping from reality. But if décadent art is, according to Nietzsche, the means by which to detect the dangers of the present, it is also, on the other hand, only through it that the philosopher envisages an overcoming of modernity itself and of the décadence which constitutes it. In order to introduce ourselves to the genealogic-physiologic procedures by which Nietzsche analyses décadent art, we have shown (Chapter 1) some aspects of the first form of decadence diagnosed by Nietzsche, the socratic decadence of hellenic culture such as made explicit in The Birth of Tragedy (1872). Thereupon we brought to light (Chapter 2) some elements of the historical context out of which the concept décadence emerged in the French literary milieu, thus approaching the theme of Nietzsche's reception particularly of the literary critic Paul Bourget and of the poet Charles Baudelaire. Furthermore we analysed (Chapter 3) some aspects of the décadent art departing from the nietzschean diagnosis of Wagner's Gesamtkunstwerk , setting as background thereto the problem of the actor and the critique of theatrocracie developed in Nietzsche's later philosophy. We concluded our dissertation by indicating how Nietzsche envisages the possibility of an immanent overcoming of décadence / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar alguns aspectos da teoria da décadence em Nietzsche, limitando-se ao seu confronto com a arte do século XIX e tendo sempre no horizonte a maneira como Nietzsche empreende, por meio dos artistas da décadence, um diagnóstico e uma crítica de sua época, i.é, da modernidade. Para realizar tal diagnóstico, o filósofo empreende uma análise de certos artistas; dentre estes, Richard Wagner será o que melhor exprime a condição moderna. Em O caso Wagner, escrito em 1888, Nietzsche reconhece o músico como um grandíssimo ator , devido à sua necessidade de disfarçar, travestir uma realidade decadente e fragmentária em uma forma aparentemente unitária e coesa. A arte se transforma numa arte da sedução e da excitação, em uma tentativa de fuga da realidade. Mas se a arte da décadence é, para Nietzsche, um meio a partir do qual é possível detectar os perigos da época, é também, por outro lado, somente a partir dela que Nietzsche vislumbra uma superação da própria modernidade e da décadence que lhe constitui. A fim de introduzirmo-nos ao procedimento genealógico-fisiológico por meio do qual Nietzsche analisa a arte da décadence, mostramos (Cap. 1) alguns aspectos da primeira forma de decadência diagnosticada por Nietzsche, a decadência socrática da cultura helênica tal como explicitada em O nascimento da tragédia (1872). Em seguida (Cap. 2), trouxemos à tona alguns elementos do contexto histórico do surgimento do conceito décadence no meio literário francês, elucidando, com isso, a recepção nietzschiana em especial do crítico literário Paul Bourget e do poeta Charles Baudelaire. No último capítulo (Cap. 3), analisamos alguns aspectos da arte da décadence a partir do diagnóstico nietzschiano da obra de arte total wagneriana, tendo como pano de fundo o problema do ator e a crítica à teatrocracia na filosofia tardia de Nietzsche. Por fim, à guisa de conclusão, tentamos mostrar como Nietzsche vislumbra a possibilidade de uma superação imanente da décadence